General Zoology Unit Four

General Zoology General Zoology Unit FourUnit Four

Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, protostomesprotostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates

Exhibit metamerismExhibit metamerismBilaterally symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical (cephalization)(cephalization)

Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory systemRespiration by gills, skin or Respiration by gills, skin or parapodiaparapodiaWell developed nervous system & Well developed nervous system & sense organssense organs

Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tractHydrostatic skeletonHydrostatic skeleton

Excretion by paired Excretion by paired metanephridiametanephridiaChitinous setae in all but the Chitinous setae in all but the leechesleechesSexual reproduction, monoecious & Sexual reproduction, monoecious & dioeciousdioecious

Annelid TaxonomyAnnelid TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - AnnelidaPhylum - Annelida

Class – Polychaeta (marine Class – Polychaeta (marine worms)worms)

Class – Oligochaeta (earthworms)Class – Oligochaeta (earthworms)

Class – Hirudinea (leeches)Class – Hirudinea (leeches)

Ex. – Ex. – Nereis, AphroditaNereis, Aphrodita

Ex. – Ex. – LumbricusLumbricus

Ex. – Ex. – HirudoHirudo

DefinitionsDefinitionsMetamere – a repeating body Metamere – a repeating body segmentsegment

Metamerism – the division of the Metamerism – the division of the body into a series of similar body into a series of similar segments, each containing repeating segments, each containing repeating arrangements of organs and systemsarrangements of organs and systems

Somite – a term that is synonymous Somite – a term that is synonymous with metamerewith metamere

PolychaetePolychaetess

Filter feeding with radiolesFilter feeding with radioles

Detritus Detritus feeding feeding

with with tentacletentacle

ss

Active predatorActive predator

OligochaetesOligochaetes

HirudineansHirudineans

Detritus feeding Detritus feeding with pumping with pumping

pharynxpharynx

Predators,detritPredators,detritus & fluid us & fluid

feeding with feeding with proboscis or proboscis or

cutting platescutting plates

Annelid Reproductive Annelid Reproductive DifferencesDifferences

DioeciousDioecious

No permanent sex organsNo permanent sex organs

No clitellumNo clitellum

External External fertilizationfertilization

PolychaetePolychaetess


MonoeciousMonoecious

Permanent sex organsPermanent sex organs

Permanent Permanent clitellumclitellum

Internal Internal fertilizationfertilization

OligochaetOligochaeteses


MonoeciousMonoecious

Permanent sex organsPermanent sex organs

Temporary Temporary clitellumclitellum

Internal Internal fertilizationfertilization

HirudineanHirudineanss

Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, protostomesprotostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates

Advanced metamerism resulting in Advanced metamerism resulting in tagmatatagmata

Bilaterally symmetrical (advanced Bilaterally symmetrical (advanced cephalization)cephalization)

Open circulatory systemOpen circulatory systemComplete digestive tractComplete digestive tract

Highly adaptable exoskeleton and Highly adaptable exoskeleton and complex muscle systemcomplex muscle system

Highly adaptable jointed Highly adaptable jointed appendagesappendages

Respiration by gills, book gills, Respiration by gills, book gills, book lungs, body surface, and book lungs, body surface, and tracheae tracheae Well developed nervous system Well developed nervous system with complex sense organswith complex sense organs

Sexual reproduction – dioecious, Sexual reproduction – dioecious, internal fertilizers, most exhibiting internal fertilizers, most exhibiting metamorphosismetamorphosis

Excretion through coxal, antennal Excretion through coxal, antennal and maxillary glands, and and maxillary glands, and Malpighian tubulesMalpighian tubules

Arthropoda EcologyArthropoda Ecology

Over 1.2 Over 1.2 million million extant extant

speciesspeciesFound from polar to Found from polar to tropical regions and tropical regions and

in the bodies of in the bodies of other organismsother organisms

Found on land, Found on land, in the air and in the air and

fresh and fresh and marine watersmarine waters

Arthropod Arthropod TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - ArthropodaPhylum - Arthropoda

Subphylum - Trilobita (all extinct)Subphylum - Trilobita (all extinct)

Subphylum - ChelicerataSubphylum - Chelicerata

Class - MerostomataClass - MerostomataEx. - Ex. - LimulusLimulus

Class - ArachnidaClass - Arachnida

Order - Araneae (spiders)Order - Araneae (spiders)Ex. - Ex. - Latrodectus, Latrodectus, LoxoscelesLoxoscelesOrder - Scorpionida (scorpions)Order - Scorpionida (scorpions)

Order - Opiliones (harvestmen)Order - Opiliones (harvestmen)Order - Acari (ticks)Order - Acari (ticks)



Subphylum - CrustaceaSubphylum - Crustacea

Class - MaxillopodaClass - Maxillopoda

Subclass – Cirripedia Subclass – Cirripedia (barnacles)(barnacles)

Class - MalacostracaClass - Malacostraca

Order - Isopoda (includes pill bugs)Order - Isopoda (includes pill bugs)Ex. - Ex. - ArmadillidiumArmadillidium

Order - Decapoda (shrimp, crab, Order - Decapoda (shrimp, crab, lobsters)lobsters)Ex. – Ex. – Penaeus, CancerPenaeus, Cancer

Ex. – Ex. – BalanusBalanus



Subphylum - MyriapodaSubphylum - Myriapoda

Class – Chilopoda (centipedes)Class – Chilopoda (centipedes)

Class – Diplopoda Class – Diplopoda (millipedes)(millipedes)



Subphylum - HexapodaSubphylum - Hexapoda

Class – InsectaClass – InsectaOrder - Thysanura (silverfish)Order - Thysanura (silverfish)

Order - Odonata (dragonflies)Order - Odonata (dragonflies)

Order - Orthoptera (grasshoppers, Order - Orthoptera (grasshoppers, cockroaches)cockroaches)

Order - Isoptera (termites)Order - Isoptera (termites)

Order - Anoplura (sucking lice)Order - Anoplura (sucking lice)Order - Hemiptera (true bugs)

Arthropod TaxonomyKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - Arthropoda

Subphylum - Hexapoda

Class – Insecta

Order - Homoptera (cicadas)

Order - Coleoptera (beetles)

Order - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)Order - Diptera (true flies)Order - Siphonaptera (fleas)

Order - Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees)

Six Reasons for Arthropod Six Reasons for Arthropod DiversityDiversity

A versatile and adaptable A versatile and adaptable exoskeletonexoskeletonAdvanced segmentation and paired Advanced segmentation and paired appendagesappendagesOxygen pumped directly to the Oxygen pumped directly to the tissuestissues

Highly developed sense organsHighly developed sense organs

Complex behavioral patternsComplex behavioral patterns

Limited intraspecific competition Limited intraspecific competition through metamorphosisthrough metamorphosis

ThermoregulatiThermoregulationonThe acquiring, regulating and The acquiring, regulating and

maintaining of body temperature through maintaining of body temperature through physiological and behavioral meansphysiological and behavioral means

Physiological – using body structures to Physiological – using body structures to generate, maintain, or release heatgenerate, maintain, or release heat

Behavioral – using body actions and Behavioral – using body actions and movements to obtain, maintain, or movements to obtain, maintain, or release heatrelease heat

Two body segments – Two body segments – cephalothorax (prosoma) and cephalothorax (prosoma) and abdomen (opisthosoma)abdomen (opisthosoma)Six pair of appendages – one pair Six pair of appendages – one pair of chelicerae, one pair of pedipalps of chelicerae, one pair of pedipalps and four pair of walking legsand four pair of walking legs

No antennae or mandiblesNo antennae or mandibles

Two body segments – Two body segments – cephalothorax (prosoma) and cephalothorax (prosoma) and abdomen (opisthosoma)abdomen (opisthosoma)Most have a carapaceMost have a carapace

Two pair of antennae Two pair of antennae

Mandibles for chewing and Mandibles for chewing and crushingcrushingBiramous appendagesBiramous appendages

Body segments – myriapods have a Body segments – myriapods have a head and trunkhead and trunk

One pair of antennaeOne pair of antennae

Mandibles for feeding Mandibles for feeding

Uniramous appendagesUniramous appendages

Body segments – insects have Body segments – insects have three tagmata – head, thorax and three tagmata – head, thorax and abdomenabdomenOne pair of antennaeOne pair of antennae

Mandibles for feeding Mandibles for feeding

Uniramous appendagesUniramous appendages

Three Reasons for Insect Three Reasons for Insect Abundance and DiversityAbundance and Diversity

Structural modifications to the Structural modifications to the mouth, legs, wings and alimentary mouth, legs, wings and alimentary canalcanal

Well adapted to dry environmentsWell adapted to dry environments

Light weight, highly adaptable Light weight, highly adaptable exoskeletonexoskeleton

Insect Feeding StrategiesInsect Feeding Strategies

PhytophagusPhytophagus

SaprophagusSaprophagus

Carnivorous predatorsCarnivorous predators

ParasitesParasites

HyperparasitismHyperparasitism

Insect Flight MechanismsInsect Flight Mechanisms

SynchronousSynchronous AsynchronousAsynchronous

Holometabolous (complete) metamorphosisHolometabolous (complete) metamorphosis

Hemimetabolous (incomplete) metamorphosisHemimetabolous (incomplete) metamorphosis

Insect Reproductive Success FactorsInsect Reproductive Success Factors

Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomesdeuterostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates

No metamerismNo metamerismRadially symmetrical (no Radially symmetrical (no cephalization)cephalization)

Complete digestive systemComplete digestive system

Respiration through papulae, bursae, Respiration through papulae, bursae, tube feet, skin or respiratory treetube feet, skin or respiratory tree

Complex water vascular system for Complex water vascular system for movementmovement

Endoskeleton made up of ossiclesEndoskeleton made up of ossicles

Reduced nervous system with few Reduced nervous system with few sense organssense organs

No circulatory or excretory systemsNo circulatory or excretory systems

Sexual reproduction –dioecious, Sexual reproduction –dioecious, external fertilizers that go through external fertilizers that go through metamorphosismetamorphosis

Autotomy and regeneration Autotomy and regeneration commoncommon

Echinoderm EcologyEchinoderm Ecology

All All members members

are marine are marine organismsorganisms

Found from polar to Found from polar to tropical regions in tropical regions in all depths of the all depths of the

oceanocean

Some are Some are carnivores, others carnivores, others

detritivores and detritivores and others herbivoresothers herbivores

Echinoderm Echinoderm TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - EchinodermataPhylum - Echinodermata

Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk animal)animal)Class - Crinoidea (lily form - sea Class - Crinoidea (lily form - sea lilies)lilies)Ex. - Ex. - AntedonAntedon

Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free animal)animal)

Echinoderm Echinoderm TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - EchinodermataPhylum - Echinodermata

Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk animal)animal)

Class - Asteroidea (star form - sea Class - Asteroidea (star form - sea stars)stars)Ex. - Ex. - Asterias, EchinasterAsterias, Echinaster

Ex. - Ex. - OphiuraOphiuraClass - Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)Class - Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Class - Echinoidea ( sea urchins, Class - Echinoidea ( sea urchins, sand dollars)sand dollars)Class – Holothuroidea (sea Class – Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)cucumbers)

Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free animal)animal)

Ex. - Ex. - StronglyocentrotusStronglyocentrotus

Ex. - Ex. - Sclerodactyla, HolothuriaSclerodactyla, Holothuria

General Echinoderm AnatomyGeneral Echinoderm Anatomy

General Zoology Unit Four

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