---------------------GENETIC ENGINEERING Name Chapter 13 Reading Guide Period·' ---------- ­Biology 137

Read pages 318-333 to answer and complete the reading guide.

Section 13-1 Changing the Living World Selective Breeding

1. What is Selective Breeding?

2. Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring ____________

__________ in plants, and other organisms, to pass ____________________ on to the

next ________ of organisms.

3. Give four examples of selective breeding.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4. How did Luther Burbank (1849 - 1926), perhaps the greatest selective breeder of all time, help Ireland by using selective breeding?

5. As one of his tools, Burbank used __________, crossing dissimilar ________ to

bring together the ________ of_______ Hybrids, the individuals

___________by such crosses, are often __________ than ________

ofthe ___________________

6. How does hybridization help farmers with increase food production?

Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering Reading Guide 11.docx 01118/13

-------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------

---------------- ---------------

______________ ________________________

------------ -------------------

7. Define Inbreading.

8. List one positive of inbreeding and one negative of inbreeding. a. Positive ex. ­

b. Negative ex. ­

Increasing Variation

Selective breeding would be nearly _________________ without the wide ________ that is found in

This is one of the reasons biologists are interested in

________________ the __________ of plants and animals in the ______________

However, sometimes breeders want more than exists in Breeders

can ________________ the _____________________ variation in a population by

_________________________________, which are the _____________________ source of

As you may recall, __________________ are inheritable ______________ m ___________

Mutations occur spontaneously, but breeders can ______________________ the mutation __________

by using and Many mutations are

___________ to the With luck and perseverance, however,

can often produce a -- individuals

with -- with that are not found in

the

9. What are mutations?

10. Why do breeders sometimes induce mutations?

11. Increasing variation in bacteria have produced new kinds of bacteria. Look at figure 13-3. How is this mutant oil digesting bacteria helpful to the environment?

Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering Reading Guide 11.docx 01/18/13 2

--------------- -------------- -----------------

--------------------- ------------------- -------------

12. New kinds of plants are produced using drugs that prevent chromosomal separation. Give two advantages mutant polyploidy plant have over their diploid relatives.

a.

b.

13. Relative genetic variations and mutations to each other.

14. You are a geneticist trying to develop a sunflower with red flowers and a short stem. As you compare the sunflowers you have, what genetic variations would you look for?

15. What kinds of plants would you select for crossing?

13-2 Manipulating DNA

Scientists use their of the structure of and its

to study and DNA molecules. Different

are used to __________ DNA from , to cut DNA into _______________

________________~, to identify the __________ of______ in a DNA molecule,

and to make unlimited copies of DNA.

The Tools of Molecular Biology Match the following by drawing a line to the correct letter

16. Restriction Enzymes a. A process used to separate and analyze DNA fragments. A porous gel and voltage is used to separate the fragments.

Genetic Engineering b. Cuts DNA molecules at specific sequence of nuc1eotides.

Gel Electrophoresis c. Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.

Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering Reading Guide 11.docx 01118/13 3

------------------ ----------------

---------- -----------------

Once DNA is in a manageable form, it's can be

____________--', and even Knowing the sequence of an organism's DNA allows

researchers to study , to them

with the __________________ of___________________ organisms, and to try to discover the

_____________ of different genes and ___________________________

17. List three techniques scientists use to read and change the sequence of DNA molecules.

a.

b.

c.

18. Why might a scientist want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule?

19. What is recombinant ON A?

20. What is a polymerase chain reaction (peR) used for?

13~3 Cell Transformation

During _______________________, a ____________ takes in DNA from

the cell. This external DNA becomes a of the cells' DNA.

Transforming bacteria

21. What is transformation?

Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering Reading Guide II .docx 01118/13

22. How can you tell a transformation experiment has been successful?

13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering makes it _________ to __________DNA sequences, including

_________ genes, from one organism to another.

23. Look at figure 13-12. How did Steven Howell apply genetic engineering to a tobacco plant?

Transgenic Organisms

24. What is a transgenic organism?

Genetic engineering has spurred the _________ of________, which is a ____

___________ that is , the way we __________ with the

List two practical applications for each ofthe following

Transgenic Bacteria a.

b.

Transgenic Animals a.

b.

Transgenic Plants a.

b.

Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering Reading Guide 11.docx 01118113 5

25. What basic steps were used to produce Dolly?

26. Why did Dolly not look like her mother?

Read pg. 330, Issues in Biology. Do genetically modified Foods Need Stricter Controls?

27. List two viewpoints for tighter control ofGM foods and list two viewpoints for GM foods not needing tighter control.

Tighter Control of GM Foods a.

b.

Not Tighter Control ofGM Foods a.

b.

Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering Reading Guide 11 .docx 01/18/13 6