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January 12-14 , 2012

Osamu OchiaiAssociate Senior Administrator

Satellite Applications and Promotion CenterSpace Applications Mission Directorate

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

GEO-UNESCO Joint Workshop on Earth Observation and Capacity Development for IWRM at River Basins in Africa:

AfWCCI Demonstration Project Session in Nairobi, Kenya

JAXA’s Activities in Water Cycle

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GPM/DPR

Satellite Observation SystemSatellite Observation System

ALOS

GOSAT

GCOM-W/C

Earth Earth Observation ProgramObservation Program

Water

Vapour

Clouds/Aerosols

Vegetation

Ground

deformation

Ship

Buoy

SondeAirborne

Ocean

Colour

Ground

Observation

Points

Greenhouse

gasses

Precipitation

Data Data

Integration Integration

and Analysis and Analysis

SystemSystem

InIn--situ situ

ObservationObservation

SystemSystem

Valuable

Information

Contribution to GEOSS

9 Societal Benefit areas

Sea Surface Temperature/

Winds

Satellite

Observation

Data

In-situ

Observation

Data

EarthCARE

/CPR

Disasters, Health, Energy, Climate, Water, Weather,

Eco-Systems, Agriculture, Bio-diversity

Long-Term Plan of JAXA Earth ObservationTargets (JFY) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Phase AOn orbit Extension

Mission status

Aqua/AMSR-E

TRMM/PR

Phase B

GPM/GPR

ALOS

T

Pre-Phase APhase C/D

ALOS-2 /SAR

ALOS-3 /Optical Sensor

GCOM-W1

GCOM-W2

GOSATGOSAT-2

GCOM-C1GCOM-C2

EarthCARE/CPR

Disaster

Climate

Water

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GlobalGlobal Change Observation MissionChange Observation Mission(GCOM)(GCOM)

• GCOM consists of GCOM-W and GCOM-C series:• GCOM is a long-term mission to observe more than 10 years:

GCOM-W1GCOM-W2

GCOM-W3

GCOM-C1

GCOM-C2

GCOM-C3

１year

within JFY2011Launch

Launch

１year

JFY2014(JFY2018)

(JFY2015)

(JFY2022)

(JFY2020)

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Sea surfaceWind vector

Sea surfacetemperature

Sea ice concentration

Precipitation

Cloud liquidwater

Water vaporSnow waterequivalentSoil

moisture

AMSR2AMSR2AMSR2AMSR2(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2)

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GCOM-W1 GCOM-C1

Orbit Type : Sun-synchronous orbit

Satellite overview

Mission life 5 years

Launch Early 2012 (H2A launch vehicle)

JFY 2014(H2A launch vehicle)

InstrumentAMSR 2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2)

SGLI (Second GenerationGlobal Imager)

Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM)

GCOM-W1 (Launch: Early 2012) � Observation for water circulation mechanisms, such as:

Precipitation, Vapor amounts, Wind velocity above the ocean,Sea water temperatures, Water levels on land areas and Snow depths

GCOM-C1 (Launch: JFY 2014) � Surface and atmospheric measurements related to the carbon cycle and

radiation budget, such as: Clouds, Aerosol, Seawater color, Vegetation, Snow and Ice

GCOM-W1 EMC Test

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GCOM Geophysical ProductsGCOM Geophysical Products

cloudliquid water

soil mois-turesnow

icedistribu-tion

sea iceconcen-tration.

oceancolor

watervapor

cloudproper-ties

snowdepth

snowsurfacetemp.

landcover land

surfacetempera-ture

seasurfacetemp.

seasurfacewindspeed

precipi-tation

aerosolproper-ties

snowsurfaceproper-ties

above-groundbio-mass

primaryproduc-tion

PAR

Land

OceanCryosphere

Atmosphere

CRadiation Budget

CCarbon Cycle

WWater & Energy Cycle

Major unknown factor

in climate modeling

Sink and pool of CO2

(major greenhouse gas)

Direct effect to human

activities5

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Global Water Cycle Monitoring System

Global Rainfall Map (every 4 hours)

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Experimental mission of the US and

Japan to understand the tropical rainfall

structure using radar instruments

Global Precipitation Mission (GPM)-Radar and microwave-radiometer constellations

formed by the US, Europe, Japan, India, etc

-JAXA’s role: development of DPR (Dual-Frequency

Precipitation Radar) (0.2mm/Hr)

-Cooperation with NASA

- Launch: FY2013 (H2A launch vehicle)

2013-2017

� Global rainfall map merging TRMM, AMSR-E and other satellite information

� Available 4-hour after observation, hourly update

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Concept of GPMConcept of GPMConcept of GPMConcept of GPM

Constellation Satellites

• Microwave Radio-meters installed on each satellite

�Frequent precipitation measurement

GPM Partners:

NASA, NOAA, CNES, ISRO,

EUMETSAT, others

2 satellites

8 satellitesBlue: Inclination ~65º (GPM core)Green: Inclination ~35º (TRMM)

Core Observatory

• Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR)

• Microwave Imager (GMI)

�Highly sensitive precipitation measurement

�Calibration for constellation radiometers

JAXA and NICT: DPRNASA : Spacecraft bus and GMIJAXA: H2A Launcher

GPM = follow-on mission of the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)

NASA

3-hourly global

rainfall map

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Scientific and Social Significance of GPMScientific and Social Significance of GPMScientific and Social Significance of GPMScientific and Social Significance of GPM

• Global rain map in every 3-hr.

• Climate change assessment� Monitor variations in rainfall and rain areas

associated with climate changes and global warming

• Improvement in weather forecasts� Data assimilation in numerical prediction

systems

• Flood prediction

• Water resource management� River, dam, agricultural water, etc.

• Other applications� Agriculture, etc.

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Earth CARE/Cloud Profiling RADARInternational cooperation mission ESA and Japan (JAXA/NICT)

◆ EarthCARE (ESA Earth Explorer Mission)• Observation of profiles of aerosol and clouds, globally• Reveal interaction of aerosol and clouds, Earth radiation budget

◆◆◆◆ JAXA’s contribution to EarthCARE• Provide Cloud Profiling Radar (94GHz Doppler Radar) to ESA

◆◆◆◆ CPR characteristics

•Very high sensitivity (-35dBZ) to observe most of clouds

CPR Engineering Model

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ALOS-2 (SAR satellite)

Launch 2013

ALOS

PALSARPRISM

AVNIR-2

ALOS to ALOS-2 and ALOS-3

Jan. 2006-May 2011

ALOS-3 (Optical satellite)

Launch 2015

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ALOS follow-on

ALOS-2 (SAR)ALOS

Launch Year Jan 2006 JFY 2013 JFY 2015

Orbit/Local

Sun Time10:30 12:00 10:30

SensorPALSAR, PRISM,

AVNIR-2L-band SAR

Panchromatic

Hyper-/Multi-spectral

(METI: TBD)

Spatial

Resolution

Stripmap: 10m Swath 70km

ScanSAR: 100m Swath 350km

Pan: 2.5m Swath 35/70km

Multi: 10m Swath 70km

Spotlight (1*3m Swath 25km),

Stripmap (3m/6m/10m Swath 50/50/70km)

ScanSAR (100m Swath 350km)

Pan: 0.8m Swath 50km

Multi: 5m Swath 90km

Hyper: 30m Swath 30km

PRISM

DRCSTT

GPS Antenna

PDL

AVNIR-2

PALSAR

X

Y

Z

L-band SAR antenna

Hyper

Multi sensor

Panchromatic sensor

ALOS-3 (Optical)

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POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO

AFRICAN RIVER BASIN STUDY THROUGH CEOP AND DIAS

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Data Provision to DIAS and CEOP

• The Coordinated Energy and water cycle

Observations Project (CEOP) is now the international focal point for WCRP/GEWEX Global

Hydroclimatological Research.

• Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS)

was launched in 2006 to integrate data from earth

observation satellites and in-situ networks with

other types of data.

� JAXA is providing satellite

datasets to DIAS to

contribute to CEOP activities,

which is to be a main science

user group of DIAS.

JAXA Satellite Datasets on DIAShttp://www.editoria.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dias/link/portal/english_index.html

• Three Scales– 250km rectangular covering each Reference

Sites,

– Monsoon Regional

– Global Area

• Product Levels– Level-1b: Radiance product with full resolution

at reference sites.

– Level-2: Geophysical product at the same

resolution at reference sites and monsoon

regions.

– Level-3: Statistical geophysical product in space

and/or time at reference sites, monsoon regions

and global. (example: Monthly mean rain rate at

reference sites, etc.)

• Metadata– Consist of an image element and a metadata

part element that is compliant with the ISO-

19115 metadata standard.

Reference Sites

Monsoon Regional

Global Area

Number of Processed Scenes for CEOP

S/C Sensor EOP-3※※※※1 EOP-4※※※※2 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

DMSP SSMI 53,780 66,885 76,303 65,492 45,000 26,371 333,831

Midori-II(ADEOS-II)

AMSR 103,590 - - - - - 103,590

GLI 114,550 - - - - - 114,550

TRMMPR 22,291 27,851 18,685 23,478 22,066 23,316 137,687

TMI 49,793 62,385 49,503 58,575 58,414 58,452 337,122

Aqua

AMSR-E 230,607 282,784 172,348 232,592 231,956 232,618 1,382,905

MODIS - 792,880 - - - - 792,880

AIRS 72,972 88,240 - - - - 161,212

Daichi(ALOS)

PRISM - - 504 1410 1,636 1,454 5,004

AVNIR-2 - - 276 644 442 522 1,884

PALSAR - - 698 1,437 1,120 1,082 4,337

Terra MODIS 614,407 791,403 - - - - 1,405,810※※※※1 EOP-3: 2002/10/1 – 2003/9/30※※※※2 EOP-4: 2003/10/1 – 2004/12/31

Total 4,780,812

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Water Portal

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PRECIPITATION PRODUCTS AND

VALIDATION IN ASIA

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(a) Precipitation radar

Back scattering from rain drops

High accuracy

Narrow swath width

(b)Infrared radiometer：

Cloud top information

Not related to surface precipitation

rates

(c)Microwave imager (19V)：(d)Microwave imager (85V):

Directly measures emission from

rainfall & scattering from snow/ice over the ocean

Directly measures scattering from snow/ice over the land

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

It is important to combine the data from different frequencies to retrieve precipitation

Precipitation characteristics observed by the space

borne sensorsTyphoon MORACOT (8 Aug. 2009) by TRMM

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TRMM

TMI

Aqua

AMSR-E

Geostationary

Satellite

GSMaP rainfall

in 0.1-deg grid

and hourly

Rainfall data retrieved from

each microwave

imager and/or sounder

DMSP

SSM/I, SSMIS

Production of “GSMaP” fromMulti-satellite Data

Hourly merged microwave

rainfall map

Calculate cloud

moving vectors

Rain models

developed

from PR

observations

NOAA&MetOp

AMSU-A/MHS

JAXA/EORC Global Rainfall Watch

06Z 3 August 2011. Typhoon No.9 in 2011 “MUIFA” can be seen near Okinawa, Japan.

0.1-deg and hourly global rainfall product

available 4-hour after observation via internet.

http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/

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GSMaP_NRT accumulated rainfall amount

over Thailand during Jun-Sep 2011

Bangkok (13.75N,

100.5E)

[Rain Gauge:

1251mm]

Chiang Mai

(18.8N, 99E)

[Rain Gauge:

921mm]

Phnom Penh

(11.55N,104.9E)

Vientian

(18N, 102.6E)

[Rain gauge:

1641mm]

Accumulated rainfall amount by GSMaP_NRT was similar to those by rain gauges at Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Vientian, provided by JMA .

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Comparison to rain amount in 2010

Accumulated rainfall amount

during Jun-Sep 2010

Ratio of R2011/R2010

during Jun.-Sep.

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International Precipitation Working Group (IPWG) Validation Program

• Web site

– http://cawcr.gov.au/bmrc/SatRainVal/validation-intercomparison.html

• Continental-scale validation (single number for entire domain) of satellite-based rainfall map

– Some sites include NWP output rainfall as “data”

• Performed on daily totals

– 12 – 12 UTC – N. America, S. America, Western Europe

– 00 – 24 UTC – Australia, Japan

• Performed on 0.25-degree grid box

• Statistics and maps disseminated via web pages

• Rain gauge & radar (some) used as “truth”

• Currently 5 active validation “sites”

– N. America, S. America, W. Europe, Australia, Japan

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IDEA ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE GEO WATER CYCLE

STRATEGY – FROM OBSRVATIONS TO

INFORMATION

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GEO Water Cycle Strategy -

from observations to information

• Background: Integrated Global Water Cycle Observations report published by IGOS-P and ESA in 2004.

• Purpose of the Revised IGWCO Report:

– To update and synthesize the available information about the status of

water cycle observations and information systems on the basis of the

IGWCO report of 2004.

– To describe a strategy for water cycle observations and information that will

enable the short- term GEO objective and the long-term community goals

to be achieved.

– To provide CEOS, GEO, WMO and other agencies with guidance about

strategies for water cycle observations, information systems,

interoperability, capacity building, etc.

– To propose major initiatives that will advance this overall concept.

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GEO Water Cycle Strategy -

from observations to information

• Scope of the report: The revised report will cover the contributions of satellite data, in-situ data, modeling capabilities and the interpretation of data to meet the needs of users.

• Governance: A writing team consisting of experts from the IGWCO COP, both research and operational space agencies and in-situ network communities, national and international programmes and the broader water cycle science community will be formed.

• Who will read the report: The report will be of interest to the producers of water cycle information, stakeholders who use this information in decision making, the water cycle scientific community, CEOS and the space agencies, WMO, national agencies responsible for in-situ data, United Nations and other international water programmes and GEO members.

• Timeline for producing the report: The report would be developed between January 15, 2012 and the GEO Summit in November 2013.

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Summary• JAXA has already been contributing to AWCI by providing

dedicated satellite datasets through CEOP and DIAS.

• Forthcoming various satellite missions dedicated and/or contribute to monitor the global hydrological cycles are ahead.

• Possible practical contributions to AfWCCI;

– data provision through DIAS

– data integration through water portal

– joint validation and utilization the satellite based precipitation dataset (ie GSMaP) and its capacity development - it would be needed to consider the best partnership on resource mobilization among AfWCCI parcipants.

• Development of the GEO Water Cycle Strategy document including AfWCCI as regional perspective