Fishing

Fish production has increased more than fivefold since

independence. It rose from only 800,000 tons in FY 1950 to 4.1

million tons in the early 1990s. Special efforts have been made

to promote extensive and intensive inland fish farming,

modernize coastal fisheries, and encourage deep-sea fishing

through joint ventures. These efforts led to a more than fourfold

increase in coastal fish production from 520,000 tons in FY 1950

to 2.4 million tons in FY 1990. The increase in inland fish

production was even more dramatic, increasing almost eightfold

from 218,000 tons in FY 1950 to 1.7 million tons in FY 1990.

The value of fish and processed fish exports increased from less

than 1 percent of the total value of exports in FY 1960 to 3.6

percent in FY 1993.

The important marine fish in the mid-1990s are mackerel,

sardines, Bombay duck, shark, ray, perch, croaker, carangid,

sole, ribbonfish, whitebait, tuna, silverbelly, prawn, and

cuttlefish. The main freshwater fish are carp and catfish; the

main brackish-water fish are hilsa (a variety of shad), and mullet.

Great potential exists for expanding the nation's fishing industry.

India's exclusive economic zone, stretching 200 nautical miles

into the Indian Ocean, encompasses more than 2 million square

kilometers. In the mid-1980s, only about 33 percent of that area

was being exploited. The potential annual catch from the area

has been estimated at 4.5 million tons. In addition to this marine

zone, India has about 1.4 million hectares of brackish water

available for aquaculture, of which only 60,000 hectares were

being farmed in the early 1990s; about 1.6 million hectares of

freshwater lakes, ponds, and swamps; and nearly 64,000

kilometres of rivers and streams.

In 1990 there were 1.7 million full-time fishermen, 1.3 million

part-time fishermen, and 2.3 million occasional fishermen, many

of whom worked as saltmakers, ferrymen, or seamen, or

operated boats for hire. In the early 1990s, the fishing fleet

consisted of 180,000 traditional craft powered by sails or oars,

26,000 motorized traditional craft, and some 34,000 mechanized

boats.

Fisheries research and training institutions are supported by

central and state governments that deserve much of the credit

for the expansion and improvements in the Indian fishing

industry. The principal fisheries research institutions, all of which

operate under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, are

the Central Institute of Marine Fisheries Research at Kochi

(formerly Cochin), Kerala; the Central Inland Fisheries Institute

at Barrackpore, West Bengal; and the Central Institute of

Fisheries Technology at Willingdon Island near Kochi. Most

fishery training is provided by the Central Institute for Fishery

Education in Bombay (or Mumbai in Marathi), which has

ancillary institutions in Barrackpore, Agra (Uttar Pradesh), and

Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh). The Central Fisheries

Corporation in Calcutta is instrumental in bringing about

improvements in fishing methods, ice production, processing,

storing, marketing, and constructing and repairing fishing

vessels. Operating under a 1972 law, the Marine Products

Export Authority, headquartered in Kochi, has made several

market surveys abroad and has been instrumental in introducing

and enforcing hygiene standards that have gained for Indian

fishery export products a reputation for cleanliness and quality.

The implementation of two programs for inland fisheries--

establishing fish farmers' development agencies and the

National Programme of Fish Seed Development--has led to

encouragingly increased production, which reached 1.5 million

tons during FY 1990, up from 0.9 million tons in FY 1984. A

network of 313 fish farmers' development agencies was

functioning in 1992. Under the National Programme of Fish

Seed Development, forty fish-seed hatcheries were

commissioned. Fish-seed production doubled from 5 billion fry in

FY 1983 to 10 billion fry in FY 1989. A new program using

organic waste for aquaculture was started in FY 1986. Inland

fish production as a percent of total fish production increased

from 36 percent in FY 1980 to 40 percent by FY 1990.

Apart from four main fishing harbors--Kochi (Kerala), Madras

(Tamil Nadu), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), and

Roychowk in Calcutta (West Bengal)--twenty-three minor fishing

harbors and ninety-five fish-landing centers are designated to

provide landing and berthing facilities to fishing craft. The

harbors at Vishakhapatnam, Kochi, and Roychowk were

completed by 1980; the one at Madras was completed in the

1980s. A major fishing harbor was under construction at

Sassoon Dock in Bombay in the early 1990s, as were thirteen

additional minor fishing harbors and eighteen small landing

centers. By early 1990, there were 225 deep-sea fishing vessels

operating in India's exclusive economic zone. Of these, 165

were owned by Indian shipping companies, and the rest were

chartered foreign fishing vessels.

The government provides subsidies to poor fishermen so that

they can motorize their traditional craft to increase the range and

frequency of operation, with a consequent increase in the catch

and earnings. A total of about 26,171 traditional craft had been

motorized under the program by 1992.

The banning of trawling by chartered foreign vessels and the

speedy motorization of traditional fishing craft in the 1980s led to

a quantum jump in marine fish production in the late 1980s. The

export of marine products rose from 97,179 tons (Rs531 billion)

in FY 1987 to 210,800 tons (Rs17.4 trillion) in FY 1992, making

India one of the world's leading seafood exporting nations. This

achievement was largely a result of significant advancements in

India's freezing facilities since the 1960s, advancements that

enabled India's seafood products to meet international

standards. Frozen shrimp, a high-value item, has become the

dominant seafood export. Other significant export items are

frozen frog legs, frozen lobster tails, dried fish, and shark fins,

much of which is exported to seafood-loving Japan. During the

eighth plan, marine products were identified as having major

export potential.

There are several specialized institutes that train fishermen. The

Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training

in Kochi instructs operators of deep-sea fishing vessels and

technicians for shore establishments. It has facilities in Madras

and Vishakhapatnam for about 500 trainees a year. The

Integrated Fisheries Project, also headquartered in Kochi, was

established for the processing, popularizing, and marketing of

unusual fish. Another training organization, the Central Institute

of Coastal Engineering for Fisheries in Bangalore, has done

techno-economic feasibility studies on locations of fishing harbor

sites and brackish-water fish farms.

To improve returns to fishermen and provide better products for

consumers, several states have organized marketing

cooperatives for fishermen. Nevertheless, most traditional

fishermen rely on household members or local fish merchants

for the disposal of their catches. In some places, marketing is

carried on entirely by fisherwomen who carry small quantities in

containers on their heads to nearby places. Good wholesale or

retail markets are rare.

Indian fisheries

Indian fisheries and aquaculture is an important sector of food

production, providing nutritional security to the food basket,

contributing to the agricultural exports and engaging about

fourteen million people in different activities. With diverse

resources ranging from deep seas to lakes in the mountains and

more than 10% of the global biodiversity in terms of fish and

shellfish species, the country has shown continuous and

sustained increments in fish production since independence.

Constituting about 4.4% of the global fish production, the sector

contributes to 1.1% of the GDP and 4.7% of the agricultural

GDP. The total fish production of 6.57 million metric tonnes

presently has nearly 55% contribution from the inland sector and

nearly the same from culture fisheries. Paradigm shifts in terms

of increasing contributions from inland sector and further from

aquaculture are significations over the years. With high growth

rates, the different facets of marine fisheries, coastal

aquaculture, inland fisheries, freshwater aquaculture, coldwater

fisheries to food, health, economy, exports, employment and

tourism of the country.

The country has 429 Fish Farmers Development Agencies

(FFDAs) and 39 Brackish water Fish Farms Development

Agencies (BFDAs) for promoting freshwater and coastal

aquaculture. The annual carp seed production is to the tune of

20 billion and that of shrimp about 8 billion, with increasing

diversification in the recent past. Along with food fish culture,

Ornamental fish culture and high value fish farming are gaining

importance in the recent past. With over 2.4 lakh fishing crafts

operating in the coast, six major fishing harbours, 40 minor

fishing harbours and 151 landing centres are functioning to cater

to the needs of over 3.5 million fisherfolk.

  

 

Fish and fish products have presently emerged as the largest

group in agricultural exports of India, with 5.2 lakh tonnes in

terms of quantity and Rs.7,200 crores in value.

This accounts for around 3% of the total exports of the country

and nearly 20% of the agricultural exports. More than 50

different types of fish and shellfish products are exported to 75

countries around the world.

Indian Fisheries

 Global position3rd in Fisheries 2nd in

Aquaculture

 Contribution of Fisheries to GDP

(%)1.07

 Contribution to Agril. GDP (%) 5.30

 Per capita fish availability (Kg.) 9.0

 Annual Export earnings (Rs. In

Crore)7,200

 Employment in sector (million) 14.0

Resources

 Coastline 8129 kms

 Exclusive Economic Zone 2.02 million sq. km

 Continental Shelf 0.506 million sq. km

 Rivers and Canals 1,97,024 km

 Reservoirs 3.15 million ha

 Ponds and Tanks 2.35 million ha

 Oxbow lakes and derelict

waters1.3 million ha

 Brackishwaters 1.24 million ha

 Estuaries 0.29 million ha

Some Facts

 Present fish Production 6.4 mmt

 Inland 3.4 mmt

 Marine 3.0 mmt

 Potential fish production 8.4 mmt

 Fish seed production 21,000 million fry

 Hatcheries 1,070

 FFDA 422

 BFDA 39

Economic factor

Realizing the economic value of fisheries

Fish and fish products are among the most widely traded goods

worldwide. The global value of formally traded fish exports was

US$58 billion in 2002. Nearly half of fisheries trade originates in

developing countries and 85% of the total is destined for

developed countries. Globally, developing countries are net

exporters of fishery products and this is a major source of

foreign exchange for many of them. Net export revenues from

fish exports earned by developing countries reached US$17.7

billion in 2001, more than coffee, cocoa, sugar and tea

combined [1]. Export revenue is primarily derived from industrial

fisheries, but both industrial and small-scale fisheries contribute

to national economies in different ways.

Industrial fisheries provide:

government revenue through the collection of taxes on

fishing activities, such as licenses, which can then be

reinvested in the economy;

revenues from the export of fish and fishery products;

employment for fishing crews;

Protein for the population.

Although economic growth per se can reduce poverty

through ‘trickle down’ benefits to the poor [2], more focused

‘pro-poor’ actions can increase this impact.

For industrial fisheries to contribute to poverty reduction,

the distribution of the generated revenue must be

addressed. This may be through provision of services for

the wider population, or for actions specifically directed at

the poorer segments of society.

Economic structure

In 2010, agriculture, forestry and fishing contributed 10 %

or more of GDP in India, Indonesia and Argentina

The economic structure of the G20 members varies most greatly

in relation to the relative importance of agriculture, forestry and

fishing and to a lesser extent in the relative share of industry –

see Figure 5; note that the data for EU-27 and EA-17 is based

on the NACE Rev. 2 activity classification (compatible with ISIC

Rev.4) whereas the data for the other G20 members are based

on ISIC Rev.3.

In 2010, agriculture, forestry and fishing contributed 10 % or

more of GDP in India, Indonesia and Argentina, whereas its

contribution was less than 1.5 % in Japan and the United States.

Industry (including mining and quarrying; manufacturing;

electricity, gas and water supply) contributed more than half of

Saudi Arabian GDP (57.4 %) and more than one third of GDP in

China and Indonesia, while in the EU-27 (2011 data), India and

the United States the contribution was less than one fifth. The

contribution of construction to GDP was less than 10 % in all of

the G20 members shown in Figure 5, other than in Indonesia

where it just reached double figures (10.3 %).

The contribution of distributive trades, hotels and restaurants,

transport, information and communication services varied least

between the G20 members, ranging from 30.1 % in Turkey to

15.8 % in China, with Saudi Arabia outside this range (9.1 %). In

the United States and Japan other services contributed more

than half of GDP, while Australia, the EU-27 and Canada

recorded contributions from other services just below this level.

By contrast, other services contributed between one third and

one quarter of GDP in Saudi Arabia, China, Russia and India,

and even less in Indonesia (17.4 %).

SITUATION OF FISHRIES INDUSTRY IN INDIA

It rose from only 800,000 tons in FY 1950, In the early

1990s to 4.1 million tons. From 1990- 2010, Indian fish

industry growth has accelerated, reaching a total marine &

freshwater fish production to about 8 million metric tons. Extra

efforts have been made to promote extensive & intensive

inland fish farming, modernize coastal fisheries, and

encouraging deep-sea fishing through joint ventures. The

efforts led to a more than fourfold increase in coastal

fish production from 520,000 tons in FY 1950 & in FY

1990, 2.4 million tons. The increase in inland fish production

was even more dramatic, increasing above eightfold from

218,000 tons in FY 1950 & in FY 1990 to 1.7 million tons.

The value of fish & processed fish exports increased from

less than 1 percent of the total value of exports in FY 1960 & in

FY 19933.6 % Between 1990-2007, fish production has grown

at a higher rate than food grains, milk, eggs, and other food

item

FISHING CONTRIBUTION TO INDIAN ECONOMY

India is the third largest producer of fish in the world

&second in inland Fish production. Fisheries are significant for

the Indian economy as it provides employment opportunities, is

a basis of nutritional food and foreign exchange earnings.

Fish production of the country has been growing

continuously with improvement in productivity & utilization of

untapped resources. Overall fish production is 6.4 million

metric tonnes (mt) of which 3.4 mt is inland and 3.0 mt is

marine production. The Fishery sector contributes about

1.21% of the total GDP and 5.37 % of the GDP from agriculture

sector &provides employment to 14 million persons.

POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR FISHING IN INDIA

Urging the state government to develop a policy framework

for the management of coastal stretches, the recommendations

said that this policy framework should be the first step towards

the state regulation of the coastal belt and it should be drawn

up in consultation with the inhabitants of the coastal areas.

Referring to the sustainable utilization of marine resources,

experts said the authorities should take steps to regulate

fishing needs in consultation with fishing communities.

The workshop regretted the reluctance on the part of

authorities to initiate action against the violators of ecological

norms. This attitude should be stopped and action should be

taken against the violators irrespective of their status.

Regarding steps to be initiated at the national level, the

workshop has recommended maintaining status quo on the

proposed Coastal Management Zone (CMZ) Act that was

controversial. It also felt that there is no need for diluting the

Coastal Regulatory Zone (CRZ) notification, but favored

enacting a new legislation on CRZ as the present one had been

subjected to amendments more than 20 times. The

recommendations suggested setting up a parliamentary

committee on coastal issues.

CONSTRAINTS IN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT

IN INDIA

There are, however, some weaknesses and threats to the

fisheries sector, which need to be addressed if the sector has to

achieve the production targets of the Tenth Plan. Some of the

critical gaps and constraints that are hampering the growth of

the fisheries sector are:

Lack of a reliable database relating to aquatic and

fisheries resources,

Non-availability of appropriate fish yield

models for multi-species fisheries for

Open inland waters & marine resources,

Feeble multi-disciplinary approach in fisheries &

aquaculture,

Inadequate attention to the environmental, gender,

social & economical, Issues in fisheries & aquaculture,

Inadequate HRD & specialized manpower in different

disciplines,

Feeble linkages between research and development

machinery,

Weak marketing & extension network,

Poor technology transfer & anthropogenic interventions,

consequential in loss of biodiversity,

Decline in fish catch,

Depletion of natural resources,

coastal fisheries Over-exploitation

Pollution of water bodies with industrial & domestic

effluents,

Introduction of Clandestine & spread of exotic fish

species.

Unscientific management aquaculture activities, & of

fisheries

TRAINING ININDIA

Fisheries research &training institutions are supported by

central and state governments that deserve much of the credit

for the expansion and improvements in the Indian fishing

industry. The main fisheries research institutions, all of which

function under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, are

the Central Marine Research Fisheries Institute at Kochi

(previously Cochin), Kerala; the Central Inland Fisheries

Institute at Barrack pore, West Bengal; & the Central

Institute of Fisheries Technology at Willing don Island near

Kochi. the majority of fishery training is provided by the Central

Institute for Fishery Education in Mumbai, which has ancillary

institutions in &Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Barrack pore,

Agra (Uttar Pradesh). The Central Fisheries Corporation in

Calcutta is instrumental in bringing about improvements in

fishing methods ice processing, production, and storing,

marketing, & constructing & repairing fishing vessels. Working

under a 1972 law, the Marine Products Export Development

Authority (MPEDA), headquartered in Kochi, has made some

market surveys abroad & has been instrumental in introducing

and enforcing hygiene standards that have gained for Indian

fishery export products a reputation for cleanliness and quality.

Introduction Of policies

Fishing as an occupation has been in vogue since time

immemorial. Till recently it was reckoned to be a

supplementary enterprise practiced by fishermen community

on subsistence level with little external input (Krishnan et al

2000). But with the varying consumption pattern, emerging

market forces and technological development, India fisheries

sector is undergoing a transformation.

India’s Share in World Fish

Production

India’s Fish production has touched 5.6 million tonnes

in 1999-2000. It was a mere 0.75 million tonne in 1950-51.

The world production during the same period has moved up

from 23.5 million tonnes to around 120 million tonnes

in1999-2000. The trend of fish production in India as

compared to the world production during the last 50 years is

given in Table below. The share of India in global fish

production has grown gradually from about 2.6 % in

1960s and 1970s to 4.7 %in 1999-2000. Thus, compared to

growth in global fish production, the growth in India has been

at a closer rate, mainly due to growing contribution from

inland fish production.

FISH PRODUCTION IN INDIA AND WORLD DURING

LAST 50 YEARS

TABLE NO. 5

Year W

orld

Ind

ia

India’s

share1950-51 2 0 31960-61 4 1 21970-71 6 1 21980-81 7 2 31985-86 8 2 31990-91 9 3 31999-00 1 5 4

The Export & Import License in India

First of let’s look at how to get import export license in

India. This License is necessary when you are dealing with

any item that is not freely importable. In India, maximum

goods are freely importable; however The Exim Policy of

2007 states certain goods & categories of products that are

prohibited & some goods that can be definitely imported. A

typical export & import business license would have two

copies.

First Copy

The first copy is used for opening a letter of credit & for

effective remittance to a seller abroad. This copy is called as

the foreign exchange control copy.

Second copy

The second copy, which is called as the customs copy is

used to present to the customs responsibility for clearing the

goods. Without the copy, the import or export would be

considers illegal & you would be liable for penalty &

confiscation of good.

An import & export business license in India is called as

an IEC Code. It is a unique, 10-digit code issued by the

government of India to registered Indian companies. This

body is responsible for providing this code is the Director

General of Foreign Trade, which is part of the Ministry of

Commerce. IEC is the short form of Importer & Exporter

Code, & the eligibility, legal provisions and other conditions

for an IEC Code application is defined under since 1193,

the Foreign Trade (Regulation) Rules, stated by the

Ministry of Commerce.

An application for granting an IEC Code number should

be made by the organization’s Head Office or Registered

Office & to the nearest Regional Authority for the

Directorate General Foreign Trade. The applicant must fill

up the form ANF2A, which will also state some documents

that requirement to be attached with it during submission.

When there are BTP, STPI or EHTP

Unit concerned, The DGFT regional office that has rules

over the location of the

STPI unit head office shall issue the IEC Code

For each PAN number, there is only one IEC Code number

issued. A proprietor who has in excess of one IEC Code

number would have to surrender the extra ones to the

Regional Office & cancel them.

The ANF2A form, which is short for Aayaat Niryaat Form,

is available on Indolegal.com & you need not walk into

the DGFT regional office. Separately from the ANF2A

application form, you would also have to submit in an

Appendix- 18B form.

This form must be attested by the banker of the

applicant, & must contain the applicant’s letterhead along

with a passport size photograph. You would also necessary

to provide an application fee of approx. Rs. 250. This fee

has to be paid as a Demand Draft or Pay Order from a

designated bank, Drawn in the favor of Zonal Joint Director

General of Foreign Trade. The amount can also be paid over

& done with the Electronic Fund Transfer from a bank

nominated by the DGFT.

The application for an import & export license must be

complete in all the specified areas as per the relevant

provisions given by the policies. The candidate also has to

sign the application, If there is any variation in the

information given in the ANF2A form, the import & export

license holder has to intimate it accordingly to the Regional

authority that issued the IEC Code number in the first place.

Trade Policy and Prospects of Fisheries

Export

The government policies regarding imports and exports

play a significant role in influencing the trade structure of a

country. The trade policies are in general categorized into

two broad types.

Export promotion oriented policies.

Import substitution oriented

policies.

In the early stages of planned development during the

1950s, The Indian development strategy was heavily oriented

towards import exchange. It was only during the mid- sixties

that export promotion explicitly entered the policy frame.

However, export orientation for the agricultural sector was

and of fostered effectively due to several reasons.

Initially, agricultural exports were perceived as a residual and

it was generally felt that agricultural production should

primarily meet the domestic demand of the Indian population.

However, exports of plantation crops, such as tea and coffee,

and cash crops, such as tobacco or spices, and later on fish

and fish products has been an exception and important

source of foreign exchange earnings. For these commodities,

the open trade regime has continued from the opening.

Under the new trade policy originated in 1991, three main

changes have been effected in agricultural trade. Initially,

the canalization of agricultural trade has been almost

abandoned and the government does not determine now

value or nature of the exports or imports, except for the

export of onion and import of cereals, pulses and edible oils.

Secondly, quantitative restrictions on agricultural trade flows

have been dismantled completely 1 April 2001. Thirdly,

declines in tariffs have been broadcast. The fish and fish

products are exported under the open general license (OGL).

Equally stated previous, MPEDA is looking after the export

promotion and regulation of marine products. The Export

Inspection Agency was established in 1969 to ensure

quality control of products for the export market. Standards

for bacteria, virus, heavy metal contamination etc. are

evolved in co- operation by MPEDA and the Indian Institute

of Packaging.

The provisions of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

include Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) &

the imposition of patent rule, trade related investment

measures, reduction in domestic and export subsidies,

market access and provision of sanitary and photo-sanitary

dealings, and elimination of Quantitative Restrictions (QRs)

on import. Below TRIPS, the participants of the General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are obliged to adopt

a patent system for microbes. Though, the patenting of higher

animal life forms was left unsettled, through countries having

the option to use or not to use patents to protect such

intellectual property rights. Under Trade Related Investment

Measures (TRIMS), countries would have to treat foreign

investors at par with the domestic ones. It allows foreign

fishing fleets the same access to domestic waters that local

people enjoy. This provision has made a deep impact on the

global fishing industry, the conservation of fisheries resources

and the communities depending upon them.

As per the WTO agreement, developed countries would

reduce subsidies & rates. So, better foreign market would

become available for Indian fish products. It is value

mentioning that the requirement of subsidies reduction under

WTO is not valid to the India. Under the provisions of

the SPS contract, all associate countries have the right to

take sanitary and photo- sanitary measures necessary for

the protection of animal fitness. To challenge any

possible threats under SPS measures, the Indian processing

industry has to improve quality parameters by accepting

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP), consistent

with international

General Regulation Regarding Imports

And

Exports from India

1. Import of lumpy diamond from Cote d‟Ivoire shall be

prohibited in compliance to Paragraph 6 of UN Security

Council Determination.

2. The import/export of rough diamond from to Venezuela

shall be forbidden in view of voluntary separation of

Venezuela from the Kimberley Development

Certification Scheme. No Kimberley Process

Certificate shall be accepted / endorsed / issued for

import and export of

lumpy diamonds from / to Venezuela.

3. Import-export of weapons and related material from to

Iraq shall be forbidden.

4. Direct or indirect export and import of following

items, whether or not originating in Democratic People’s

Republic of Korea to from, DPRK is forbidden.

5. Direct or indirect export and import of all items,

equipment, materials, goods and technology which could

contribute to Iran‟s enrichment-related, recycling or

heavy water related activities, or to development of

nuclear weapon delivery systems, as per mentioned

below, whether or not originating in Iran, to from Iran is

forbidden

Import regulation by The Indian Custom

Free import

• 200 cigarettes or

• 50 cigars or

• 250 grams of other tobacco products

• Up to 2 liters of Wines or alcoholic beverages

• 59 ml of perfume

• 250 ml toiletries

• Authorized personal goods

An unlimited amount of foreign currency can be

imported into the country. Sums equaling US10000in

local currency must be declared upon entry. Foreign

travelers cannot take more foreign currency with them

than the amount they entered India with but sums less

than US

10000 generally will not need to

be declared.

Prohibited

The following items are restriction from entering or

leaving the country unless under certain limitations or

circumstances.

• Illegal drugs

• Firearms & ammunition – unless permission has

been obtained

• Knives & deadly weapons

• Pets & other live animals – unless permission has

been obtained

• Birds & bird products –eggs & feathers

• Pigs & pig meat products

• Endangered plants

• Plants & plant products – unless permission has

been obtained

• Radio transmitters

• Culturally valuable antiques or important

• Counterfeit money & goods

• Pornographic material

Restricted

Species of wild life including ivory, musk, ivory &

animal skins are prohibited from leaving the country.

Unless taken by a native of the country, the Indian

currency is expressly prohibited from leaving India. Plants

& plant products such as seeds or fruits are prohibited

without prior permission: Travelers of Indian origin

returning home & visitors entering the country from

China, Pakistan or other countries may have different

restrictions regarding the amount & nature of items that

can be imported into the country. The Travelers of

Pakistani origin will likely be necessary to undergo

additional customs procedures before being granted

permission to enter or leave the country. All Indian

currency is prohibited from being imported or exported

out from the country by foreign travelers. Indian citizens

going on or returning from a holiday abroad can freely

take up to Rs. 7500.

Export Regulation by Indian

Custom

The following items are banned from entering or

leaving the country unless under certain circumstances or

limitations.

• Illegal drugs

• Firearms and ammunition – unless permission has

been obtained

• Knives and deadly weapons

• Pets and other live animals – unless permission has

been obtained

• Birds and bird products –eggs and feathers

• Pigs and pig meat products

• Endangered plants

• Plants and plant products – unless permission has

been obtained

• Radio transmitters

• Culturally important or valuable antiques

• Counterfeit money and goods

• Pornographic material

Import regulation by The Indian Custom

Free import

• 200 cigarettes or

• 50 cigars or

• 250 grams of other tobacco products

• Up to 2 liters of Wines or alcoholic beverages

• 59 ml of perfume

• 250 ml toiletries

• Authorized personal goods

An unlimited amount of foreign currency can be

imported into the country. Sums equaling US10000in

local currency must be declared upon entry. Foreign

travelers cannot take more foreign currency with them

than the amount they entered India with but sums less

than US

10000 generally will not need to

be declared.

Prohibited

The following items are restriction from entering or

leaving the country unless under certain limitations or

circumstances.

• Illegal drugs

• Firearms & ammunition – unless permission has

been obtained

• Knives & deadly weapons

• Pets & other live animals – unless permission has

been obtained

• Birds & bird products –eggs & feathers

• Pigs & pig meat products

• Endangered plants

• Plants & plant products – unless permission has

been obtained

• Radio transmitters

• Culturally valuable antiques or important

• Counterfeit money & goods

• Pornographic material

Restricted

Species of wild life including ivory, musk, ivory &

animal skins are prohibited from leaving the country.

Unless taken by a native of the country, the Indian

currency is expressly prohibited from leaving India. Plants

& plant products such as seeds or fruits are prohibited

without prior permission: Travelers of Indian origin

returning home & visitors entering the country from

China, Pakistan or other countries may have different

restrictions regarding the amount & nature of items that

can be imported into the country. The Travelers of

Pakistani origin will likely be necessary to undergo

additional customs procedures before being granted

permission to enter or leave the country. All Indian

currency is prohibited from being imported or exported

out from the country by foreign travelers. Indian citizens

going on or returning from a holiday abroad can freely

take up to Rs. 7500.

Export Regulation by Indian Custom

The following items are banned from entering or leaving

the country unless under certain circumstances or limitations.

• Illegal drugs

• Firearms and ammunition – unless permission has been

obtained

• Knives and deadly weapons

• Pets and other live animals – unless permission has been

obtained

• Birds and bird products –eggs and feathers

• Pigs and pig meat products

• Endangered plants

• Plants and plant products – unless permission has been

obtained

• Radio transmitters

• Culturally important or valuable antiques

• Counterfeit money and goods

• Pornographic material

Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy

Marine fisheries within the territorial waters are the subject of

maritime states whereas fisheries beyond this limit within the

EEZ fall in the jurisdiction of Central Government. The global

scenario with respect to marine fisheries is rapidly changing

with major developments in harvesting and processing

technology and consequent expansion of global markets for

fish and fishery products.

In these circumstances, in the present policy the Government

seeks to bring the traditional and coastal fishermen also into

the focus together with stakeholders in the deep-sea sector so

as to achieve harmonised development of marine fishery both

in the territorial and extra territorial waters of our country.

The theme of comprehensive marine fishing policy is enshrined

in the National Agriculture Policy promulgated by the

Government (Nair, MKR, 2005).

The policy objectives are:

(1) To augment marine fish production of the country up to

the sustainable level in a responsible manner so as to

boost export of sea food from the country and also to

increase per capita fish protein intake of the masses,

(2) To ensure socio-economic security of the artisanal

fishermen whose livelihood solely depends on this

vocation

(3) To ensure sustainable development of marine fisheries

with due concern for ecological integrity and

biodiversity.

The policy underscores the need for a departure from the open

access concept in the territorial waters besides putting in place

stringent management regimes (MOA, 2004).

Promoting exploitation in the deep sea and oceanic waters

would be another approach for reducing fishing pressure in the

traditional fishing areas.

The policy advocates protection, consideration and

encouragement of subsistence level fishermen and technology

transfer to small scale sector and infrastructure support to

industrial sector. The Policy envisages motorisation of about

50% of traditional craft allowing the remaining to carry on

subsistence fishing in the near shore waters.

Total utilisation of harvested fish for food and non-food uses

would be the central theme. Efforts would be made to fully

comply with international requirements in

post harvest care of catch so as to achieve highest standards in

food safety.

It would be also the concern of the Government to ensure that

the post-harvest losses are minimised. Implementation of

international quality regimes for ensuring food safety in fish and

fishery products would be carried out through the nodal agency.

Existing domestic standards for fishery products and by

products would be harmonised with the International Standards

so as to ensure.

Ethics and Fisheries

Some of the ethical questions that are raised from the fisheries

analysis come from overexploitation of resources. Some others

result from the relationship among the stakeholders in the area

of fisheries. Some others may result yet, for example, from the

existence of conflicts in the approval processes of aquaculture

projects.

Many divergent interests are involved. Some ethical issues may

be expressed considering the conflicts that result from the

relationship among private agents and public agents or also

some others resulting from environmental policies that deal with

the rights of individuals versus the rights of the state and that

deal also with the rights of property owners versus those of the

community.

The ways of dealing with the environmental

issues may vary according to the organizations that intend to

protect the environment and some conflicting situations may

result from the way environment is faced.

Often, a private agent intending to exploit a

resource for self interest may be contributing also with the

project for the public good. This fact for itself permits, on these

cases, to solve some ethical issues.

When a private agent intends to implement an

aquaculture project his interest it to make profit. Anyway, this

will allow that sea live resources may be preserved (Filipe et al,

2011). Aquaculture fish offer in the market has increased, given

an existing demand.

This means that aquaculture can give a strong

contribution for reducing sea fisheries. Law is fundamental to

conserve and to protect environment and so it is in this area of

fishing

resources.

Rules should be precise and simple enough to be implemented

and to be fulfilled. In aquaculture projects law often seems to

arise too many procedures and to generate too many public

agents involved in the decision process that complicate the final

decision (and evidently bureaucracy is present).

An anti commons problem can emerge from this complex

situation. In consequence, the multiple agencies and their work

frequently frustrate worthwhile projects and economic growth

(see, for details, Coelho et al, 2012).