Genetics and Biotechnology

Chapter 13

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Applied Genetics13.1

Suppose you wanted a variety of cow that produced a lot of milk, what could you do to have only cows that produce a lot of milk?

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Selective Breeding

• Selective Breeding: the process by which traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to future generations.

• This occurs through the processes of hybridization and inbreeding.

Hybridization• Farmers, animal breeders,

scientists, and gardeners use the production of hybrids.

• Traits are selected that will give hybrid organisms a competitive edge.

• Hybrid organisms can be bred to be disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster.

Hybridization

• It took rice producers nearly 3 decades to produce hybrid rice varieties that can produce higher yields than non-hybrid varieties.

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Inbreeding

• The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have desired traits and to eliminate the undesired traits in future generations is called inbreeding.

• Inbreeding increases the chance of homozygous recessive offspring and therefore harmful recessive traits are more likely to be passed on to offspring.

• Ex) Clydesdale Horses, Angus Cattle, and German Shepard Dogs

Test Cross

• A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.

DNA Technology13.2

Genetic Engineering• Technology that involves

manipulating the DNA of another organism.

• Genetically engineered organisms are used in various processes, such as studying the expression of a particular gene, investigating cellular processes, studying the development of a certain disease, and selecting traits that might be beneficial to humans.

Green Fluorescent Protein

• E. coli that has been genetically altered to express the GFP plasmid.

DNA Tools

• Restriction Enzymes: proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence.

• Ex) EcoR1

Gel Electrophoresis

• Process where an electric current is used to separate the DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments.

Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis

Recombinant DNA

• Newly generated DNA molecules with DNA from other sources is called recombinant DNA.

• Plasmids: small, circular double stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells.

Gene Cloning

• Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through cloning.

• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/plasmidcloning.html

DNA Sequencing

• Knowing the sequence of an organism’s DNA or of a cloned DNA fragment can be used to predict the function of the gene, to compare genes, with similar sequences, and to identify mutations or errors in the DNA sequence.

PCR

• Polymerase Chain Reaction: used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.

Biotechnology

• Biotechnology: the use of genetic engineering to solve problems.

• Transgenic organisms: genetically engineered organisms that have individual genes from another organism.

• Animals, Plants, and Bacteria