Genetics

I. Introduction

A. History

1. C. Darwin & A. Wallace blending2. G. Mendel & F. Unger mixing3. W. Sutton Chromosomal theory of Inheritance

4. T. Morgan Genes & Chromosomes plus linkage groups

5. A. Sturtevant genetic mapping6. F. Griffith hereditary molecule7. O. Avery etal. DNA hereditary molecule8. B. McKlintock Transposons

9. W. Fiers sequenced viral gene

10. A. Jeffreys DNA finger printing11. 1995 Viral DNA sequenced12. 1996 yeast DNA sequenced13. 1998 round worm DNA sequenced14. 2003 human DNA sequenced

II. Mendelian

1. Monohybrid Cross

A. Experimental Design

a. Definitionb. Terms

i. Self vs. Cross Fertilization

ii. Traits vs. Characteristics

c. Process

c. Process

Figure 14.2

c. Process

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

d. Principle traits are paired and sorted

d. Principle traits are paired and sorted

Figure 14.5

i. Gene versus Allele

ii. Homozygous versus Heterozygous

iii. Dominance versus Recessive

iv. Genotype versus Phenotype

e. Terms

Figure 14.6

f. Testcross

Figure 14.7

f. Testcross

2. Dihybrid Cross

a. Definitionb. ProcessStart by figuring out how many and type

of gametesFigure 14.8

Dihybrid Heterozygous cross =

Phenotypic ratio= 9:3:3:1, Genotypic ratio= 1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1

Dihybrid Heterozygous cross Homozygous Dominant =

Phenotypic ratio = all dominant, Genotypic ratio = 1:1:1:1

c. Principle Each pair of alleles and chromosomes sort independently into gametes.

AaBb X AABBGametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab; AABB=

AB only

PracticeAaBb X AaBbGametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab

for both

III. Variation on MendelA.

Dominance

AA aa

Aa

2. Co-dominance

1. Complete

3. Incomplete dominance

Figure 14.10

B. Gene Interactions

1. Multiple Alleles

2. Pleitrophy

3. Penetrance

C. Beyond Mendel

1. Epistasis

2. Polygenic

Figure 14.11

2. PolygenicFigure

14.12

IV. Classical GeneticsA. History

Figure 14.9

1. R. Punnet & W. Bateson ???

a. Drosophila melangastor

Figure 15.3

WHY?

2. T. Morgan Genes & Chromosomes, Karyotyping, plus linkage groups

Figure 15.4

b. Genetic Recombination

b. Genetic Recombination

Figure 15.5

b. Genetic Recombination

3. A. Sturtevant Genetic MappingBased on frequency of expression of traits

showing together

Figure 15.6

Based on frequency of expression of traits showing together

3. A. Sturtevant Genetic Mapping

Figure 15.7

Based on frequency of expression of traits showing together

3. A. Sturtevant Genetic Mapping

Figure 15.8

B. Sex Linkage

1. Basis of SEX

1. Basis of SEX

Figure 15.9

1. SEX linked inheritance

Figure 15.9

a. Barr BodiesFigure

15.11

V. Detection of ProblemsA.

Techniques

1. Karyotyping2. Amniocentesis == Cellular and Chemical Analysis

Figure 14.17

3. Ultrasound4. Chorionic Villi Sampling == Cellular and Chemical Analysis

Figure 14.17

5. Fetal Tissue Sampling

6. Pedigree Analysis

Figure 14.14

6. Pedigree Analysis

6. Pedigree Analysis

Learning can be such sweet sorrow.