Gen of Computers- Afsha

8/6/2019 Gen of Computers- Afsha

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Generations of Computer

The First generation

The Second Generation

The Third Generation

The Fourth Generation

The Fifth Generation


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Computers.

Present.

Past.Future.


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The Computer Age

Rapid changes

Four generations over 50 years

Trends across generations

Decrease size

Increase speed


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The First Generation

1951-1958

Vacuum Tube Heat

Burnout Machine language

Magnetic core

memory

Storage Punched cards

Tape (1957)

Characteristics of 1stGeneration Computers Computers big and clumsy

Electricity consumption is high Electric failure occurred regularly - computers notvery reliable Large air conditioners was necessary because thecomputers generated heat

Batch processing


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Vacuum tube


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Vacuum tube


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Vacuum tubes


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FIRST GENERATION (1945-1956)

First generation computers were characterized by the factthat operating instructions were made-to-order for the specifictask for which the computer was to be used. Each computer

had a different binary-coded program called a machinelanguage that told it how to operate. This made the computerdifficult to program and limited its versatility and speed.Other distinctive features of first generation computers were

the use of vacuum tubes (responsible for their breathtakingsize) and magnetic drums for data storage.


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Observing Vacuum tube


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Punched curds


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Punched cards models


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ENIAC

Eckert and Mauchly completed the first

commercial computer in the USA theENIAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

First computer builtfor business

Short Code - A set of instructions called

Short Code is developed for theProgrammers


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ENIAC

1946

Electronic Numerical Integrator AndComputer

Under the leadership ofJ. Presper Eckert(1919- 1995) and John W. Mauchly(1907- 1980) the team produced a machine that

computed at speeds 1,000 times faster

than the Mark I was capable of only 2

years earlier.Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes,70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered

joints this massive instrument required the

output of a small power station to operate

it.


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1951, SAGE - Semi Automatic Ground Environment was

developed.

IBM built the SAGE computers and became leaders in

real-time applications and used the technology ofWhirlwind.

SAGE computers were used in an early U.S. air defense

system. They were fully deployed in 1963, that consisted

of 27 centers throughout North America, each computer

system containing over50,000 vacuum tubes, weighing

250 tons and occupying an acre of floor space.

SAGE was the first large computer network to provide

man-machine interaction in real time.


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1952, EDVAC-

Electronic Discreet

Variable Computer

John Von Neumann,designed with a central

control unit which would

calculate and output all

mathematical and logical

problems and a memory

which could be written to

and read. (RAM in

modern terms) which

would store programs

and data.


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1953, IBM 701

The 701 was formally

announced on May 21, 1952. It

was the unit of the overall 701

Data Processing System inwhich actual calculations were

performed.

1953, The Whirlwind

purpose digital computerWhirlwind was a large scale,general begun at the

Servomechanisms Laboratoryof the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology in 1946.


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. First generation computer

Advantages :

. It was only electronic device

. First device to hold memory

Disadvantages :

. Too bulky i.e large in size

. Vacuum tubes burn frequently

. They were producing heat

. Maintenance problems


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Too bulky i.e large in size


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1959-1964

Transistor Smaller

No warm-up time Less energy

Less heat

Faster

More reliable

Storage Removable disk pack

(1954) Magnetic tape

Programming languages Assembly language FORTRAN (1954) COBOL(1959)

Used primarily by business,university, government


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Computers became smaller

Generate less heat

Electricity consumption lower

More reliable and faster

Core memory developed

Magnetic tapes and disks used

First operating systems developed A new processing method was needed.

Time-sharing (processing technique)


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Transistor

1 2


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Transistor board


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1963, Mini-computer: PDP-8 igital introduces the first successful

minicomputer the PDP-8. It wasabout as large as a fridge and usedtransistors and magnetic corememory.

1964 Real-time reservationsystem IBM developed a real-time computerised ticketreservation system for American

Airways. It was smaller than SAGE and was

called SABRE (Semi-AutomaticBusiness-Related Environment).


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1964, IBMs System 360 It consisted of 6

processors and 40peripheral units.More than 100computers permonth were ordered.

1964,BASIC(programminglanguage)

A programming languagewas necessary that couldbe used in a time-sharingenvironment and thatcould serve as a traininglanguage.


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.Second generation computer

Advantages :

. Size reduced considerably

. The very fast

. Very much reliable

Disadvantages :

. They over heated quickly

. Maintenance problems


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1965, Gordon Moore

The semi-conductor pioneer, Gordon Moore (founder

of Intel), predicted that the number of transistors that

occurred on a microchip would double every year. Itbecame known as Moores Law and is still valid

today.

Burroughs used integrated circuits in parts of

two computers - the B2500 and the B3500.


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IC (integrated circuit)


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ICs (integrated circuits)


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IC (integrated circuit)


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1968, Intel was founded (INTegrated Electronics).

They developed more sophisticated memory chips.

1968, Magnetic core memory was replaced by a

microchip. The first 256 bit RAM microchips, and later the first 1Kb

RAM (1024 byte) chips, caused the disappearance of

Magnetic Core Memory that was used since the mid 1950's


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.Third generation computer

Advantages :

. ICs are very small in size

. Improved performance

. Production cost cheap

Disadvantages :

. ICs are sophisticated


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FOURTHGENERATION.

(1971-Present)

In 1981, IBM introduced its personalcomputer (PC) for use in the home,

office and schools. The 1980's saw anexpansion in computer use in all threearenas as clones of the IBM PC made

the personal computer even more

affordable. The number of personalcomputers in use more than doubledfrom 2 million in 1981 to 5.5 millionin 1982.


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The Fourth Generation

1971-Present

Microprocessor

General-purpose

processor on a chip Explosive growth

Digital watches Pocket calculators Personal computers

Cars Copy machines Television sets

Integrated circuits, smallerand faster

Micro computer series

such as IBM and APPLEdeveloped

Portable computersdeveloped

Great development in data

communication Different types of

secondary memory withhigh storage capacity andfast access developed


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ICs with VLSI

(Very Large Scale Integration)


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4th Generation

1983, Apples Lisa Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to

move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands.The Lisa was the first commercial computer to use aGraphical User Interface (GUI)

1983, IBM announced the PC XT (eXtendedTechnology). Memory was expanded to 640Kb and it featured:

4,77 MHz processor speed Double floppy disks MS DOS version 3.3 Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives

available.

1990, Windows 3.0 (operating system) Microsoft released Windows 3.0.


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. Fourth generation computer

Advantages :

. It is a compact

. Less power consumption

. Production cost is cheap

Disadvantages :

. No artificial intelligent.


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The Fifth Generation

Mid 1990s

Intelligent

computers

Artificialintelligenc

e

Expert

systems Natural

language

Applications for 5Applications for 5thth Gen computersGen computers

Intelligent robots that could see theirenvironment (visual input - e.g. a videocamera) and could be programmed to

carry out certain tasks. Intelligent systems that could control the

route of a missile and defence-systemsthat could fend off attacks.

Word processors that could be controlledby means of speech recognition.

Programs that could translate documentsfrom one language to another.


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5th Generation

Some technological developments that could makethe development of fifth-generation computerspossible, include:

Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductorthrough which electricity can travel without anyresistance resulting in faster transfer of informationbetween the components of a computer.

Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosisby following the logical steps of problem solving

just as if the doctor would have done it himself. Speech recognition systems, capable of

recognising dictation and entering the text into aword processor, are already available.


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The Fifth GenerationAI Artificial Intelligence

How computers can be used for tasks that

required human characteristics


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The Fifth GenerationExpert Systems

Software used with an

extensive set of organized

data that presents the

computer as an expert on a

particular topic


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The Fifth GenerationNatural Language

Humans communicate

with computers in the

language they use on a

daily basis


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The Fifth GenerationRobotics

Computer-controlled

device that can

physically manipulate its

surroundings

THOR on display and demonstration circa 1981

Robot development firm

Speecys Corp. of Tokyo

developed a small

humanoid robot, poweredentirely by easy-to-replace,

environmentally friendly

fuel-cell batteries.


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The ENDThe END

Gen of Computers- Afsha

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