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Transcript of Gender & Family. Both are “social” ◦ Boys in larger groups Girls ◦ Greater verbal ability ...
![Page 1: Gender & Family. Both are “social” ◦ Boys in larger groups Girls ◦ Greater verbal ability Boys ◦ Greater visual-spatial ability ◦ More aggressive.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ebb5503460f94bc336c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Both are “social”◦ Boys in larger groups
Girls◦ Greater verbal ability
Boys◦ Greater visual-spatial ability◦ More aggressive
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Sex = biological fact Gender = cultural & social-psychological
fact◦ Culture & Society assign gender-specific
psychological & personality traits We learn to be male & female in distinctive
ways (socialization)
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Men: active, intelligent, rational Women: passive, nurturing, emotional
“Culture Lag”◦ William Ogburn
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Legal Assumptions of Male Support◦ Feminization of Poverty
Pct. of Children below poverty line 14.2% white 33.3% African-American 28.6% Hispanic
53.3% of all households below poverty line are female-headed
3:4 absent fathers pay no child support
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Gender and Work (“Pink Collar Ghetto”)◦ 74% of K-12 teachers◦ 96% of clerical workers◦ 84% of personal service providers◦ 77 cents to the dollar, F/M pay ratio
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Under-represented in higher paying jobs◦ 11% of engineers◦ 31% of physicians◦ 34% of lawyers/judges
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Need for two paychecks Lower fertility rates Greater opportunities Changing Cultural Norms
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The “New Woman”◦ Aspirations
Career & Motherhood◦ “Superwomen”
Role strain Poor Fit Between Family & Professional
Lives◦ Loss of seniority
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◦ No flex time◦ Maternity and paternity leave◦ Private, for-profit day care
Cost Quality
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Men◦ Breadwinner “trap”
Over-identification with economic position◦ Emotional under-development
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Conflict Theory◦ Division of Sexual Labor
Sexual exploitation◦ Family: “superstructure”
Reproduce Legitimate
◦ “Half-selves” Men: control emotions (work)
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Women: Career aspirations interfere with “primary” purpose
Functionalists◦ Gender roles are efficient
Make the most of economic opportunities◦ As the economy has changed, gender roles have
adapted
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“That institution in society that arranges for:◦ Regulation of sexual relations
Who may have sex with whom?◦ Child-Rearing
Who takes care of the children?◦ Household Composition”
Who lives with whom?
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Regulation of sexual relations◦ Incest◦ Unites previously non-united families
Network of social ties Child-Rearing
◦ “Legitimacy”◦ Lineality:
“the path along which a person’s blood & property lines are traced”
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◦ Establishes & clarifies a person’s social identity◦ Grounded in and linked to the social world
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Household Composition (“Forms” of Family) Shaped by norms guiding mate selection
◦ Monogamy Polygamy (more than one wife) Polyandry (more than one husband)
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◦ Exogamy Rules for marrying outside a certain group
◦ Endogamy Rules for marrying inside a certain group
◦ Homogamy Tendency for people from similar backgrounds to
mate Love
But in cultural, societal, historical context
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Changes in household composition◦ Smaller
Single parent households Declining fertility
◦ Female Labor Force Participation 60-70% of moms with school-aged kids Necessity Opportunity (smaller families) Happier marriages, if wife wants to work
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Changes in household composition◦ Child care
Cost Quality Socialization
60-65% of pre-schoolers in school Start earlier, stay longer TV: pre-schoolers, 33 hrs. per week
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New Status of the Child◦ Fewer kids
Expensive◦ Smaller families, working parents◦ More attention & resources
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Divorce◦ Rate = No. of divorces/100 married persons
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Crude Divorce RateCrude Divorce Rate
19201920 13.413.4
19301930 1717
19401940 16.916.9
19501950 23.123.1
19601960 25.825.8
19701970 32.832.8
19801980 49.749.7
19901990 51.451.4
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The Good News How the 50% rate is calculated
◦ Annual marriage rate per 1,000/Annual divorce rate per 1,000
◦ 2003: 7.5 marriages per 1,000 3.8 divorces per 1,000 (NCHS, 2005)
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Better method of calculation◦ How many people who have ever married
subsequently divorced? Highest rate = ca. 41%
The even-better news◦ Divorce rates lowest for college graduates
1/3 to ¼ the rate of non-graduates
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Age◦ Nearly ½ under age 18◦ 40% under age 20◦ 24% over age 25
Religion◦ Born-again Christians same as general population
(ca. 1/3) (90% of those after conversion)
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Catholics: lowest divorce rate Baptists: highest divorce rate
More likely to divorce than atheists or agnostics Cited in a posting from Smart Marriages Listserv on Jan.
25, 2002 Alabama: ¼ of population are Southern Baptists,
majority of pop. are Evangelicals 4th highest divorce rate in US (NV, TN, AR) (Barna
Research Poll, 2001)
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◦ Region Highest rates
South & Midwest “Red” states higher than “blue” states from Smart Marriages Listserv , Jan. 4, 2005
◦ Cohabitation Couples cohabiting before marriage
40-85% higher risk of divorce than couples not cohabiting before marriage
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Factors decreasing risk of divorce
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FactorsFactors % Risk % Risk DecreaseDecrease
Ann. Income over $50k (v. Ann. Income over $50k (v. under $25K)under $25K)
-30-30
Baby 7 months or more after Baby 7 months or more after marriage (v. before)marriage (v. before)
-24-24
Marrying over 25 years of age Marrying over 25 years of age (v. under 18)(v. under 18)
-24-24
Intact family of originIntact family of origin -14-14
Some College (v. h.s. dropout)Some College (v. h.s. dropout) -13-13
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Why increase in divorce?◦ Emotional satisfaction > economic security◦ Reduction in necessity and benefits of marriage ◦ Increased female opportunities
women in labor force reduction of stigma ‑‑ no‑fault divorce
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◦ Cultural Change Baby Boom 1960s & 1970s
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Remarriage rate has kept up with divorce rate◦ rejection of partners, not institution◦ married still happier than single
Women still do the bulk of the work around the home◦ still face conflicts between individual fulfillment
and family roles
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Alternative Family Forms◦ Living together has increased > six-fold
Often short term Higher divorce rate
◦ Staying single: 2000: 27.2 million people, 26% of all households (in
1950, 9.3%) Vs. 22% married couples & their kids 21% married couples living alone
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Later marriages
Median Age at First MarriageMedian Age at First Marriage
MaleMale FemaleFemale
18901890 26.126.1 2222
19201920 24.624.6 21.221.2
19501950 22.822.8 20.820.8
19801980 24.724.7 2222
20032003 27.127.1 25.325.3
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Children in single-parent households by race/ ethnicity, 2006
(American Community Survey & Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2006)
WhiteWhite 23%23%
BlackBlack 65%65%
AmerIndAmerInd 49%49%
AsianAsian 17%17%
HispanicHispanic 36%36%
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Single Parent Households◦ 2000: ca. 13.5 million single parents had custody
of 21.7 million children under 21 years of age ◦ % of population made up by married couples with
children decreased from 40% in 1970 to 24% in 2000
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Single parent households increased from 9% in 1990 to 16% of all households by 2000.
Of all custodial parents, 85% were mothers
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Urbanization & Industrialization Reduced fertility Smaller families
Culture Higher Divorce Rates
More household forms Single
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Single Parent Two parents, etc.
Unusual Society◦ Patterns of lineality & locality ◦ Patrilineal
Trace blood & property lines along father’s side
◦ Matrilineal Trace blood & property lines along mother’s side
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◦ Matrilocal Children live with mother
◦ Patrilocal Children live with father
Locality & lineality have separated◦ Divorce
$ goes with dad Kids go with mom
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Matrilocal & Patrilineal Society◦ Bureaucratization of the family◦ To meet child rearing function of family
due to household composition changes◦ State has stepped in
Welfare AFDC (until 1997) TANF (since July 1, 1997)