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Transcript of Gene Technology Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 1 DNA Technology Section 2 The Human Genome...
Gene TechnologyChapter 13
Table of Contents
Section 1 DNA Technology
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Gene TechnologyChapter 13
Table of Contents
Section 1 DNA Technology
DNA Identification
Steps in DNA Identification
Recombinant DNA
Applications for DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Objectives
• Explain the significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification.
• Describe four major steps commonly used in DNA identification.
• Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA.
• Summarize several applications of DNA identification.
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
DNA Identification
• The repeating sequences in noncoding DNA vary between individuals and thus can be used to identify an individual.
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Steps in DNA Identification
• Copying DNA: Polymerase Chain Reaction– To identify a DNA sample, scientists isolate the
DNA and copy it using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Steps in DNA Identification, continued
• Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzyme– The DNA is then cut into fragments using
restriction enzymes.– Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific
nucleotide sequences.
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Action of Restriction Enzymes
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Steps in DNA Identification, continued
• Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis– The fragments are separated by size using gel
electrophoresis.– The resulting pattern of bands is called a DNA
fingerprint.
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Gel Electrophoresis
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
DNA Fingerprint
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Recombinant DNA
• Cloning Vectors– Researchers use restriction enzymes to insert
DNA fragments into vectors. – The resulting DNA from two different organisms is
called recombinant DNA.
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Cloning Vectors and Plasmids
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Applications For DNA Technology
• DNA technology provides the tools to manipulate DNA molecules for practical purposes, such as forensic investigation to determine the identity of a criminal.
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Objectives
• Explain the significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification.
• Describe four major steps commonly used in DNA identification.
• Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA.
• Summarize several applications of DNA identification.
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Complete Sec 1 Review p 260 questions 1-9
Section 1 DNA Technology
Gene TechnologyChapter 13
Table of Contents
Section 1 DNA Technology
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Gene TechnologyChapter 13
Table of Contents
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Section 2 The Human Genome ProjectChapter 13
Objectives• Discuss two major goals of the Human Genome Project.
• Summarize important insights gained from the Human Genome Project.
• Explain why animal model species are useful to study genes.
• State how information from the Human Genome Project will be applied to future projects.
• Relate bioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the Human Genome Project.
Section 2 The Human Genome ProjectChapter 13
Objectives• Discuss two major goals of the Human Genome Project.
• Summarize important insights gained from the Human Genome Project.
• Explain why animal model species are useful to study genes.
• State how information from the Human Genome Project will be applied to future projects.
• Relate bioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the Human Genome Project.
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome
• The goals of the Human Genome Project were to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map the location of every gene on each chromosome.
• This information will advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human genetic disorders.
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
• Important Insights– The Human Genome Project yielded important
information about human genes and proteins.– For example, there are far fewer protein-encoding
human genes than once believed but far more proteins because of the complex way they are encoded.
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
• Model Species– The Human Genome Project included sequencing
the genes of many model species to provide insights into gene function.
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
• Applications– Information from the Human Genome Project has
been applied to medical, commercial, and scientific purposes.
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
The Future of Genomics
• Bioinformatics– Bioinformatics uses computers to catalog and
analyze genomes.
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
The Future of Genomics, continued
• Proteomics– Proteomics studies the identities, structures,
interactions, and abundances of an organism’s proteins.
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
The Future of Genomics, continued
• Microarrays– DNA microarrays, two-dimensional arrangements
of cloned genes, allow researchers to compare specific genes such as those that cause cancer.
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Section 3 Genetic EngineeringChapter 13
Objectives
• Discuss the uses of genetic engineering in medicine.
• Summarize how gene therapy is being used to try to cure genetic disorders.
• Discuss cloning and its technology.
• Describe two ways genetic engineering has been used to improve crop plants.
• Discuss environmental and ethical issues associated with genetic engineering.
Section 3 Genetic EngineeringChapter 13
Medical Applications
• Genetic engineering is being used to provide therapies for certain genetic diseases.
Section 3 Genetic EngineeringChapter 13
Medical Applications, continued
• Gene Therapy– Gene therapy refers to treating genetic disorders
by correcting a defect in a gene or by providing a normal form of a gene.
– Researchers hope that gene therapy can be used to cure genetic disorders in the future.
Section 3 Genetic EngineeringChapter 13
Medical Applications, continued
• Cloning– In cloning by nuclear transfer, a nucleus from a
body cell of one individual is introduced into an egg cell (without its nucleus) from another individual.
– An organism identical to the nucleus donor results.
Chapter 13
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Cloning
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Genetically Engineered Vaccines
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Section 3 Genetic EngineeringChapter 13
Agricultural Applications
• Genetic engineering is used to produce disease-resistant, pest-resistant, and herbicide-resistant crops in an effort to improve the yields and nutrition of the human food supply.
Chapter 13
Genetic Engineering and CottonPlants
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Section 3 Genetic EngineeringChapter 13
Ethical Issues
• Some people fear that the release of genetically modified organisms would pose an environmental risk.
• Many safety, environmental, and ethical issues involved in genetic engineering have not been resolved.