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M.P.S Term Paper
Gender Gap and Socio-Demographical Factors affecting on Election Voting Pattern in selected states in India
Presented by Rakesh K BhadaneMPS (Roll no. 33)
Guided by Dr. Murali Dhar
Introduction India is constitutional democratic country with a
parliamentary system Elections determine the composition of the Government The principle of Universal Adult Suffrage women had the voting rights but not active participation in
the democratic process of Elections 1971 to 2014, men have formed 52-53% of the electorate,
while women form 47-48% This Paper is on Gender differences in the voting & electors
The socio-demographical factors affecting in voting Below table shows subsequent gender gap in the election
Cont….
Gr. Election Year Male Woman Total Gap
10th 1991 61.58 51.35 56.93 10.23
11th 1996 62.06 53.41 57.94 8.6512th 1998 65.72 57.88 61.97 7.8413th 1999 63.97 55.64 59.99 8.3314th 2004 61.66 53.30 57.65 8.3615th 2009 54.21 45.79 58.13 8.42
REVIEW OF LITERATURESAuthors, Year Findings
Lynda Erickson et. al,2002
Women compared to men were more supportive of center-right parties, are being replaced by a modern gender gap, where women are more likely than men to support parties of the left.
Jeff Manza et. al, 1998
The authors find evidence that women’s changing rates of labor force participation explain the origins of the gender gap.In the 1992 election, feminist consciousness also emerged as a significant factor shaping women’s voting behavior
Akshay Rout,2009
Decline in participation of voters in election more consistently in recent years in India.Adverse gender ratio is reflected in registration, under-enrolment of women in voting, the gap is widened further with the lesser percentage of women turning up to voted
NEED FOR THE STUDY
To find out socio-demographical causes and factors affected woman voting in India
Less Research work done on this topic in India People must know their identity as electors and voters
and must know importance of voting in election
Gander gap in voting according to their regional socio-demographic status can be expected to give a new insight in understanding reasons in GP
RESEARCH QUESTIONS What is the pattern of voting in major populated states
by sex wise in India? Is their any state wise gender differences (gap) in
election voting and electors (registration)? Is there any socio-demographical factors affecting on
voting pattern of male and female in Indian states?OBJECTIVES To access the pattern of voting by sex wise in selected
states of India To determine gender voting differences in Indian states To examine factors affecting on voting pattern in major
states in India
DATA SOURCESData form Election commission of India 2004 &2009
Data form census of India 2001 and 2011
Data form NSSO 61st(2004-05) and 66th(2009) round
MethodologyTo estimated 18+ populations for election years
(2004 & 2009)To get time of male and female population eligible
for voting
Cont…. To get actual difference between man and woman’s
electors in major state
To get non- voting population of male and females
And for to calculated time of male and female electors
Same as for female (f) voters it gives us the differences in male and woman voting out of electors
Cont… To measure the gender gap (Gp) form total voting among
male and woman voted is calculated as the using below equation.
Used Bivarite correlation for examine demographical variable associate with voting pattern of male and female
Results and finding
1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996 1998 1999 2004 200935
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
55.42
61.33
55.29
60.49
56.92
63.5661.95
56.7357.94
61.9759.99
57.98
54.21
46.6
55.5
49.1
54.9
51.2
58.657.3
51.353.4
57.755.6
53.6
45.79
63.31
66.73
60.9
65.63
62.16
68.1866.13
61.58 62.06
65.7263.97
61.66
58.13
% of voters participation in LS election Average TurnoutWomen TurnoutMale turnout
Years
% v
oted
20 States of India Population wise
Estimated population 2009(1)in million
Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote
Male Woman Men Women Male Female
Uttar Pradesh 56.25 51.89 63.39 52.61 1.1 1.01Maharashtra 37.32 36.58 38.16 34.79# 1.0 0.95Bihar
27.76 25.87 29.22 25.28# 1.1 0.98West Bengal 30.08 28.49 27.57# 24.93# 0.9 0.87Andhra Pradesh
27.58 28.02 28.68 29.21 1.0 1.04Madhya Pradesh
21.44 20.09# 20.18# 17.90 0.9 0.89Tamil Nadu 24.50 26.93# 20.90# 20.73 0.9 0.77Rajasthan 19.49 18.63 19.54# 17.52 1.0 0.94Karnataka 20.03 19.77 21.32 20.47 1.1 1.04Gujarat 19.35 18.23 18.90# 17.59# 1.0 0.96
Orissa 13.27 13.09 14.08 13.12 1.1 1.00
Kerala 11.01 12.51 10.53# 11.33# 1.0 0.91
Jharkhand 11.01 12.51 9.48# 8.45# 0.9 0.68
Assam 9.28 8.95 9.03# 8.44# 1.0 0.94
Punjab 9.37 8.76 8.83# 8.13# 0.9 0.93
Chhattisgarh 7.44 7.47 7.85 7.63 1.1 1.02
Haryana 7.99 7.30 6.59# 5.50# 0.8 0.75
Delhi 5.66 4.96 6.19 4.91# 1.1 0.99
Jammu &Kashmir 3.78 3.36 3.42 3.15# 0.9 0.94
Uttarakhand 2.97 2.98 3.04 2.85# 1.0 0.96
20 States of IndiaPopulation wise
Estimated population 2009(1)in million
Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote
Male Woman Men Women Male Female
20 States IndiaPopulation wise
Estimated population 2004(1) in million
Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote
Men Woman Men Women Male Female
Uttar Pradesh 49.70 45.36 60.33 50.30 1.21 1.11
Maharashtra33.28 37.21 32.79# 30.22# 0.99 0.81
Bihar24.35 23.04 27.05 23.51 1.11 1.02
West Bengal27.05 25.16 24.80# 22.64# 0.92 0.90
Andhra Pradesh25.10 25.10 25.36 25.79 1.01 1.03
Madhya Pradesh18.82 17.55 20.03 18.36 1.06 1.05
Tamil Nadu22.21 32.88 23.27 23.98# 1.05 0.73
Rajasthan17.01 16.09 18.15 16.56 1.07 1.03
Karnataka17.85 17.45 19.61 18.99 1.10 1.09
Gujarat17.15 16.13 17.34 16.33 1.01 1.01
20 States India Population WiseOrissa
Men13.27
Women13.09
Men14.08
Women13.12
Male1.1
Female1.00
Kerala 11.01 12.51 10.53# 11.33# 1.0 0.91
Jharkhand 11.01 12.51 9.48# 8.45# 0.9 0.68
Assam 9.28 8.95 9.03# 8.44# 1.0 0.94
Punjab 9.37 8.76 8.83# 8.13# 0.9 0.93
Chhattisgarh 7.44 7.47 7.85 7.63 1.1 1.02
Haryana 7.99 7.30 6.59# 5.50# 0.8 0.75
Delhi 5.66 4.96 6.19 4.91# 1.1 0.99
Jammu &Kashmir 13.78 3.36 3.42 3.15# 0.9 0.94
Uttarakhand 2.97 2.98 3.04 2.85# 1.0 0.96
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
58.055.455.553.150.259.7
50.956.252.856.452.448.6
55.953.652.353.455.657.759.153.9
42.044.644.5
46.949.8
40.3
49.143.8
47.243.6
47.651.4
44.146.447.746.644.442.340.9
46.1
Comparative Male/Female Tunout(for lok sabha elections in 2009) MEN % WOMAN
years
% voting
Uttar Prad
esh
Mah
arash
traBihar
West
Bengal
Andhra Prad
esh
Mad
hya Prad
esh
Tamil N
adu
Rajasth
an
Karnata
ka
Gujarat
Orissa
keral
a
Jhark
handAssa
mpunjab
chhatti
sgarh
Haryan
aDelhi
Jammu an
d kash
mir
Uttarakh
and
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
61.155.458.6
53.751.361.4
52.457.9
52.357.053.249.759.454.753.156.656.158.962.3
55.1
3945
4146 49
39
4842
4843
4750
4145 47
43 4441
38
45
% of men woman voting LS election 2004MENWOMAN
States
% voted
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
16.0
10.811.1
6.3
0.5
19.3
1.8
12.4
5.6
12.7
4.8
-2.8
11.8
7.24.6
6.8
11.2
15.4
18.2
7.822.21
10.79
17.25
7.432.62
22.76
4.76
15.71
4.61
13.95
6.38
-0.58
18.79
9.356.29
13.1512.14
17.70
24.62
10.22
Gender gap in LS 20092009 2004
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
16.0
10.811.1
6.3
0.5
19.3
1.8
12.4
5.6
12.7
4.8
-2.8
11.8
7.2
4.6
6.8
11.2
15.4
18.2
7.8
Gende Gap in voting(for lok sabha elections in 2009)
States
% Gap in voting
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENTAGE MALE VOTERS
PERCENTAGE FEMALE VOTERS
Literacy(Sig)
-.526*.017
.543*.013
Urban Populations .015 -0.15
Population Density .158 -.158
Sex Ratio(Sig)
-.586**0.07
.586**.007
Agricultural Employment 0.222 -.222
Correlations between percentage of Male and female voted and demographic factors in Lok Sabha Election, 2004
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENTAGE MALE VOTERS
PERCENTAGE FEMALE VOTERS
Literacy -.303 .651**.002
Urban Populations .073 -.073
Population Density .224 -.224
Sex Ratio(Sig)
-.776**0.00
.776**0.00
Agricultural Employment .113 -.113
Correlations between percentage of Male and female voted and demographic factors in Lok Sabha Election, 2009
Conclusion
The Indian Government and civil society have been working to promote greater participation of women in electoral processes. In our result it was showed that only male and female literacy and sex ratio were significant with percentage of male and female voters. Many awareness programmes and advertisements were conduct through media. Though it was found that women percentage of voting less as compare to males. Male and female voting percentages are dependent on their socio-economical status and family support.
Limitation of the study Study Only Lok Sabha Election 2004 & 2009 has to be
concentrateElectors we assume that population in the respective
state is close to migration Electors enumeration (registration) is close to be
completed prior to Lok Sabha election 2009 and 2004.This study more focus on woman electors and their
voting not on women as a participated in the elections This study proxy and postal voting are not consider to
total voting result.
Thank you