Geleidingsstoornissen, bradycardie en PM€¦ · Sinus Aritmie • Presence of sinus P waves •...

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Geleidingsstoornissen, bradycardie en PM Rik Willems

Transcript of Geleidingsstoornissen, bradycardie en PM€¦ · Sinus Aritmie • Presence of sinus P waves •...

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Geleidingsstoornissen, bradycardie en PM

Rik Willems

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Intraventriculaire geleidingsstoornissen

•  QRS-duur ≥ 100 ms– volledig ≥ 120 ms

– onvolledig 100 - 120 ms

•  Rechter bundel•  Linker bundel

• Aspecifiek

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DD/ breed QRS

•  Geleidingsstoornissen•  Atrioventriculaire extraverbinding (Kent-

bundel)•  Ventriculair ritme•  Elektrolietenstoornissen

–  Hyperkaliëmie

•  Hypothermie•  Antiaritmica

–  Klasse 1C (flecainide, propafenone)

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Linker bundeltakblock

•  QRS duur ≥ 120ms•  rS of QS beeld in V1

•  Brede positieve QRS complexen metnotching of slurring zonder intiële q in I en V6

–  afwezigheid normale septale activatie

•  Diagnose van myocardinfarct enlinkerkamerhypertrofie kan niet gesteldworden !

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LBTB

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LBTB

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Rechter bundeltak block

•  QRS duur ≥ 120ms

•  rSR’ patroon of notched R in V1

–  altijd hoge en brede terminale R of R’ ! DD/VT

•  Brede S in I en V6

•  ST daling en neg T in precordialen

•  Diagnose van myocardinfarct blijft mogelijkomdat de initïele vectoren normaal verlopen

•  Geen uitspraak over rechterkamerhypertrofie

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• • • • • • 

normale variante bij kinderen en adolescentente hoge plaatsing V1pectus excavatumrechterkamerhypertrofielongembolie“True posterior” infarct

DD/ RSR’ in afleiding V1

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RBTB

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RBTB

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•  ECG criteria–  linker as <-30

–  kleine q wave in lead I–  diepe S in II en III

Linker anterior hemiblock

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•  ECG criteria–  Rechter as > +120–  grote S in lead I

–  qR in lead II, III en aVF•  Grote R•  Kleine q

Linker posterior hemiblock

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Gevorderde geleidingsstoornissen

•  Bifasciculair block– VRBTB + LAH– VRBTB + LPH

•  Trifasciculair block– 1e gr AV block + VRTBT + LAH of LPH

•  CAVE: ontstaan vangeleidingstoornissen bij infarct

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Het normale geleidingssysteem

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Sinus knoop gerelateerde bradycardie

•  Sinoatriaal (SA) block•  Sinus arrest

•  Sick sinus syndroom (SSS)

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Sino-atriale (SA) geleidingsstoornissen

•  Minder frequent dan AVgeleidingsstoornissen

•  Moeilijkere diagnose•  Klinische relevantie?

•  Ingedeelde in 1st, 2de, and 3de graad,maar enkel 2degraad SA block isdedecteerbaar op EKG.

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1st graads SA Block

•  ECG geeft geen aanwijzing vanactiviteit van de sinusknoop, en daaromniet zichtbaar.

•  EFO noodzakelijk voor diagnose, maarniet klinisch relevant

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Type 1 2de graads SA Block

• Progressive shortening of the PP interval until a pause inthe sinus rhythm appears.

• The pause will be less than the two preceding PP interval.• The PP interval following the pause is greater than the PP

interval just before the pause.

Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005.

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Type 2 2de graads SA Block

• Abnormal pauses between 2 sinus P waves

• Length of pause is a multiple of the shortest PP interval(usually 2x)

• PP interval is otherwise constant.

• DD/ blocked AES!

Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005.

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3de graads SA Block

•  Niet te onderscheiden van sinus arrestop ECG.

•  EFO noodzakelijk voor diagnose, maarniet klinisch relevant

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Sinus Aritmie

• Presence of sinus P waves

• Variation of the PP interval which cannot be attributed to either SA nodalblock or PACs

• When the variations in PP interval occur in phase with respiration, this isconsidered to be a normal variant. When they are unrelated to respiration,they may be caused by the same etiologies leading to sinus bradycardia.

Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005.

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Sinusknoopziekte

•  Characterized by a collection of symptoms and ECGfindings due to chronic dysfunction of the sinoatrial (SA)node:–  Chronic and severe sinus bradycardia–  Sinus pauses–  Sinus arrhythmia–  Complete sinus arrest–  Progressive development of atrial arrhythmias (a-

flutter, a-fib, atrial tachycardia)•  Patients are usually elderly and present with

lightheadedness and/or syncope, but it can also manifestas angina, dyspnea, and palpitations.

•  About 50% of people with SSS also display some degreeof dysfunction of the AV node

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Sick Sinus Syndrome

Sinus bradycardia (rate of ~43 bpm) with a sinus pause

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Etiologie van SSSMore Common

Sinus node firbosis

Atherosclerosis of theSA arteryCongenital heartdiseaseExcessive vagal tone

Drugs

Less CommonFamilial SSS (due tomutations in SCN5A)Infiltrative diseases

Pericarditis

Lyme disease

Hypothyroidism

Rheumatic fever

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Tachycardia-Bradycardia Syndrome•  Common variant of sick sinus syndrome

severe bradycardia alternates withparoxysmal tachycardias, most often atrialfibrillation.

•  There is usually a prolonged pause in thecardiac rhythm following cessation of thetachyarrhythmia.

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Tachycardia-Bradycardia Syndrome

Abrupt termination of atrial flutter with variable AV block,followed by sinus arrest with a junctional escape beat.

Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005.

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Spoedgevallensinusknoop gerelateerde brady

•  Enkel spoedeisend zo symptomen vanhypotensie, draaierigheid of(pre)syncope

• Atropine 0.04 mg/kg iv

•  Sluit onderliggende ischemie uit•  Denk aan intoxicatie en

elektrolietenstoornissen

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AV block

• AV Block (relatively common)– 1st degree AV block: PR > 200 ms– Type 1 2nd degree AV block

– Type 2 2nd degree AV block

– 3rd degree AV block

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Plaats van AV block

his

infra-his of subnodaal

supra-his of nodaal

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Supra-his Infra-his

atropine

inspanning

carotismassage

beter

beter

slechter

slechter

slechter

beter

Niet invasieve methodes om de plaats vanblock te bepalen

•  ECG– PR interval > 280 ms = supra-his

– Verbreed QRS = infra-his

•  interventies

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EKG Characteristics: Prolongation of the PR interval, which is constant

All P waves are conducted

1st Degree AV Blockeigen geen echt block!

The Alan E. Lindsay ECG Learning Center ; http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/

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2nd Degree AV BlockType 1

(Wenckebach)

EKG Characteristics:

EKG Characteristics:

Progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a Pwave is not conducted.

As the PR interval prolongs, the RR interval actuallyshortens

Type 2

Constant PR interval with intermittent failure to conduct

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EKG Characteristics: No relationship between P waves and QRS complexes

Relatively constant PP intervals and RR intervals

Greater number of P waves than QRS complexes

3rd Degree (Complete) AV Block

www.uptodate.com

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Wisselend bundeltakblock

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Paroxysmaal AV block

• • • • • • 

Na kritische verlenging PP intervalLokalisatie is infra-his of subnodaal

Phase 4 block in conductiesysteem

Onbetrouwbaar escaperitme

Paroxysmaal karakter

Geen duidelijke AV geleidingsstoornissen

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Bradycardie afhankelijk block

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SpoedgevallenAV block

•  Ernst afhankelijk van localisatie•  Tijdelijke pacemaker

–  Syncope–  Hypotensie/Cardiogene shock–  hartfalen

•  CAVE ischemie–  Inferior infarct: supra-his– Anterior infarct: infra-his

•  Denk aan intoxicatie en elektrolietenstoornissen

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Reanimatie

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Reanimatiespecifieke aandachtspunten

• Atropine 0.5 mg iv/3-5 min– totale dosis 3 mg

•  Isuprel 0.5 - 2 µg/min– als 1mg in 250 ml gluc 5% is dit 15 ml/u

•  Transcutane pacing– pijnlijk

– misleiding door artefacten op ecg!

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Tijdelijke pacing

•  Beste acces– Rechter Vena Jugularis Interna– Linker Vena Subclavia

•  Blinde positionering met “drijvende”katheter– EGM

– Fluoroscopie

•  Best niet > 72u

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PM Code1st Letter

Chamber(s) PacedA = atriumV = ventricle

D = dual (both atriumand ventricle)

2nd Letter

Chamber(s) SensedA = atrium

V = ventricle

D = dual

O = none

3rd Letter

Response to SensingI = inhibit

(Demand mode)T = triggered

D = dual

O = none (Asynch)

V V I

Chamber paced

Chamber sensed

Action or response to a sensed event

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Tijdelijke pacing

•  VOO met hoge output tijdens plaatsing•  Ken uw toestel !

•  Dagelijks pacing en sensing drempelbepalen

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Andere dia

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Page 104: Geleidingsstoornissen, bradycardie en PM€¦ · Sinus Aritmie • Presence of sinus P waves • Variation of the PP interval which cannot be attributed to either SA nodal block or