Genetics and Biotechnology

Click on a lesson name to select.

Genetics and Biotechnology

Section 1: Applied Genetics

Section 2: DNA Technology

Section 3: The Human Genome

The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding.

Selective Breeding


Applied Genetics

Section 1

Hybridization


Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster.

A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive.

Applied Genetics

Section 1

Inbreeding


The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations

Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.

A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.

Applied Genetics

Section 1

A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.


Test Cross

Applied Genetics

Section 1

Genetic Engineering

Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.


DNA Technology

Section 2

Genetically engineered organisms are used


to study the expression of a particular gene.

to investigate cellular processes.

to study the development of a certain disease.

to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.

DNA Technology

Genetically engineered bollworm

Section 2

DNA Tools


An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.

DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.

DNA Technology

Section 2


Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the genome.

DNA Technology

Section 2

Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence.


The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends, contain single-stranded DNA that is complementary.

DNA Technology

Section 2

EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.

Genetics and BiotechnologySection 2


An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.

When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.

The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

DNA Technology

Section 2

The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.


The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

DNA Technology

Section 2


To make a large quantity of recombinant plasmid DNA, bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA.

Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

DNA Technology

Section 2


Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.

DNA Technology

Section 2


To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.

DNA Technology

Section 2


Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye.

Every time a modified fluorescent-tagged nucleotide isincorporated into the newly synthesized strand, the reaction stops.

DNA Technology

Section 2


The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.

DNA Technology

Section 2


DNA Technology

Section 2

A technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.


DNA Technology

Section 2


Biotechnology

Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

DNA Technology

Section 2


Transgenic Animals

Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.

Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

DNA Technology

Section 2


Transgenic Plants

Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.

Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.

Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

DNA Technology

Section 2

Gene Splicing

The Human Genome Project

The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.


The Human Genome

Section 3

Sequencing the Genome

Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved.


These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines.

Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence.

The Human Genome

Section 3


Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared toreading a book that was printed in code.

The Human Genome

Section 3

Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body.


The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function.

These regions are called noncoding sequences.

The Human Genome

Section 3

DNA Fingerprinting


Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals.

The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual.

DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.

The Human Genome

Section 3

Identifying Genes


Researchers have identified genes by scanning the sequence for Open Reading Frames (ORFs).

ORFs contain at least 100 codons that begin with a start codon and end with a stop codon.

The Human Genome

Section 3

Bioinformatics


Creating and maintaining databases of biological information

Finding genes in DNA sequences of various organisms and developing methods to predict the structure and function of newly discovered proteins

The Human Genome

Section 3

DNA Microarrays


Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments

Help researchers determine whether the expression of certain genes is caused by genetic factors or environmental factors.

The Human Genome

Section 3


Variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered are called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs.

The Human Genome

Section 3

Regions of linked variations in the human genome are known as haplotypes.


Assembling the HapMap involves identifying groups of SNPs in a specific region of DNA.

The Human Genome

Section 3

The HapMap will enable geneticists to take advantage of how SNPs and other genetic variations are organized on chromosomes.


The Human Genome

Section 3


The benefits of pharmacogenomics include more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer and more specific.

The Human Genome

Section 3

The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs is called pharmacogenomics.

Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

A technique aimed at correcting mutated genesthat cause human diseases is called gene therapy.


Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.

The Human Genome

Section 3

Genes are the primary information storage units, whereas proteins are the machines of a cell.


The Human Genome

Section 3

The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body is called proteomics.

The Human Genome



Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Formative Test Questions

Chapter Assessment Questions

Standardized Test Practice

connected.mcgraw-hill.com

Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Image Bank

Vocabulary

AnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Chapter

http://connected.mcgraw-hill.com/

1. A2. B3. C4. D

A. It is relatively inexpensive to perform.B. It produces offspring with specific traits.C. It crosses a parent organism with different

forms of a trait.D. It can take a long time to be successful.

Which statement is not true of hybridization?

Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter


1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. genetic engineering

B. gel electrophoresis

C. cleaving

D. selective breeding

Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size.

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. cloning

B. sequencing

C. transformation

D. manipulation

Select the process in which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another type of bacterium.

1. A2. B3. C4. D


A. homogenization

B. inbreeding

C. selective breeding

D. test crossing

Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats?

Section 1 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?

A. cross breed

B. hybrid

C. outbred

D. purebred

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. hybridization

B. inbreeding

C. line breeding

D. out crossing

Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______.

1. A2. B3. C4. D



Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?

A. to determine if the trait is dominant or recessiveB. to determine the phenotype of the plantsC. to determine if the plants carry beneficial recessive

allelesD. to determine if the plants are homozygous dominant

or heterozygous

1. A2. B3. C4. D


A. bioengineering

B. cloning

C. genetic engineering

D. transgenics

What is the name for the technology that involves inserting the genes of one organism into the DNA of another organism?


1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. DNA ligase

B. polymerase

C. restriction enzyme

D. transcriptase

Which type of protein can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence?

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. DNA fragmentation

B. gel electrophoresis

C. transgenic cloning

D. polymerase chain reaction

Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology?

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. complementary DNA

B. exogenous DNA

C. genomic DNA

D. recombinant DNA

A DNA molecule that has had genes from another organism inserted into it is called _______.

1. A2. B3. C4. D



Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most powerful tools used by scientists?A. It can be used to identify errors in DNA sequences and predict

the function of genes.B. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample and

make millions of copies of it.C. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in genetically

engineered organisms.D. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can join with

other DNA fragments.

1. A

2. B


The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed.

A. TrueB. False


1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. the noncoding sequencesB. the regions that code for proteinsC. the sections that contain genesD. the genes that code for fingerprints

Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual?

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. algorithms

B. bioanalysis

C. bioinformatics

D. microarray analysis

Which field of study involves the careful storage, organization and indexing of data on DNA sequences?

1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. haplotype

B. chromosome

C. DNA

D. proteome

If the genome represents the words in a dictionary, then the definition and usage of those words is represented by the _______.

Look at the following image. These are the results of what process?

Answer: a test cross



1. A2. B3. C4. D


What is the role of the molecule shown in DNA cloning?

A. to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell

B. to identify the source of DNA as foreign

C. to identify the host cell that has taken up the gene of interest

D. to make the foreign DNA susceptible to digestion with enzymes


1. A2. B3. C4. D



A. 1:2:1

B. 1:1

C. All are homozygous recessive.

D. All are heterozygous.

What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to the right?

1. A2. B3. C4. D


A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea pig and performs a test cross with a female that has white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white?

A. BB

B. Bb

C. bb

D. bW


1. A2. B3. C4. D



How do researchers distinguish between the bacterial cells that contain the recombinant DNA and those that do not?

A. They observe the two types of cells under a microscope.B. They tag the recombinant DNA with fluorescent dye.C. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells that do not contain

recombinant DNA.D. They use gel electrophoresis to separate the cells

containing recombinant DNA.

1. A2. B3. C4. D



Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms?

A. animals that can produce organs for organ transplants

B. animals that can secrete enzymes that are useful to humans

C. bacteria that can decompose oil spills and garbage

D. plants that are resistant to insects and viruses

1. A2. B3. C4. D



Which transgenic species could pose a potential threat to other organisms?

A. bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics

B. chickens and turkeys that are resistant to diseases

C. cotton that is resistant to herbicides and infection

D. goats that secrete a protein used to prevent human

blood from forming clots

1. A2. B3. C4. D



Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy?

A. The clinical trials affect the body’s response to drugs.

B. There is a risk of producing a transgenic human.C. Inserting genes is done by a virus that infects

the patient’s cells.D. Doctors are able to take advantage of genetic

variations on chromosomes.


Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter


Image Bank

Chapter

selective breeding

inbreeding

test cross


Vocabulary

Section 1

Section 1

genetic engineering

genome

restriction enzyme

gel electrophoresis

recombinant DNA

plasmid

DNA ligase

transformation

cloning

polymerase chain

reaction

transgenic organism


Vocabulary

Section 2

Section 2

DNA fingerprinting

bioinformatics

DNA microarray

single nucleotide

polymorphism

haplotype

pharmacogenomics

gene therapy

genomics

proteomics


Vocabulary

Section 3

Section 3


Animation

Restriction Digest

PCR Analysis

Visualizing Microarray Analysis

Genetics and Biotechnology

Documents

Transcript of Genetics and Biotechnology