GCSE HISTORYGERMANY 1890-1945

CONFLICT & TENSION 1918-1939

ELIZABETH 1558-1603

POWER & THE PEOPLE c1170-PRESENT

Contents

Page 3 - 27 PAPER 1: GERMANY 1890-1945

Page 28 – 53 PAPER 1: CONFLICT & TENSION 1918-1939

Page 54 - 77 PAPER 2: ELIZABETH 1559-1603

Page 78 - 111 PAPER 2: POWER & THE PEOPLE c1170-PRESENT

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GCSE HISTORYPAPER 1GERMANY1890-1945

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Problems faced by the Kaiser

Debt Germany was in debt as the Kaiser was spending lots of

money on building up his navy.

Socialists The Socialists (who did not like the Kaiser) got 1/3 of votes

in elections to the Reichstag.

Competition Germany was competing with Britain and other nations

over the size of the militaries and empires.

Germany before World War ONE

Key dates

Date Event Details

1871 Unification of

Germany

Before this point Germany had been separate states.

Prussia was the most powerful. Bismarck unified all the states

into one country.

1888 Kaiser

changes

Wilhelm Father dies and he becomes Kaiser Wilhelm II of

Germany.

1898-

1912

Naval Laws Allowed for building of Dreadnoughts.

Caused huge amounts of debt for Germany and higher taxes

1913 Economic

development

German iron and steel production overtakes Britain’s

1914 Outbreak of

World War

One

World War One began. Germany and Austria were against

France, Britain and Russia.

1918 Armistice 11th November 1918 German politicians sign a ceasefire

bringing World War One to an end.

Key Individual Details

Kaiser Wilhelm

II

Leader of Germany. Not elected.

Wanted to rival Britain’s empire and Navy.

Related to the British Royal family.

Jealous of his cousins' empires

4

Keyword Definition

Kaiser Emperor and leader of Germany

Reichstag German Parliament.

Only men over 25 could vote. The Kaiser controlled it.

Socialism Ideology that wants people to be equal.

Opposed to the Kaiser and his power.

SPD Socialist Party of Germany.

Supported by the workers.

Did not like the Kaiser.

Dreadnought Powerful battleship.

Trade Unions Represented workers and tried to improve conditions

for them.

Did not like the Kaiser.

Weltpolitik World Policy. Germany trying to gain an empire like

Britain’s.

They took over countries such as Kaiser Wilhelm land

and Togoland.

Navy Laws Granted money for the building of Dreadnoughts.

Left Germany in debt.

Problems caused by World War One

Bankrupt Germany had borrowed money from USA.

Factories were exhausted and had only produced material

for the war.

War pensions would cost the government a lot of money.

Society Divided Some factory owners had made a lot of money

Workers thought this was unfair as they had to put up with

rationing and food shortages.

Women had worked in the factories whilst most men

thought their place was in the kitchen.

Politically

unstable

People felt betrayed by the government and thought it

was their fault Germany lost.

They were called the November Criminals.

Leadership 9th November 1918 the Kaiser abdicated (resigned) as

leader of Germany

Germany before World War ONE

5

Revolts

Spartacist Revolt January 1919

Event Details

1 6th January 1919 Spartacists tried to takeover Berlin.

2 Street battles occurred in the capital.

3 President Ebert sent in 2000 members of the Free Corps.

4 – 9th

January

After three days of fighting, the Free Corps defeated the

Spartacists.

5 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were arrested, tortured

and murdered.

Kapp Putsch March 1920

Event Details

1 Kapp gathered 5000 supporters, mainly Free Corps, and took

over Berlin.

2 Ebert and the government fled the capital.

3 Workers went on strike e.g. gas, water and electric.

Nothing could get done and the Putsch collapsed.

4 Kapp fled abroad to Sweden.

Munich Putsch 1923

Event Details

1 – 8th

November

Hitler interrupted a meeting where Kahr was speaking and

stated that he was taking over Bavaria (Munich is the capital of

Bavaria).

2 Ludendorff stated his support for Hitler.

Around Munich key building were being taken by the SA.

3 – 9th

November

Hitler marched through Munich but Kahr had told the police

who were waiting for him.

4 After a short gun battle 16 and 3 policemen lay dead.

Hitler was arrested – the Munich Putsch was over.

Consequences

1 Hitler was put on trial, he impressed the judges with his views.

He was sentenced to just 5 years.

He only served 9 months when released in December 1924.

2 Whilst in prison Hitler wrote his autobiography, Mein Kampf,

which set out his views.

He also decided that the Nazis must gain power through votes

not violence.

6

Key Individuals Details

Rosa Luxemburg

Karl Liebknecht

Leaders of the Spartacists. Both killed after the failed

rebellion in 1919.

Wolfgang Kapp Leader of the Kapp Putsch. Fled Germany after its failure.

Adolf Hitler Leader of the Nazi Party

Ludendorff Former army leader. Supported the Munich Putsch.

Gustav von Kahr Leader of the Bavarian government.

Keyword Definition

Putsch Rebellion/attempt to take over the government.

Communism Left wing ideology that believe in equality. Wanted workers

to run Germany.

Free Corps Ex-soldiers, right wing who did not like the new Weimar

government or communism.

Spartacists Group who wanted Germany to be communist.

NSDAP National Socialist German Workers Party – also known as

the Nazi Party.

SA Storm troopers, violent ex-soldiers who supported the

Nazis.

Revolts

7

Weimar Republic

Feature Details

President Elected every 7 years.

Did not run the country day-day.

In charge of the armed forces.

Appointed the Chancellor.

First President was Ebert and the last was Hindenburg.

Could use Article 48.

Chancellor Ran Germany day-day.

Appointed by the President.

Usually from the largest party in the Reichstag

Had to have the support of at least half the Reichstag.

Reichstag Parliament that passed new laws.

Voted for by Proportional Representation.

People All men and women over 20 could vote in elections.

Advantages Disadvantages

Proportional representation meant

the system was fairer.

Proportional representation led to

coalition governments, which often

collapsed. This made it hard to

achieve anything.

Smaller parties got more of a say. Article 48 meant the President could

do whatever he wanted in an

emergency, not very democratic.

8

Weimar Republic

1923 Ruhr crisis

Event Description

1 - 1922 Germany misses one of it reparation payments.

2 – Jan 1923 French and Belgium troops invade the Ruhr, a rich

industrial area of Germany.

3 Germany government orders workers in the Ruhr

to go on strike. In order to pay them the

government starts to print more money.

4 Shops put prices up, this means the government

needs to print even more money.

5 Soon the situation is out of control and prices are

rising hourly.

6 – Nov 1923 A loaf of bread cost 201,000,000,000. Support for

the Weimar government fell.

Winners Losers

People with loans could

easily pay them off.

Anyone on fixed incomes, pensioners, could not

afford food.

Savings were now worthless.

Many businesses collapsed.

Keyword Definition

Coalition Government Government with more than one party in it.

Often led to disagreements.

Proportional

Representation

% votes in an election = % seats in the

Reichstag.

Reichstag German Parliament

Hyperinflation Prices go up and money decreases in value at a

very fast rate.

Diktat Germany’s name for the Treaty of Versailles, as

it had been dictated to them.

Treaty of Versailles

Germany hates the Treaty of Versailles and called it the Diktat.

They were blamed for starting the war and had to pay 6.6 billion.

Large areas of land were lost and their military were reduced.

Overall the Germans thought the Treaty was a national humiliation.

9

Weimar Recovery

Stresemann Recovery

Problem Solution

Hyperinflation Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark,

and prices were brought back under control.

French troops

in the Ruhr

Started to pay reparations, French left.

Germany is not

trusted by

other countries

Stresemann signed the Locarno Treaty in 1925.

This led in 1926 to Germany being allowed to join the

League of Nations.

The economy is

not doing well

Stresemann signed the Dawes Plan in 1924 with the US.

This lent Germany 800 million gold marks to help pay

reparations and re-build the economy.

A further deal in 1929, Young Plan, gave Germany longer to

pay the reparations.

Consequences

The economy began to grow and hyperinflation was brought under control.

People with savings did not get their money back and were unhappy with the

government.

Germany was now too reliant on US loans.

Support for the Nazi party fell.

Weimar Culture

Topic Detail

Literature All Quiet on the Western Front, an anti-war book became a best

seller.

Nightlife Jazz music was popular in clubs. Increased freedom allowed for

transvestite evenings at clubs.

Art Artists like Grosz began to paint ordinary people and their lives for

the first time.

Cinema Marlene Dietrich was a worldwide movie star. Metropolis was the

most advanced film of the decade.

Design Bauhaus, with its focus on simplicity, became the most popular

school of design.

Consequences

Lack of censorship meant artists had more freedom to create and explore topics.

However, right wing groups thought it was decadent and the new culture reflected a

decline in Germany.

Berlin became a culture capital and even rivalled Paris.

10

Weimar Recovery

Keyword Definition

Bauhaus Architectural movement in Weimar Germany.

Censorship Government controls what people can see and read.

Hyperinflation When prices are out of control.

Rentenmark New currency in Germany

Locarno Treaty Britain, France and Germany promised not to invade each

other.

Key Individuals Details

Stresemann Foreign Minister of Germany 1923-29

George Grosz Famous artist from the Weimar period

Charles Dawes US politician who negotiated the Dawes Plan.

11

Growth of the Nazis

Depression

The depression effected Germany badly as the USA recalled it loans.

This led to the closure of factories and mass unemployment.

By the time the Nazis came to power in 1933 6 million people were

unemployed in Germany.

The Nazis promised to sort out the economic problems an provide

jobs for people.

Failure of Weimar Government

Chancellors Muller and the Bruning did not deal with economic crisis and

coalition governments kept collapsing.

This led people to look for alternative parties such as the Nazis.

The Nazis went from 12 seats in 1928 to 230 seats in July 1932.

Appeal of Hitler

Hitler was a very persuasive and passionate speaker.

He used this skill and his charismatic personality to portray himself as a strong

leader.

This was the complete opposite of the Weimar government – and gave people

hope for the future.

Hitler used new technology, for example in 1932 he used a plane to travel to

20 cities in 7 days, compared to Hindenburg who never left Berlin.

Nazi party structure and methods

The SA grew to 400,000 by 1932.

They were used to beat up the communists and hand out Nazi

propaganda.

The Nazi used propaganda to good effect. Goebbels was in charge.

They brought newspapers and printed millions of leaflets.

They also used new media like radio to get their message across.

12

Growth of the Nazis

Fear of Communism

In 1917 there had been a communist

Revolution in Russia and the communist had taken over all businesses and

land.

This scared business owners and farmers. Communists didn’t like religion, so

this scared Churchgoers to.

The Nazis hated the communists and often used the SA to fight them in the

streets.

This made the Nazis seem a strong party to those who feared communism.

Hitler promised to deal with the communist threat.

Who voted for the Nazis?

Group Reason

Farmers Farmers were worried about the threat of communism and

losing their land.

The Nazis also promised them higher prices for their crops.

Women Nazis put emphasis on family life and good morals – this

appealed to the more traditional women in Germany.

Middle class Feared the communist party and the chaos they could create;

the Nazis seemed a strong buffer to this.

Youth Lots were unemployed and they liked the Nazis message to

create jobs and make Germany great again.

Upper class

and business

owners

They were also worried about the threat of communism.

They liked Hitler’s promise to re-arm Germany as this would

make money for them.

13

Date Event Details

1917 Russian

Revolution

Communists takeover in Russia, begin to take land

business of the rich.

1929 Wall Street

Crash

USA stock markets crashed. Led to a worldwide

depression.

May

1928

Election – how

many seats?

SPD – 153 Nazis – 12 Communists - 54

July

1932

Election – how

many seats?

SPD – 133 Nazis – 230 Communists - 89

1933 Unemployment 6 million Germans are unemployed.

Growth of the Nazis

Keyword Definition

Depression Factories closed and there was mass

unemployment around the World.

Propaganda One sided information to persuade

people to vote for the Nazi party.

14

Hitler Gains Power

How did Hitler gain power?

Date Event Details

July

1932

Election Bruning resigned as Chancellor, Hindenburg appointed Von

Papen.

As he didn’t have much support in the Reichstag he called

elections.

The Nazis won 230 seats and were now the largest party.

Hindenburg refuses to appoint Hitler as Chancellor.

Nov

1932

Election Von Papen calls another election, he loses even support and

resigns.

The Nazi win 196 seats but are still the largest party.

Hindenburg again refuses to appoint Hitler as Chancellor and

instead appoints Von Schleicher.

30th Jan

1933

Hitler’s

appointment as

Chancellor

Von Schleicher resigns as Chancellor.

Hindenburg has little option but to appoint Hitler as

Chancellor.

To try and control Hitler Hindenburg insists on Von Papen

being vice-Chancellor and only having 2 Nazis in the cabinet.

Keyword Definition

Reichstag German Parliament.

Chancellor Like the Prime Minister. Ran Germany day to

day.

Gestapo Secret Police

Concentration

camp

Camp for political prisoners. Harsh conditions

and long working hours.

Trade Unions Tried to improve workers wages and conditions.

Key Individuals Details

Josef Goebbels Head of Propaganda

Hindenburg President who appointed Hitler

Von Schleicher Chancellor before Hitler

Von Papen Another Chancellor before Hitler. Became vice-

Chancellor when Hitler was Chancellor.

15

What did Hitler do after January 30th 1933?

Date Event Details

27th Feb 1933 Reichstag Fire Communists were accused of burning down the Reichstag

March 1933 Law for Protection of

People and State

New law led to the banning of the communist’s party from the Reichstag and all elections, communist newspapers were shut down

and 4000 communists were put in prison.

23rd March 1933 Enabling Act Gave Hitler the power to pass any law without needed the approval of the Reichstag.

7th April 1933 Hitler uses new powers. Nazis were put in charge of all councils and the police.

The Gestapo was set up and the first concentration camp was established at Dachau.

2nd May 1933 Trade Unions Hitler bans all trade unions, took away their money and threw leaders in jail.

Hitler had taken power away from the workers.

14th July 1933 Law Against the Formation

of New Parties

Hitler passed a law that banned all parties other than the Nazi party.

Now Germany was a one party state.

2nd August 1934 Hindenburg’s death President Hindenburg died, Hitler combined the Chancellor and President jobs into a new one – the Fuhrer of Germany.

Hitler also made the army swear an oath of loyalty to him personally.

Hitler Gains Power

16

Night of the Long Knives: 30th June 1934

Causes

1 Rohm wanted the Nazi Revolution to go further and this scared

business men whom Hitler needed the support of

2 The SA wanted replace the regular Germany army. This worried the

army whose support Hitler needed.

3 Although the SA had helped Hitler into power, they were becoming

increasing difficult to control and an embarrassment to Hitler

perception of the order he could bring to Germany.

4 There were rumours that Rohm was about to try and seize power

from Hitler.

Events

Event Detail

1 Hitler arranged a meeting of SA leaders on 30th June 1934.

2 Hitler turned up at the meeting with the SS and arrested the

SA leaders, including Rohm.

3 Over the next few days 400 people were executed, including

Rohm and former Chancellor Von Schleicher. Hitler used this

as opportunity to settle old scores.

4 Hitler proudly stated what had happened on the radio for all

Germany to hear.

Consequences

1 Hitler had managed to eliminate most of his political enemies.

2 Murder was now an accepted part of the Nazi rule of Germany.

3 The SA was never a major force again in Germany.

4 The SS become the main group used by the Nazis for security and control of Germany.

5 Hitler gained the support of the army.

17

Night of the Long Knives: 30th June 1934

Key Individuals Details

Ernst Rohm Head of the SA

Heinrich Himmler Head of the SS

Von Schleicher Former Chancellor and opponent of Hitler that was

murdered as part of the Night of the Long Knives.

Keyword Definition

SS Hitler’s personal bodyguard.

SA Stormtroopers. Had helped Hitler come

to power by beating up communists and

handing out propaganda.

18

Nazi Economy

Keyword Definition

Invisible Unemployment Unemployed people who were not included in the official figures e.g. Jews or women.

National Labour Service (RAD) National Labour Service, all men between 18-25 had six months in the RAD. They lived in camps and gotten a little money.

Rearmament Building up Germany’s military again.

Autobahn The motorways that the Nazis built in Germany. By 1938 3800 kilometres of highways had been built.

Conscription In 1935 all males 18-25 were forced to join the army for two years. Within five years the army grew from 100,000 to 1.4 million men.

Invisible Unemployment Jews and women, who had been forced to give up work, were no longer counted in the unemployment statistics.

Self-sufficient A country produces everything it needs and does not buy anything from other countries.

Germany tried different ways to achieve this, for example make up from flour and coffee from acorns.

DAF – German Labour Front Replaced the Trade Unions, it promised to help workers who despite Nazi improvement hadn’t had a wage increase, had to work long hours and had

seen food prices increase.

SDA- Beauty of Labour Tried to improve the working environment with increased lighting, sports facilities e

KDF – Strength Though Joy Organised leisure activities for workers such as trips to the theatre or weekend breaks.

However, some of the activities, such as cruises, ordinary workers could not afford.

People’s Car A scheme workers paid into each work to receive at the end.

However the Nazi used the money to re-arm Germany and not one car was ever delivered.

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Nazi Economy

How did the Nazis help the economy?

Group Details

Unemployed Nazis introduced Public work schemes, such as the

autobahn, to provide jobs for people.

By 1939 unemployment had fallen to 0.4 million from 6

million in 1933.

Traditional

women

Had no pressure to find a job and could stay at home and be

housewives.

Military Hitler started to re-arm Germany.

This provided jobs in the army and in factories building the

new weapons.

Farmers Hitler reduced taxes for farmers and guaranteed they could

keep their land.

Workers Hitler introduced the German Labour Front, Strength

through joy and Beauty of Labour to try and help workers.

They could also pay into the People’s Car scheme.

Did Germany achieve self-sufficiency?

Minister Successes Failures

Schacht Singed deals with South America

for raw materials.

Weapons production increased

and unemployment fell.

Germany was still reliant on

foreign counties

The changes were too slow for

Hitler who sacked him.

Goering Introduced the Four Year Plan in

1936 with the main aim of

getting Germany ready for war.

Most of the targets were

missed.

Germany was still reliant on

other countries.

Key Individuals Details

Goering Finance Minister and one of the top Nazis.

Schact Finance Minister from 1933-36

20

Nazi Society & Culture

Youth – The Future of Germany

Schools had to teach Nazi ideology in all subjects.

Boys were taught to be strong and to join the army.

Girls were taught how to look after the house and children.

All teachers had to join the German Teachers League or be sacked.

Even universities were controlled, by 1939 over 3000 lecturers had been

dismissed.

The Hitler Youth was set up in 1922 and made compulsory in 1939 and

membership was 7.2 million.

This taught Nazi values and eugenics. In order to control youth all other youth

groups were banned in 1933.

Women – Create the future of Germany

Women were expected to stay at home and follow the three K (children,

church, kitchen).

Professionals such as teachers and doctors were forced to give up their jobs.

They were rewarded for having as many children as possible.

When married women received a loan of 1000 marks and kept 250 marks for

every child. If they had 8 children they received a gold medal from Hitler.

Contraception and abortion were also banned to increase the birth rate.

Culture

The Nazis were very traditional, they hated the new freedoms and culture in

Weimar Germany.

The Nazis set up a Chamber of Culture, which ruled that all art, theatre, music,

books and film had to show that Nazi beliefs and ideas were great.

The 1936 Olympics in Berlin were a chance for the Nazis to show off their rule

of Germany to the World and anti-Jewish propaganda was taken down in

Berlin during the event.

Key Individuals Details

Martin Niemoller Protestant pastor who spoke against the Nazi and set up

the Confessional Church.

Was sent to a concentration camp and died in 1945.

Archbishop Galen Catholic who criticised the Nazis Euthanasia programme

in 1941, the Nazis placed him under house arrest.

Joseph Goebbels Head of Propaganda 21

Religion

The Catholic Church signed the Concordat in 1933- the Nazis wouldn’t

interfere with the Church if the Church didn’t interfere with them.

However, by 1937 the Pope issued a statement criticising the Nazis and priests

began to be arrested.

Some Protestants supported Hitler and set up the Reich Church with Ludwig

Muller as the Head.

However, some Protestant hated the new Church and resisted, about 800

pastors were arrested.

Other Churches were also persecuted such as the Jehovah Witnesses.

Hitler wanted complete control over society and people’s loyalty to religion

challenged

Nazi Society & Culture

Impact of World War Two

Rationing By November 1939 food and clothing were rationed, for

example one egg a week.

As the war went on these hardships got harder – even water

was rationed.

Bombing 1942 US and UK began to bomb German cities. This damaged

electricity and water supplies.

1000s of civilians died in these bombing raids.

Labour

Shortages and

Refugees

1942 Total War was declared, anything that didn’t contribute

to the war was stopped, dance halls were closed.

Due to men fighting in the army women had to work in

factories. By 1944 7 million foreign workers were in Germany.

Keyword Definition

Confessional Church Rival Church set up by Martin Niemoller.

Total War Everything in Germany was geared towards winning the war for example beer houses were shut.

Eugenics The belief that the German race was superior to all others.

Hitler Youth Youth organisation set up. Prepared boys for the army and girls for motherhood.

22

Persecution In Nazi Germany

Key Dates

Date Event and Detail

1933 Jews were Sacked from jobs e.g. doctors and teachers.

500,000 homeless, beggars and alcoholics were set to concentration camps.

1935 Nuremburg Laws: Jews could no longer marry Germans and they were no longer citizens.

November 1938 Kristallnacht: Jewish homes, synagogues and business were attacked all over Germany.

100 Jews were killed and 20,000 sent to concentration camps.

1939 Jews were no longer allowed out of their homes from 8pm to 6am and could be thrown out of their house.

1939 After the start of WW2 Jews were rounded up and put in Ghettoes.

1939-1942 Einsatzgruppen (death squads) went through recently conquered territories rounding up the Jewish and executing them in mass graves.

By 1942 over a million Jews had been murdered.

1942 Wannsee Conference: The Final Solution was agreed, death camps, such as Auschwitz, were set up which by the end of the war had murdered nearly

5 million Jews and thousands from other groups persecuted by the Nazis.

1945 By the end of the war and the Nazi regime over half a million gypsies and six million Jews had been murdered by the Nazis.

350,000 mentally and physically disabled people had been sterilised.

23

Persecution In Nazi Germany

Keyword Definition

SS Ran the concentration and death camps

Death Camp Camp where people were murdered on arrival in gas chambers.

Anti-Semitism Hatred or persecution of Jews.

Ghettoes Walled off area of a city where Jews were forced to live. Conditions were

poor with little food and medicine provided.

Sterilisation Removing a person’s ability to reproduce.

Holocaust The targeted destruction of the Jewish race and culture. By the end of the

war 6 million Jews had been murdered.

Aryan Blonde hair, blue eyed pure Germans – Hitler’s ideal person to build

Germany’s future.

Master Race Anyone black, Indian, Slav descent, Roma, disabled or homosexual did not

fit into Hitler’s view of Germany’s future and needed to be dealt with.

Key Individuals Details

Heinrich

Himmler

Head of the SS and the main organiser of the

persecution against the Jews

Goebbels Head of Propaganda. Produced lots of anti-

Semitic propaganda.

24

Fear, Terror & Propaganda

Elements of Propaganda

Element Details

Newspapers Controlled by the Nazis. Any paper that printed a story the

Nazis didn’t like could be shut down. The Nazis also used

papers to promote their own views, for example anti-Semitic

stories were published.

Mass rallies Nazis built a huge arena at Nuremburg to host their rallies

celebrating Hitler and his achievements in Germany.

Films Goebbels approved all film scripts. All film either glorified the

Nazis or showed their enemies negatively.

Radio Nazi controlled all radio stations. Cheap radios were produced

so every could have one. Loudspeakers were also placed in

streets and workplaces so people could hear Hitler.

Books,

Theatre and

Music

Writers were forced to write songs and plays that praised the

Nazis. Books such as All Quiet on the Western Front were

banned. Jewish music by Mendelssohn was also banned. Mass

book burnings were held.

Elements of the Police State

Element Detail

Concentration

Camps

First one was set up in 1933 – Dachau – for political prisoners,

Jews, gypsies and anyone the Nazis didn’t like. Inmates were

forced to work hard and some were tortured or worked to death.

SS One of the most feared groups in the country, the were loyal to

Hitler. They split into 3 groups:

1. SD, could arrest anyone without reasons and send them to

the concentration camps.

2. Waffen SS, elite unit in the army.

3. Death Head units ran the concentration and death camps.

Police and Law

Courts

Judges and courts were under the control of the Nazis. New laws

meant people could be executed just for telling an anti-Nazi joke.

Gestapo Secret police, as they wore no uniform no one knew who they

were and this made people very wary of them. They relied on

informers and even encouraged children to inform on their

parents.

25

Fear, Terror & Propaganda

Keyword Definition

Gestapo Secret police.

Could arrest people with no evidence and

send them to the concentration camps.

Censorship Controlling what people can see.

Anti-Semitism Persecution against Jews.

Key Individuals Details

Heinrich Himmler Head of the SS and the Terror network.

Joseph Goebbels In charge of Nazi propaganda.

He was brilliant at his role and an excellent speaker.

26

Resistance & Opposition

Group Detail Treatment

Edelweiss Pirates Teenagers who wanted to listen to American Jazz and party.

They refused to join the Hitler Youth.

Beaten up by Hitler youth. Some were hanged by the Nazis for

attacking Nazis and helping the enemy.

White Rose Group University students who handed out anti-Nazi leaflets. Caught and executed.

Jewish resistance Warsaw ghetto uprising. Jews fought the Germans for 43 days in

1943.

In 1943 at Treblinka (death camp) there was an uprising by the

Jews, 150 managed to escape.

The Nazis regained control of both Warsaw and Treblinka.

All those involved in the uprising were killed and the ghetto

destroyed.

All the escaped prisoners from Treblinka were caught and

executed.

July 1944 Bomb Plot Colonel Stauffenberg and other army leaders tried to assassinate

Hitler and takeover Berlin.

The bomb failed to kill Hitler and Stauffenberg and the other

plotters were executed.

Confessional Church Protestant who were not happy with Hitler’s religious policy set

up their own Church.

Leader Martin Niemoller was arrested and sent to concentration

camp. He died in 1945.

Keyword Definition

Swing Youth Teenagers who refused to join the Hitler Youth and rebelled

by listening to Jazz music, smoking and partying.

Ghettoes Sealed area of a city where Jews were forced t live in

appalling conditions.

Key Individuals Details

Scholl Twins Leaders of the White Rose Group. Executed for their anti-

Nazi activities.

Colonel

Stauffenberg

German soldier who led the assassination attempt on Hitler

in July 1944. Was subsequently killed for the attempt. 27

GCSE HISTORYPAPER 1CONFLICT & TENSION 1918-1939

28

Big 3: Aims & Satisfaction

Aims & satisfaction of the Big Three

Name Country Motive Aims Aim achieved? Aim not achieved?Georges

Clemenceau

France

REVENGE: Most of

the fighting took place

in France – she

suffered the most

damage and deaths.

Cripple Germany to make sure it was never

able to attack France again.

Cut its armed forces

Push back the border over the Rhine –

taking away its defences.

Money – He wanted money from Germany

to pay for the damage they had caused.

Germany had to accept the War Guilt

Clause – Clause 231. This damaged

Germany PRIDE

Armed forced were all reduced

Rhineland demilitarised

Reparations figure was set at 6.6 billion in

1921

France gained coal from the Saar for 15

years.

Guilt was not enough – they wanted

Germany destroyed. Clemenceau was

voted out.

Clemenceau wanted NO ARMY

People wanted it to be INDEPENDENT

The war cost France 200 billion Francs

– not enough money!

They wanted the Saar forever

David Lloyd-

George

Britain

MAKE GERMANY PAY:

The British people

wanted revenge, but

Lloyd-George wanted

a middle way – he was

a REALIST

Wanted Germany punished, fairly. He was

concerned that punishing them too harshly

would lead to an angry Germany who

wanted revenge.

He wanted to keep Germany strong so she

could trade with Britain.

Lloyd George wanted to gain control of

Germany’s colonies.

War Guilt Clause pleased the British.

British received Reparations even though

little damage had been done at home.

Navy reduced meant Britain maintained its

dominance.

Britain gained control of many German

colonies

Lloyd-George worried the Treaty was

too harsh and that Germany would

seek revenge in another 25 years.

Germany economy was crippled by

the reparations – they could not trade

with anyone

Woodrow

Wilson

USA

PEACE: The USA had

joined the war late

and had suffered few

losses by comparison

to Britain and France.

He was an IDEALIST

Wanted Self-determination for countries

that had been in large empires.

He wanted a League of Nations set up to

avoid future wars.

Many smaller countries were given their

independence – such as Czechoslovakia.

The LON was created, 42 countries joined

in 1920

Those countries agreed to work together

to avoid future wars

Parts of Germany were given away to

other countries – Germany didn’t

think this was fair

The USA senate refused to join the

LON. The USA began a policy of

Isolationism.

Wilson felt the TOV was too harsh and

they would seek revenge29

Treaty of Versailles – Why did the Big 3 fall out?

Term Definition

Paris Peace

Conference

Meeting held at the Palace of Versailles to decide how to punish the countries who lost WWI

The ‘Big Three’ Representatives of the most powerful victorious countries. Britain, France and USA. (Italy if

it’s the Big Four)

idealist A person with committed ideas

League of Nations A group of countries who worked towards global peace and international cooperation.

Self-

determination

The idea that countries should be allowed to govern themselves, rather than being in an

empire.

Armistice First agreement to stop fighting – then a treaty is made

Reparations Money paid as compensation to country/person that had been harmed

Rhineland An area of Western Germany that borders France

Allies A group of countries or people working together – usually Britain, France, USA

Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s rules to create world peace.

Empire A group of countries or states that are owned by another country

Tsar Russian leader

Communists Left wing political organisation in which everyone is believed to be equal and everyone works

for the good of the state.

disarmament The reduction or limitation of the number of weapons and/or troops a country has.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

No secret treaties Free seas

Disarmament Alsace-Lorraine to go

to France

Self-=Determination Independence for

Serbia

Independent Polish

state

League of Nations to

be formed

30

Treaty of Versailles – Why did the Big 3 fall out?

Wilson wanted everyone to have access to the seas, Lloyd-George wanted to

protect Great Britain’s naval dominance.

Clemenceau want to protect France from a German invasion (1870+1914)

again.

Lloyd-George wanted to keep Germany strong as an ally against the

Communist Russians.

Clemenceau and the French needed revenge for their hurt, loss and damage.

Wilson and the USA had not suffered the same and was concerned a harsh

treaty would lead to another war.

The USA & Wilson hated empires (they had once been part of England’s) and

felt countries should be independent.

Britain had the largest empire in the world and wanted to keep it.

Clemenceau wanted huge amounts of money in compensation for the

damage they’d suffered. Britain had very little damage at home and wanted

to keep Germany as their main trading partner, as they had been before the

war.

What pressures did the Big Three face in 1919?

Armistice Germany agreed to move its troops to beyond the

Rhine, giving Alsace-Lorraine back and paying

Reparations – France used this to argue they should be

in the final treaty.

Promises The Big 3 had made promises to countries to get them

to join against Germany – now they wanted what was

due, e.g., Italy wanted land from Austria-Hungary &

Japan was told its claims in China would be supported

Conflict The Big Three all wanted the best for their country-

this created conflict

Time 32 countries attended the conference – they wanted

their reparations quickly – the Big Three were rushed!

Europe Was in tatters – empires had collapsed, Russia had

turned Communist. The Big 3 realised they needed to

make decisions and create stability – FAST!

31

Peace Treaties after World War One

Treaty Reparations Land Military War Guilt

VersaillesGermany

1919

Clause 232Germany agreed to pay in 1919Figure of £6.6 billion wasn’t set until 19211988 to pay back

No AnschlussDanzig taken & became a Free CityColonies taken and given to Britain and France as MandatesSaar under LON control for 15 years – coal to go to France10% of land lost. Alsace Lorraine to France. Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium. North Schleswig to Denmark

100,000 men6 battleshipsNo air force, conscription, submarines or tanksRhineland demilitarised

Clause 231 placed ALL the blame for the war on Germany. They hated this the most.

St GermainAustria

They were told to pay, but the amount was never fixed.

Land lost to Italy and RomaniaLand taken to make Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland

30,000 menNo conscriptionNo navy

NeuillyBulgaria

£100 million Lost land to Yugoslavia, Greece and Romania 20,000 menNo conscription or air force4 battleships

TrianonHungary

They were told to pay, but the amount was never fixed.Hungarian economy collapsed.

Land lost to Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Austria 30,000 menNo conscription3 patrol boats

SevresTurkey

Lausanne

They were told to pay, but the amount was never fixed.Reparations cancelled

Land lost to Greece.In Europe it lost all land apart from Constantinople (Istanbul)Empire was split upRegained land back from Greece, retained control of Dardanelles and Bosphorus Straits.

50,000 men7 sail boats, 6 torpedo boatsAllies were allowed to keep troops in TurkeyDardanelles straits had to be open to all.Right to decide own army size

32

Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?

Term Definition

Diktat A forced treaty or ‘dictated peace. The Germans called the TOV a ‘Diktat’.

Clause A term in an agreement or treaty

Demilitarise To remove all military/weapons from an area

Anschluss The union between Germany and Austria

League of Nations Formed under the TOV – a group of countries that were formed to keep the peace

Conscription Forced military service

mandates A former colony that was given to the LON to run it was ready to run itself

Propaganda Using the media to persuade people to think or behave in a certain way.

Isolationism A policy in which a country does not get involved in foreign affairs.

Ratify Agree with or make official

Abdicate To give up the throne of a country – such as Kaiser Wilhelm in 1918

Weimar Republic The democratic government that ran Germany from 1919-1932

Weimar Constitution The rules setting out how to govern Germany during the Weimar era.

Democratic System of government where people vote for their leader.

Hyperinflation When money becomes worthless

33

Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?

Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?

YES NO

It seemed right that the losing countries

should pay for the damage.

6 million Germans lived outside Germany – they feared

persecution.

Germany had inflicted a similarly harsh treaty

on Russia in 1917.

Many felt a harsh TOV would cause another war.

Europe was falling apart – the peace makers

had to act quickly.

Germany felt vulnerable as their military had been reduced.

Germany had to accept total blame for the war even though all

had been involved in causing the war.

It was a Diktat. Germany though the peace would be based on

Wilson’s 14 Points – if they knew how few would make it through

they might not have signed the armistice to begin with.

The reparations crippled Germany

Many new countries united people who didn’t want to be

together leading to many bloody Civil Wars.

The Treaty of Sevres was so bad that it had to be replaced by the

Treaty of Lausanne.

Many new countries were made after WWI

– countries like Czechoslovakia did well.

It had resources and was well respected in

Europe. Poland was created as a barrier

against Russia, but was weak.

Poland was given the Polish Corridor from

Germany and the Germans hated being

Polish.

Poland was surrounded by enemies. 34

Reactions to Versailles

Leader Public

Bri

tain

Lloyd-George felt the TOV had been too harsh.

He worried about those who had been separated from Germany and that

the reparations had crippled its economy so it couldn’t trade.

The public believed the propaganda and had no sympathy for the

Germans.

People had suffered and wanted to see Germany ‘pay’.

People felt the TOV could have (and should have) been much harsher.

Fran

ce

Clemenceau wanted no army for Germany & that the Rhineland should

have been taken away completely.

The reparations weren’t high enough either.

Furious that the treaty wasn’t harsher!

The French voted Clemenceau out of office for doing a poor job.

The

USA

Wilson was devastated at the harshness of the treaty.

He was pleased the LON had been created but upset his 14 points had been

ignored.

In 1924 he died of a stroke letting the Republicans into office who followed

Isolationism.

Wanted to follow a policy of isolationism to avoid future conflicts.

The Senate (government) refused to sign the Treaty so the USA

couldn’t join the LON.

35

Impact Significance

Ger

man

y

Shock at the harshness. The Diktat was

neither expected nor justified.

The government had no choice but to

sign on 28th June 1919

Germany lost 16% of its coal, 48% of its

steel.

6 million Germans now lived in another

country.

They became known as the ‘November

Criminals’ and the ‘Stab in the back’

theory was born.

The Weimar government faced uprisings

from both the left and right wing

extremists.

Germany claimed 763,000 had died of

starvation by 1921.

Germany was angry and humiliated.

Turk

ey

The people of Turkey overthrew their

government and threatened war unless

a new Treaty was signed.

In 1923 the allies signed the Treaty of

Lausanne.

By signing a new treaty the allies

undermined all the others and people

like Hitler and Mussolini knew it.

Au

stri

a

Much of Austria’s industry was given to

Czechoslovakia.

Its empire was completely broken up.

Austria’s economy collapsed in 1921

Reactions to Versailles

Germany Events 1918-1924

Oct 1918 Protests over food shortages and the war

Nov 1918 Armistice is signed. Kaiser Wilhelm flees Germany

Jan 1919 Communists attempt to take over Germany (Spartacists Revolt)

June 1919 TOV is signed

Aug 1919 Weimar Constitution and a democratic Germany is formed.

Mar 1920 Right-wing Kapp Putsch (revolt) is only just defeated.

April 1921 Reparations is set at £6.6 billion

Jan 1923 French invade the Ruhr over missed Reparations payment.

Hyperinflation.

Nov 1923 Munich Putsch – Hitler attempts, but fails to take control of

Germany.

Aug 1924 Dawes Plan = USA loans Germany 800 million gold marks to

rebuild economy 36

The League of Nations – Membership & Structure

Term Definition

Council Met once a year to discuss and vote on matters of importance

Locarno Treaty Signed in 1925 which allowed Germany to join the LON

Collective security Working together to keep the peace

Permanent Court of

International Justice

An international law court set up by the LON – judgements

were not legally binding.

Covenant The rule book of the LON

mitigation Bringing people together to talk about disagreements

Moral condemnation to tell someone that they are in the wrong

Economic sanctions Punishing a country by stopping trade with them.

What was it? A group of countries aiming for world peace

Aims? Stop war from breaking out

Encourage disarmament

Improve working conditions

Tackle deadly diseases

Membership? 42 members in 1919

58 members in 1934

USA & Russia & Germany were NOT members

4 permanent members: Britain, France, Italy

and Japan

37

The League of Nations – Membership & Structure

38

The League of Nations – Commissions

39

Commission International Labour Organisation Refugee Commission Slavery Commission Health Committee

Aims

Improve working conditions for workers Return prisoners of war home and

support people displaced by war.

Stop slavery around the world Improve health conditions around the

world

Successes

1922 – recommended the removal of

lead from paint.

1930 – social insurance set up in Greece.

1928 – 77 countries agreed to set a

minimum wage

1921 – freed 427,000 prisoners of war

1917 – helped to house refugees who

had fled the Russian revolution

Nansen Passport to identify refugees (he

became head of the Commission in

1921)

Freed 200,000 slaves in Sierra Leone.

In 1927 Sierra Leone banned slavery

altogether.

Started an international campaign to get

rid of mosquitoes which spread yellow

fever and malaria

Educated people about the dangers of

Typhus

The Health Committee became the

World Health Organisation (WHO) that is

still around today.

Failures

1919 – most member countries refused

to stop children under 14 from working

as it would cost too much money.

1935 – member countries refused to

limit the working hours of the day as it

would cost too much

Germany blocked an attempt to help

Jewish refugees fleeing Germany in 1933

meaning they had to set up an

independent body which had less power.

40

The League of Nations – International Agreements

Agreem

entDate Aims Terms LON involved?

WashingtonArms Conference

1921-22 Disarmament Organised and held by USA

Britain and USA could have the same size armies as each other

Japan could have a 3rd the size.

NO

Britain and Japan sent representatives outside of the

LON – undermining it.

Rapallo Treaty

1922 Reopen communication

between Russia and

Germany

In 1917 Germany forced Russia to sign the Treaty of Brest Litovsk to end WWI

between them.

It was very harsh. This treaty gave Russia back the land and money.

The hope was that they could cooperate in the future.

NO

It did not include the LON because neither Germany

and Russia were members.

Locarno Pact

1925 Rehabilitate Germany in

Europe

Germany met in Locarno, Switzerland to state Germany officially accepted

their borders as agreed in the Treaty of Versailles.

They had to give up any claim to Alsace-Lorraine.

They also agreed to settle all disputes in future peacefully.

This treaty marked the end of German resentment of the TOV.

NO

As Germany was not a member, this was made

outside of the LON.

Kellogg-BriandPact

1928 Maintain peace 65 countries met in Paris and agreed not to use war to settle disputes in the

future.

NO

As Germany & USA were not members, this was

made outside of the LON.

The League of Nations – 1920s

Event Date Countries Events Success? Limitations?

Viln

a

1920

Poland

Vs

Lithuania

Vilna was to be the capital of the newly created Lithuania. Many

people who lived there were Polish. Poland took control of the city.

LON told Poland to leave – they refused.

France saw Poland as an ally against Germany so

refused to help. Britain wouldn’t act without the

support of the others. First challenge - FAILED

Aal

and

Is

lan

ds

1921

Sweden

Vs

Finland

Both Sweden and Finland claimed the strategically placed islands. LON

investigated each claim. Decided to give them to Finland, but they

couldn’t build forts from which to attack Sweden.

Sweden agreed to these terms.

The LON had successfully

avoided war. SUCCESS

Up

per

Si

lesi

a 1921-

25

Germany

Vs

Poland

Important area of steel and iron production. Both countries wanted it.

A Plebiscite was held. The LON decided to split the area along voting

lines between the two countries. Germany got the rural areas, Poland

the industrial.

The supply of electricity was

maintained. International

observers were happy it was

conducted fairly.

Poland complained as 500,000 poles were now

living in German territory.

Germany had lost ¾ of the industrial areas.

Complained to the LON and they allowed them to

import coal at a discounted rate until 1925, after

which relations between the two got worse.

Co

rfu

1923

Italy

Vs

Greece

Italian general Tellini was murdered whilst investigating Greece/Albania

border. Italy blamed Greece, demanded compensation then invaded

Corfu on 31/08/23, killing 15. LON condemned Mussolini’s action but

agreed Greece should pay compensation.

Mussolini did eventually remove

his troops from Corfu.

LON would look after it, but Mussolini bullied them

into giving it straight to him.

Bu

lgar

ia

1925

Greece

Vs

Bulgaria

Greek soldiers killed on border with Bulgaria. Greece invaded (as

Mussolini had done). LON condemned Greece’s action and made them

pay compensation.

Greece obeyed the instruction. Greece complained bitterly that the LON was unfair

and it was one rule for the smaller countries and

another for the larger ones. 41

The League of Nations – Manchuria

Manchuria 1931: Japan Vs Manchuria

Wh

y

Japan had been hit badly by the Great Depression. Its trade with USA had gone – it was desperate. It wanted to build its empire and Japan was close by. Japan and Russia

had fought over the area before and Japan was determined to claim it. Japan was desperate for some good news.

Even

ts

Sept 1931

Mukden Incident:

South Manchurian Railway is attacked. Japan blames chaos in China & invade.

Jan 1932 Japan invaded Shanghai

Oct 1932 Lord Lytton publishes report condemning Japan’s actions. A full year to produce – too long!

Feb 1933 Special meeting of LON – Japan is ordered to leave – it refuses and leaves the LON instead.

Jul 1933 Japan begins a full scale invasion of China.

Why didn’t the LON want to act?

Many members agreed with Japans action.

It was too far away to be of any concern.

Members couldn’t afford to get involved

Short-term consequences Long-term consequences

China is invaded by Japan – most cities under Japanese control by 1938. Damage was limited – even though the LON had acted slowly and been ignored. Many

people believed that if the problem was European, the LON would still be able to deal with

it.

It did, however, show other aggressive leaders such as Mussolini and Hitler that they could

get away with defying the LON.42

The League of Nations – Abyssinia

Abyssinia 1935: Italy Vs Abyssinia

Wh

y

Rebuilding the Roman Empire. Jealousy of Britain and France’s colonies. Easy to attack as Italian land already surrounded it. Mineral resources. Revenge for the 1896 defeat.

Mussolini felt the LON would not stop him after Corfu and Manchuria. Convinced Britain and France were more concerned about Hitler after signing the Stresa Front.

Even

ts

Dec 1934 Italian and Abyssinian troops clash at Wal-Wal. 150 Abyssinians killed & 2 Italians.

Jan 1935 Hoare-Laval Pact – secret pact undermining the LON by Britain & France giving Italy 2/3rds of Abyssinia – is LEAKED TO PRESS

Oct 1935 Despite Moral Condemnation of LON, Italy invaded Abyssinia.

May 1936 Capital of Abyssinia captured by Italian troops.

Italy leaves the LON

Why

did the

LON

fail?

Failure to close the Suez Canal – Britain and France didn’t want to alienate Mussolini and push him into an alliance with Hitler

Hoare-Laval Pact undermined the credibility of the LON leaders

Trade sanctions against Italy were too slow and ineffective

Trade sanctions against Abyssinia left it with nothing to defend itself with!

Short-term consequences Long-term consequences

Italy left the LON – another powerful member gone – formed the Rome-Berlin Axis with

Hitler

Only Britain, France & USSR left to run it.

Encouraged Hitler to step up actions such as the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936

From this point on, countries did not respect the LON as an international police force.

Small countries knew the LON would not help them.

43

The League of Nations – Depression & Failure1914: During WWI America didnt join until 1917

Countries borrowed from USA to fund their armies

1918: Germany and it's allies lost the war

The losing countries were forced to pay reparations

American loaned them money to pay the reparations

1929: The Wall Street Crash caused the American economy to collapse

American industry goes bankrupt & people couldnt afford luxuries

Industries all over the world collapse and people become desperate

People lost faith in their governments & looked for strong leaders

Extremist parties (like the Nazis) came to power promising to fix things

Countries were too busy dealing with their own problems to support the LON

Why did the LON fail?

The League had no army of its own

The leagues aims were too ambitious – it was always unlikely that they would succeed to stop war

totally

The League only met once a year and decisions had to be unanimous - this made decision making too

slow

The Leagues structure was too complicated and there weren’t enough people to carry out its decisions.

American refused to join – undermining it from the start and meaning it didn’t have access to their

resources and support in sanctions.

Defeated countries were not allowed to join in 1920

Trade sanctions didn’t work because countries could still trade with places like the USA

Powerful countries weren’t scared of Moral Condemnation so the League’s sanctions were useless

The Great Depression meant countries were too busy dealing with their own problems

The Depression meant people turned to aggressive leaders who were keen to invade other countries –

this lead to the Second World War

The League was slow to act in the Manchurian Crisis

The British and French were too worried about keeping Mussolini as an ally against Hitler to stop him

during the Abyssinian crisis. 44

Origins of WWI – Hitler’s Aims & Reactions

Aim Explanation

Overturn TOV Hitler felt this treaty humiliated Germany and should be abolished.

Rearm To make Germany strong again and create jobs in factories and the

armed forces

Lebensraum Take land in the East – recovering land taken from them in the TOV.

Volksdeutsche 10% of Germans found themselves living outside of Germany after the

TOV. Hitler wanted to reunite them.

Anschluss Germany & Austria had been allied for 800 years – he wanted that back.

Destroy

Communism

A Jewish man had founded Communism. Hitler felt that Communism

would destroy Germany if he didn’t destroy it first.

Term Definition

Lebensraum Living space in the East e.g. Poland. Hitler felt the

Germans were superior and that they had a

greater right to the land.

Volksdeutsche German speaking people/people with German

blood

Greater

Germany

Hitler’s aim of uniting all German speaking people

in to a German Third Reich

Rearmament To build up weapons and armed forces

Luftwaffe Nazi air force

appeasement Policy of giving in to aggression to avoid war

pacifist Someone who believes in peace and is against

conflict to solve issues

capitalist Political system in which people can work to make

money by investing in industry

45

Origins of WWI – Hitler’s Aims & Reactions

Country Reaction

Britain &

France

They let Hitler get away with breaking the TOV because: they need

time to rearm.

The TOV had been too harsh; they had greater fear of communist

Russia.

The Depression meant people were pre-occupied at home. The

horrors of WWI were still fresh.

After 1937 they followed the policy of appeasement (giving into

aggression to avoid war)

USSR &

USA

USSR were worried about Hitler’s desire to destroy communism so

signed a pact with France in 1935.

USA followed isolationism.

In 1934 70% of Americans did not want to get involved in a second

world war in Europe.

HITLERS DEMANDS GREW LOUDeR

L Lebensraum

O Overturn Versailles

U Unite all German speaking people (Anschluss and Volksdeutsche)

De Destroy communism

R Rearmament

46

Origins of WWI – Road to War 1933-1935

Date Event Description Reactions

1933

Hitler leaves the disarmament conference The conference was encouraging disarmament. The

French refused to disarm. Hitler left the conference in

disgust

Very little – Hitler claimed that the French were

being unreasonable.

1934

The Dollfuss Affair Fearful that Hitler would try to unite with Austria,

Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss banned the Nazi Party.

Hitler ordered them to cause chaos – they murdered

Dollfuss

Mussolini moved his troops to the border to

stop Hitler completing his aim.

1935

Jan: The Saar Plebiscite After being controlled by the LON for 15 years, the

Saar voted to return to German control. 90% voted in

favour. Hitler gained access to valuable coal and

industry.

Hitler used it as a propaganda victory. There

was nothing to be done as it was fair and legal.

March: Freedom to Rearm Rally Hitler announced he’d rebuilt the army and was

reintroducing conscription. He also planned a

Luftwaffe (air force)

In April 1935 – Britain, Italy and France joined

the Stresa Front, a pact to work together

against Hitler.

June: Anglo-Germany Naval Agreement An agreement that allowed Germany to build it’s navy

up to 35% the size of Britain’s.

Hitler realised Britain was allowing him to break

the TOV.

47

Origins of WWI – Road to War 1933-1935

Who supported Hitler?

Country Reactions

Britain

Hitler liked the British monarchy.

He proposed a non-aggression pact in 1936.

Some wanted to cooperate – they needed time to rearm.

They needed to persuade people to support the idea of war.

Spain

In 1936 a bloody civil war began between the Fascists led by General

Franco.

Hitler & Mussolini sent troops to support.

Franco was delighted to have two new strong allies. By 1939 he was dictator of

Spain.

Japan

In 1905 Japan had fought a war against Russia over Manchuria!

A potential ally against Russia

Nov 1936 – signed the Anti-Comintern Pact.

This agreed to work together against communism.

Italy

As Fascists, both men had a lot in common, yet, Mussolini had

prevented his invasion of Austria in 1934!

Made the Pact of Steel in 1939

By 1936, things had changed.

Italy had left the LON after Abyssinia and they formed the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936.

Italy, Japan and Germany formalised the Pact of Steel in 1940

48

Origins of WWI – Road to War 1936-1938

Date Event Description Reaction Significance

19

36

March:

Remilitarisation of the

Rhineland

22,000 German troops marched in to the

Rhineland – many of bikes showing Hitler’s

poor preparation/lack of planning.

Britain: Impact of the Depression meant Britain was reluctant to do

anything. Many felt it was only Hitler ‘marching to his own back

garden’ so none of their business. Leadership were distracted by

Abyssinia.

Hitler gained confidence.

Britain and France started

rearming. France concentrated

on protecting its own borders,

rather than uphold treaties with

other countries. Hitler increased

his power. Hitler joined with

Mussolini, then Japan.France: Leaders were distracted fighting a general election: no one

wanted to be responsible for war. Much of the French army was in

Tunisia in case it was needed in the Abyssinian Crisis. Many felt the

army was stronger than it really was – they thought they’d lose.

49

Origins of WWI – Road to War 1938

Date Event Description Reaction Significance

19

38

April: Anschluss A plot was discovered to get rid of the

Austrian Chancellor, Schuschnigg, who

panicked and made a deal to give positions

to Nazis in government. A plebiscite was

planned to prove people didn’t want to be

ruled by Hitler. Nazi forces entered to joy.

Austria: 99% of people voted in favour of the union. Storm troopers

intimidated voters.

Hitler’s next steps were more

likely to be successful after he

had control of the Austrian army

and resources. He could more

easily access Czechoslovakia

through Austria.

Czechoslovakia: Feared they would be next. Britain and France

agreed to protect Czechoslovakia.

Germany: A great propaganda victory, like the Saar. Hitler was

achieving Volksdeutsche.

Britain: Many felt Germany and Austria were the same country so

the union was ok & the TOV had been too harsh.

France: Two days before the invasion, the entire French government

had resigned. It was in no place to get involved.

Sept: Sudetenland Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland

and the 20% that were German. The

defences and industry would have helped

the war effort.

The Munich Conference was held as part of Chamberlain’s policy of

appeasement. Hitler met with Chamberlain, Mussolini & Daladier

on 29th Sept 1938. Hitler was given the Sudetenland, neither the

Czechs nor the Russians were consulted. Chamberlain said he had

guaranteed ‘peace in our time’.

Hitler pleased & encouraged.

Czechoslovakia grew more

frightened. Russia alienated and

angry – lost trust in Britain and

France.

50

Origins of WWI – Road to War 1939

Date Event Description Reaction Significance

19

39

March: Invasion of

Czechoslovakia

Hitler used his base from the Sudetenland

to rip up the Munich Agreement and invade

Czechoslovakia

Counties realised that appeasing Hitler was not working. The policy of appeasement was

ended and the security of

Poland and Romania was

guaranteed by Britain and

France.

August: Nazi-Soviet

Pact

A non-aggression pact that secretly split

Poland in two.

Hitler: signed to avoid a war on two fronts

when he invaded Poland.

Stalin: feared a Nazi invasion and thought

this pact would buy him time to prepare

Russia for a future invasion.

Britain and France realised that the policy of appeasement had in

fact failed completely. The alliance fooled no one.

Hitler was guaranteed to avoid a

war on two fronts, which

effectively gave him the ability

to invade Poland without fear. It

encouraged him to behave

recklessly.

Sept: Invasion of

Poland

1st Sept – Hitler invades Poland and bombs

Danzig.

3rd Sept – Britain sends an ultimatum – Hitler must leave of they

would declare war.

Poland was overrun within 4

weeks. Hitler thought Britain

and France would back down –

he was wrong!

51

Origins of WWI – Appeasement

Was appeasement a good idea?

YES! NO

TOV had been too harsh on Germany Hitler made no secret of the fact he would use violence

Hitler said he was a man of peace Opportunities to stop Hitler when he was weak were, such as when he remilitarised the

Rhineland, were missed.

Hitler’s actions gave people what they wanted Hitler grew too confident

The people of Britain did not want war Appeasement was morally wrong

War was too expensive during the Great Depression

Hitler could be an ally against Communism

British rearmament was not started until 1936 – they weren’t ready Czechoslovakia was strong and so could have made a stand against Hitler, if it had been

supported.

The USA would not support Britain and France

War costs lives so it should be avoided The USSR was alienated

52

Origins of WWI – Who was responsible for WWII?

Cause Explanation

HitlerHe was clear in his book, Mein Kampf, that he would use force to make German strong again. His foreign policy aims all broke international law, such as

Lebensraum. He broke the TOV. He invaded Poland which prompted Britain & France to declare war.

ChamberlainHis policy of appeasement meant opportunities to stop Hitler were missed. Failed to act when he remilitiarised the Rhineland. Gave the Sudetenland to the

Germans at Munich without consulting them or Russia, causing Stalin to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact

StalinSigned the Nazi-Soviet Pact, despite the knowledge that Hitler wanted to destroy Communism. The size of the Russian army meant Hitler had a powerful ally.

The Pact meant Hitler would not have to fight a war on two fronts.

MussoliniInvaded Abyssinia which destroyed people’s confidence in the LON. He did not intervene in 1938 when Hitler completed the Anschluss as he had done in 1934.

Signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Hitler

JapanInvaded Manchuria in 1931, damaging confidence in the LON. Controlled all of mainland China by 1937. Joined the Anti-Comintern Pact then the Pact of Steel in

1940

The Big Three/ TOVCaused resentment in the German people and inspired Hitler’s foreign policy to unite German speaking people and conduct Lebensraum. By the 1920s many felt

the TOV had been too harsh – contributed to the adoption of the policy of appeasement.

American

Isolationism

Made the LON weaker and so countries were more prepared to act aggressively and risk war, they didn’t fear military action of USA. Economic sanctions were a

useless punishment of the LON due to USA absence.

Fear of CommunismBritain and France allowed Hitler to grow strong to act as a buffer between the West and Communist Russia. Their actions upset Stalin who felt they wouldn’t

support him if Hitler attacked him, so pushed him into the Nazi-Soviet Pact

The Great

Depression

America demanded its money back from Germany from the Dawes Plan. This led to the collapse of German industry and more people turned to Hitler who was

making many promises. Some countries acted aggressively as they needed supplies and empires

Weaknesses of the

LON

Hitler (and others) saw he could get away with invading others without being punished, just as Japan and Italy had done in 1932 and 1935. Major countries were

absent meaning it was not a powerful threat economically or militarily as it did not have its own army. 53

GCSE HISTORYPAPER 2ELIZABETH1559-1603

54

Elizabeth: Court & Marriage

PROBLEM EXPLANATION

Succession

Elizabeth needed an heir. In 1562 she nearly died of small pox. Parliament

were desperate for her to marry and produce an heir.

Mary, Queen

of Scots

She was next in line to the throne, but was Catholic. In 1568 she was

exiled from Scotland. Catholic’s now had an alternative.

Religion

There had been religious upheaval: Henry VIII (C)→ Edward VI (P) →Mary

(C) → Elizabeth (P). How was she going to fix this?

Foreign

Policy

Spain, the Pope & most of Europe were Catholic and unimpressed with a

Protestant Queen. Would they invade?

Taxation

The government needed money through taxes, but poverty was rising.

This could cause rebellions.

Ireland

Elizabeth considered herself Queen of Ireland. The Irish disagreed and

rebelled in 1559. This was very expensive to fight,

TERM DEFINITION

Inherit To gain possessions after someone dies

Treason Attempt to kill a King/Queen. Punishable by death

Royal court Nobles, advisers & others who surrounded the Queen

Nobility Earls, dukes, lords & ladies. Special rights/privileges

Secretary of

State

The leader of the Privy Council – a very powerful position. For

most of Elizabeth’s reign it was William Cecil.

Militia A non-professional army raised for a rebellion/war

Privy

councillor

A King/Queens private councillor. Usually a great noble

landowner. Exclusion from the PC could lead to rebellion.

gentry High social class, below nobility, could be a JP.

patronage Land/title’s/power given to ensure an individual’s support.

55

Elizabeth: Court & Marriage

ELIZABETHS COURT

Parliament

House of Lords (nobility) & Commons (MPs, still wealthy). Much less

powerful than today’s Parliament. Influenced taxes and passed laws.

Queen decided how much to call it, and indeed, if she listened to it.

Privy

Council

Day to day running of the country. Main advisors. She chose, but often

the most powerful men in the country. Dealt with military, foreign,

religion, security. If they agreed it was hard to ignore them. Led by the

Secretary of State. William Cecil & Francis Walsingham key members.

JPsKept law and order. Selected from local gentry. 1 JP could send to prison,

2 for execution. JPs swore to deal with all fairly, rich or poor.

Lord

Lieutenants

Admin for a particular area of the country – e.g. the North. Responsible

for raising a militia. Often also on Privy Council = powerful

WHO SHOULD ELIZABETH MARRY?

Robert

Dudley

✓Queens friend and

favourite

Death of wife in 1560 led to rumours

he had killed her to marry Elizabeth

Might cause jealousy

Francis,

Duke of

Alençon

✓Could lead to

influence in France

By the time marriage was

considered, she was 46 – too old

He was French AND Catholic

King Philip

II of Spain

✓Powerful and wealthy.

He controlled South

America.

He had been married to Mary Tudor

– the people didn’t like him.

He was a Catholic – what would their

child be raised as?

56

Elizabeth: Rebellions

KEY PEOPLE EXPLANATION

Mary, Queen of

Scots

Elizabeth’s cousin, a Catholic and heir to the throne after Elizabeth.

She was the figurehead for most of the plots in Elizabeth’s reign

Duke of Norfolk

Queens’s second cousin and leading English nobleman. Raised a

protestant, but from a Catholic family. Lord Lieutenant of the North

Northumberland

Father executed for leading a rebellion against Henry VIII. Didn’t

inherit his father’s title until Mary I. Was a Catholic but treated well.

Westmorland

Catholic who had been powerful under Mary I, lost influence under

Elizabeth. Remained powerful in the north. Linked to the Howards

Ridolfi

Italian banker who travelled widely through Europe. Sent money to

support Catholic rebels in England. Worked for the Pope as a spy.

Essex

Robert Devereux, step son of Queens favourite the Earl of Leicester.

Had a factional rivalry with Robert Cecil for the Queens attention.

Babington

Rich, young, devoted Catholic who lead a plot in 1586

TERM DEFINITION

Mass An illegal catholic church service in Elizabethan England

Monopoly The exclusive rights to trade in a particular product

ExcommunicateTo remove from the Catholic Church by the Pope.

WHY DID REBELLIONS FAIL?

Spies Walsingham had network of spies; very few plots got far

Religious

Settlement

Her settlement kept most people happy. There was

tolerance for Catholics so they didn’t often rebel.

Unconvincing

alternatives

People didn’t like the idea of a Scottish Queen – even if she

was Catholic. Philip had not been popular when he had been

married to Mary I either.

Punishments

Many rebels were tortured/put to death. She put her

favourites and family to death too if they betrayed her. This

put many off.

A skilled

politician

She got her own way with Parliament, but they felt they were

still important.

57

Elizabeth: Rebellions

KEY REBELLIONS BY NOBLES

Rebellion Events Consequences/Significance

Northern

1526

MQOS arrived in 1568, the Duke of Norfolk wanted to marry her, Elizabeth said no.

Norfolk left court without permission and went north.

Northumberland & Westmorland held an illegal mass in Durham Cathedral then marched south with

4,600 men.

Elizabeth struggled to raise an army but the earl of Sussex

managed to – the rebels disbanded.

Northumberland was executed, Westmorland fled to France &

Norfolk was placed in prison then under house arrest.

Led to the Ridolfi plot.

Ridolfi

1571

Ridolfi felt for a plot to succeed, it needed foreign support.

In 1570 the Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth, commanding all Catholics to remover her. The plan

was for an invasion force from the Netherlands to meet Norfolk and another northern rebellion.

Elizabeth would be replaced by Mary who would marry Norfolk.

Plot was foiled as a bag of coins and letters were discovered on

their way north.

A code was found at Norfolk’s house. He was executed in 1572.

Treatment of Catholics got worse after this – they had shown then

could not be trusted.

Essex

1601

In 1598 he argued with the Queen over Ireland.

She hit him round the head, he almost drew his sword. He was placed under house arrest.

In 1599 he was sent to Ireland.

This made him angry and resentful of Cecil who stayed in London.

He called a truce with the Irish, rushed back to London and burst into the Queens bedchamber dirty with

her not in her wig. In anger, she refused to renew his sweet wines monopoly which bankrupted him.

He rebelled in 1601 by taking 4 privy councillors hostage and marching with 2000 supporters on London.

Cecil labelled Essex a traitor and the rebels abandoned the march.

Essex returned to his house to find the privy councillors had been

freed. He was arrested and executed in 1601. Most of the others

were simply fined.

Significant for showing the role of factionalism (rivalry) in

Elizabethan court & the power of monopolies and wealth in

driving people to rebel – not simply religion.

58

Elizabeth: Theatre

THEATRE

Patronage Nobles tried to impress Elizabeth with plays by their

group, for example, the Earl of Leicester’s Men.

Impressing the Queen could result in rewards for the

Noble.

Cultural

Change

Plays started to question society and God, this was

new exciting. Plays by Shakespeare were also

popular such as Romeo and Juliet.

Theatres, such as the 3000 capacity Globe, also

allowed all sections of society to attend: the

peasants would stand in the pit for 1p and the

Nobles would sit in the Lord’s Rooms for 5p.

Rise of the

Gentry

Theatre also showed the rise of the gentry and new

plays, such as the Merchant of Venice, started to

appeal to a wider group of society.

Opposition London Authorities worried about the crime in the

Theatres and about the possibility of disease

spreading.

Puritan did not like the Theatre as they saw it as

distraction from prayer and going to Church. 59

Elizabeth: Society & Culture

Great Chain of Being

Monarch

Queen Elizabeth was at the top and believed

God appointed her.

Nobility

Mostly nobles and Earls and the powerful

and wealthy people. Were on the Privy

Council and earnt £6000 a year.

Gentry

Wealthy landowners, held positions such as

Justice of the Peace. Sometimes richer than

the nobles but still below them in society.

Income between £10 to £200 per year.

Peasants

Lowest and poorest of society. Mostly

farmers but many struggled to find work.

Keyword Definition

Great Chain of BeingStructure of society

Privy CouncilHelped Elizabeth with the day to day running of the country.

Justice of the PeaceEnsured laws were obeyed and could punish criminals.

RenaissanceRenewal or rebirth. New ideas were born for the first time since the

Romans in Europe.

Key People Details

William

Shakespeare

Wrote famous plays such as the Merchant of Venice and Romeo

and Juliet

Elizabeth

Shrewsbury

Built Hardwick Hall.

60

Elizabeth: Houses

WHY BUILD A COUNTRY HOUSE?

New

Fashions

During the Renaissance new ideas emerged about

houses. For example symmetry was very fashionable.

Great Chambers and Galleries were built to show off to

guests and Loggia were added at the front as a

walkway.

Display

Wealth

Houses would be built with glass, which was expensive.

They would also be many chimneys to show how many

rooms you had.

Colourful tapestries and plasterwork would also show

off wealth inside the house.

Rise of

the

Gentry

Bess of Hardwick gained money through her four

marriages, she used this to build Hardwick Hall. On the

top she put ES so everyone would know Elizabeth

Shrewsbury has lived their and had built it.

Show

peace of

England

Before this rich nobles had built castles to protect

themselves with high thick walls. Now nobles could

show off with their houses and didn’t need to build

them for defence.

61

Elizabeth: Was it a ‘Golden Age’?

Keyword Definition

Ruff Item of clothing worn around the neck

Great chamber The main room in a country house to greet guests

Lattice Criss-crossed windows holding together lots of small panes of glass to make larger windows – very expensive!

overmantle A decorative carved wall over a fireplace in a rich persons home

loggia An open walkway at the front and rear of houses, inspired by the Roman Renaissance

Renaissance The revival of European art and literature under the influence of classical civilisations in the 14th-16th centuries.

patron Someone who funds the work or an artist or performing group

troupe Actors who travelled in groups performing

pit Where the ordinary people stood at the theatre. 1p often completely open to the weather. People who stood here were called ‘groundlings’.

Frons Scenae The decorative wall at the back of the stage in the theatre

Juliet Balcony The area of the Lords’ Rooms where actors addressed the stage from above.

heavens Roof over the stage – often painted to look like the heavens.

Tiring room The dressing room where actors put on their ‘attire’. Also a storage room

Lords’ RoomsThe most expensive seats in the theatre – 5p. Cushioned seats and curtained off areas. Central above the stage – everyone could see them.

Gentlemen’s Rooms Balconies to the left and right of the Lords’ Rooms – cost around 4p to sit here.

pamphlet A short document, usually printed to spread a particular political or religious message

alchemy The ‘science’ of turning ordinary metals into gold.

Gloriana The way of presenting the reign of Elizabeth as ‘Golden’62

Evidence for a Golden Age Evidence against a Golden Age

Portraits, detailed textile patterns, silverware and tapestries all became popular with

nobles and gentry during Elizabeth reign

Blood sports were still popular such as bear baiting or cock fighting.

England explored the World and discovered new lands. England also built up its navy

during this period. This was the beginning of the British Empire.

Alchemy (trying to turn metal into gold) was also still popular and showed people were still

not completely aware of how things worked.

Theatre became hugely popular with all sections of society. Cruel punishments and torture were still used on a regular basis.

Houses were built to show off wealth for the first time. Life expectancy was low and there was little knowledge or what caused or cured illness.

Plays became popular due to the theatres and began to question society and God There was widespread famine in 1596-7.

Education became increasingly important, but only for wealthy boys. Elizabeth had no children and this cause uncertainty at the end of her reign.

The printing press became more efficient and this allowed books and ideas to spread more

easily.

Most of the population still lived in poverty despite the improvements.

England was at peace. Before the Tudors England had spent years in chaos and fighting

over who should rule. England’s military success and growing wealth made people proud.

Elizabeth: Was it a ‘Golden Age’?

63

Elizabeth: Poverty KEY TERM DEFINITION

Poverty Being desperate need, usually without a home/job

Pauper Poorest members of society – often out of work

Retinue A private army

ReformationThe split between the Catholic and Protestant Churches, beginning

with Martin Luther in 1517

Monastery A building occupied with monks that looked after the sick/needy

Enclosure An area (usually farmland) surrounded by a barrier

Rack renting Demanding high/unreasonable rents for a property

inflation Currency becoming worth less, usually with rising prices

urban Relating to a town or city

Deserving poorPeople who were poor through no fault of their own.

Sick/wounded/elderly. People who tried to find work but couldn’t.

almshouse A charity building set up to provide food and rest to the poor

Underserving poor Dishonest poor people who tricked people into giving them money.

stocksPunishment for begging. Locked by hand/feet and people through

things at them in town/village squares

House of

Correction

Where beggars would be sent to spend the night as punishment.

flogged To be whipped. A punishment for begging and other crimes.

vagrant A person without a settled home and wanders begging.

WHY WAS POVERTY INCREASING?

BANS ON

ARMIES

Bans had been placed on private armies which meant

many soldiers were out of work

REFORM

ATION

The closure of the monasteries meant that monks

were unemployed and the poor had nowhere to go for

help.

FARMING

The switch to sheep farming (wool was England’s main

export) caused unemployment in the countryside.

People moved to urban areas to find work. London’s

population went from 60,000 in 1500 to 200,000 in

1600

POPULATI

ON

The population had increased from 2.8 to 4 million.

Increasing birth rate, falling death rate meant there

was more pressure on food, homes and jobs.

DEBASEM

ENT

In 1542 Henry VIII had started to remove the

gold/silver from coins – making them physically worth

less. This led to higher prices. The cloth trade

collapsed during the reign of his son, Edward VI –

leading to unemployment

64

Elizabeth: Poverty

TYPES OF BEGGARS

Counterfeit

Crank

Bit on soap to foam at the mouth. Pity = money

Baretop

Trickster

Tricked men into ally’s where he was jumped and

robbed.

Clapper

Dudgeon

Cut himself and tied dirty bandaged around the

wound. Pity = money

Tom

O’Bedlam

Pretended to go mad – barking like a dog. Chicken

in ear. Pity = money

POOR LAW 1610: DID IT WORK?

What was

it?

All areas had to look after the poor and the wealthy should pay for it.

Categorised the poor into: helpless poor (helped), able-bodied poor, (given

work) idle poor (whipped/House of Correction)

YES it

worked

Begging did seem to decrease

Still being used in the 1800s (reviewed in 1834)

It both helped and punished to deter

NO it

didn’t

Each area was responsible for its own poor – this led to many poor being

‘moved on’ to other areas to avoid paying for them.

HOW DID CITIES TRY TO HELP?

York

1515 – issued licences

1528 – master beggar

House of Correction established

Norwich

1570 – survey found 80% of people in poverty.

Categorised people: ‘idle poor’ given jobs or ‘unfortunate poor’ given

support. Rich paid for it.

Ipswich

1569 – licensing system

Hospital established for poor

Youth training scheme set up

1st to build a House of Correction

65

Elizabeth: Exploration

KEY TERM DEFINITION

CircumnavigateTo travel all the way around something

PrivateerA ship’s captain with royal permission to attack

foreign ships.

ArmadaThe fleet of Spanish ships sent to attack England

in 1588

LateenA triangular sail that allowed ships to move

much more quickly.

AstrolabeA navigation tool that allowed for much more

accuracy at sea.

ColonyLand controlled by another country.

DrakeFrancis Drake – went around the world 1577-80

HawkinsCousin to Drake, loyal to the Queen. Built up the

Royal Navy which helped to defeat the Armada

Raleigh

Loyal to Elizabeth, explorer. Banished from court

for marrying a lady in waiting without

permission.

WHY DID DRAKE GO EXPLORING?

WEALTH

Drake and his cousin, Hawkins, were the first

Englishmen to complete a slave trade – this brought

wealth and started the slave trade in England.

REVENGE

Drake was betrayed by the Spanish at San Juan de Ulua

when the Spanish attacked him during a slave trade,

destroying many ships.

COLONIES

The more land they found, the more they could colonise

for England

TRADE

When land was discovered, trade companies could be

established to increase the wealth of the country

NEW TECHNOLOGY

Such as the lateen, astrolabe and weaponry (cannons)

meant travel was safer. Ships were built to a better

quality and could withstand longer voyages.

66

Elizabeth: Exploration

HOW DID ENGLAND BENEFIT?

TRADE WITH

THE EAST

Sir Martin Frobisher tried, but failed on 3 occasions

to find a sea route to the east – this led to the

exploration of the Americas to try to find a route.

Specific companies were set up to set up trade with

certain areas.

HUMAN

TRADE

1564 – Hawkins complete the first slave trade by

kidnapping several hundred Africans and taking

them to the South American coast and selling them.

Throughout Elizabeth’s reign the slave trade grew

and traders made fortunes, as did Elizabeth.

Demand for slaves grew as new colonies were set up

in the Americas.

TRADING

COMPANIES

Muscovy in 1555 – established trade in Russia

Eastland in 1579 – established trade in Scandinavia

Levant in 1581 – Established trade in Turkey

East India Company 1600 - Established trade in India

DID VOYAGES MAKE ENGLAND RICH & POWERFUL?

YES NO

Colonies/Territory: Sir Walter Raleigh lead the exploration to

North America. In 1584 Elizabeth granted him the right to

explore, be had to give 1/5 of all his profits to the Queen.

Although during Elizabeth’s reign this was small – it lay the

foundations for James I’s expansion in the 1600s.

Colonies/Territory: Roanoke was

established in 1587 but did not last.

Another in 1587 but after returning

to collect more settlers from

England, COATOAN was found carved

onto a tree and no people left.

Wealth: Drake and Hawkins brought back stolen riches from

Spanish ships & started the slave trade. This laid the

foundations for the trading dominance in the 17th/18th

centuries.

Wealth: Other countries (Spain &

Portugal) were far more successful in

expanding trade

Power: England’s navy grew via exploration. England could

hold its own in any sea battle.

67

Elizabeth: Religion

WHAT WAS ELIZABETHS

CHURCH SETTLEMENT IN

1559?

A ‘compromise’

PROTESTANT

✓Allowed priests to marry

✓Services held in English

✓Book of Common Prayer

brought back

CATHOLIC

✓Declared herself ‘governor’

rather than ‘Head’

✓Allowed Catholics to

worship in private.

✓Services designed so either

faith could participate

WHY WAS RELIGION A BIG ISSUE FOR ELIZABETH?

Henry VII

Made the country Protestant with the Act

of Supremacy in 1534. Very little had

changed for people in the villages though.

Edward VI

Drastic changes to religious practice were

made by the men who helped Edward

(who was 9) rule. They introduced a Book

of Common Prayer.

Mary I

A Catholic queen who spent 5 years

returning England to the Pope who was

made head of the Church again. Catholic

mass was brought back and severe

punishments for those who refused to

return to Catholicism. She burnt 300

Protestant martyrs.

68

Elizabeth: Religion

KEY TERM DEFINITION

Protestant

A general term describing Christians who left

the Catholic Church

Recusancy

When a person refused to attend Church of

England services

Papal bullSpecial message issued by the Pope

Excommunicate

Officially remove from the Catholic Church by

the Pope

SeminaryA training college for priests

MissionarySomeone whose aim it is to spread their faith

Counter-

Reformation

The reform of the Catholic Church in Rome as a

response to the Protestant Reformation.

MartyrSomeone willing to die for their belief.

WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE FOR MOST CATHOLICS UNDER ELIZABETH?

EARLY YEARS

1558-1569

Initially, fines for refusing to attend Church services were very low.

Catholics were largely tolerated proving they didn’t disobey the Queen.

1569-1570

The Northern Rebellion (led by Catholics) and the papal bull that

Excommunicated the Queen and called on all Catholics to end her reign.

Although many chose to ignore the bull, this made all Catholics potential

enemies.

1571

Recusancy fines introduced for those who do not attend Protestant

services. The rich could afford to pay them. It became illegal to own

Catholic objects such as rosary beads.

1581Recusancy fines increased to £20 – more than most could afford. It was

strictly enforced. It became high treason to convert to Catholicism

1585

Any Catholic priest ordained after 1559 was a traitor and he and anyone

protecting could be executed. Legal to kill anyone who attempted to kill

the Queen

1593‘Statute of Confinement’ – Catholics could not travel more than 5 miles

from their home without permission.

69

Elizabeth: The Catholic Threat

KEY TERM DEFINITION

rack

A torture device used to

extract confessions from

captured traitors

Rosary

beads

An aid for Catholics to

enable them to focus

during their prayers.

Edmund

Campion

An English Catholic who

travelled from Rome on

foot in 1573 to join the

Jesuits

William

Allen

Involved in the

Throckmorton and

Babington plots. Cardinal

on the recommendation of

Philip II. Set up the

Seminary College at Douai

70

Elizabeth: The Catholic Threat

FOREIGN REACTIONS TO ELIZABETH’S RELIGIOUS POLICY

DOUAI

In 1568 and English Catholic Seminary was established by William Allen in

the Netherlands (controlled by Philip II). They would train missionaries who

began to arrive in England from 1574.

JESUITS

Formed in 1540, the Society of Jesus members began to arrive in England

from 1580.

Their aim was to reconvert Protestants to Catholicism. In 1585 the Act

against Jesuits & Seminary Priests called for them to be driven out of the

country.

Many, such as Edmund Campion & Ralph Sherwin were executed.

FRANCE &

SPAIN

To begin with it was hoped a Catholic Prince would marry Elizabeth and

bring her back to Catholicism. This did not happen.

Neither country was in a position in 1570 to send troops after the papal

bull. France and Spain both supported the seminary priests (at Douai).

They threatened but didn’t act until 1588 when, after the execution of Mary

Queen of Scots, Philip II sent the Spanish Armada in the hope of removing

Elizabeth from power.

WHAT DID EDMUND CAMPION DO?

1580

Campion arrives in London disguised as a merchant.

He began to preach to ordinary people.

He travelled the country spreading the Catholic

message.

The authorities became aware of his presence and

were concerned he meant to start a rebellion.

July

1581

He was arrested on 14th July in Berkshire and taken

to the Tower of London.

He maintained he had no plan to overthrow

Elizabeth.

He was held for 4 months and tortured several times

on the rack.

Found guilty of treason on 20 November 1581

Dec

1581

Campion was dragged through London before being

hanged, drawn and quartered

71

Elizabeth: The Puritan Threat

KEY TERM DEFINITION

Surplice A white gown worn by priests in the Church of England

PresbyterianA Protestant Church that believes that Bishops should be

replaced by Elders. Followers of John Calvin

Popish A term for a supporter of the Pope

ProphesyingA meeting of the Protestant clergy which usually involved

criticism of the English Church under Elizabeth

Clergy Member of a religious order, e.g. monk/priests

separatistSomeone who wants to break away from the main

stream.

John Field

An outspoken critic of the English Elizabeth Church for

not being Protestant enough. Published books to this

effect and was arrested and stopped from preaching.

John CalvinA protestant reformer based in Geneva, Switzerland.

Inspire John Knox who radicalised Scotland.

WHO WERE THE PURITANS?

People who were unwilling to compromise on their faith

They wanted the total removal of all Catholic elements from the English Church

Early in her reign, Elizabeth had appointed a few bishops with similar ideas to the

Puritans.

Walsingham and the earl of Leicester (Dudley) were both Puritan sympathisers.

They had a huge problem with Church dress – in 1566 they were told to put up with the

surplice worn in the English Church or lose their jobs.

By 1568 most had accepted Elizabeth’s changes. BUT some refused and became

Presbyterians.

72

HOW MUCH OF A THREAT WERE THE PURITANS?

1570s meetings known as prophesying became popular. These criticised

Elizabeth and her religious settlement of 1559.

Archbishop Grindal encouraged these meetings but Elizabeth, Cecil and her

Privy Council thought they were dangerous. He was suspended when he

refused to ban them.

In 1580 a new separatist church was set up in Norwich. Its leader Robert

Browne was arrested but released.

In 1592 a second separatist church was set up in London, their leaders, Henry

Barrow & John Greenwood were hanged.

Parliament had lots of Puritan MPs – such as Peter Wentworth (who often

nagged Elizabeth to get married). They tried to introduce new Puritan laws,

but failed.

Elizabeth: The Puritan Threat

HOW DID ELIZABETH DEAL WITH THE PURITAN THREAT?

POWERFUL DEATHS

The earl of Leicester (Dudley) died in 1588. Walsingham

died in 1590. These two prominent Puritans had protected

the Puritans from most of Elizabeth’s anger.

JOHN WHITGIFT

The new Archbishop of Canterbury introduced new rules in

1583 which banned unlicensed preaching and enforced

recusancy fines. John Whitgift’s sustained campaign against

the Puritans broke their organisation and they faded away.

HIGH COMMISSION

Was given the power to imprison or fine Puritans who did

not conform, e.g. Thomas Cartwright in 1590

PUNISHMENT OF

PRINTERS

Puritans were publishing increasingly critical literature, e.g.

John Field’s “A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the

English Church”. Elizabeth punished their printers, such as

John Stubbs who had his hand cut off for criticising a

potential marriage to a French Catholic Prince

73

Elizabeth: Mary Queen of Scots

WHO WAS MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS?

Elizabeth’s cousin, her grandmother had been Henry VIIIs sister, Margaret.

She had become queen of Scotland in 1542 when she was 8 days old

She had been supposed to marry Henry VIII’s son Edward VI, but instead married the King of France until he died in 1560.

She returned to Scotland to find it a Protestant country and she was unpopular.

It was suggested she was involved in the murder of her second husband, the English Lord Darnley.

She was forced to flee to England in 1568 and her son James was made King of Scotland in 1567

WHY WAS SHE SUCH A THREAT?

LEGACY OF

MARY I

Many Protestants vividly remembered the reign of Mary I and felt she

symbolised a potential return to Catholicism and the burning of

Protestants.

A LEGITIMATE

HEIR TO THE

THRONE

She had a direct blood line to the English crown through her mother –

she was not a pretender. She was Elizabeth’s heir to the throne since

she had no children of her own to succeed her.

POTENTIAL

FOR

REBELLIONS

She became a figure head for any Catholic plots or rebellions to replace

Elizabeth. This included the Northern (1569), Ridolfi (1571),

Throckmorton, (1583) & Babington (1586). She also became a focal

point for Jesuits and foreign support from France and Spain.

THE BABINGTON PLOT, 1586

WHO A young rich Catholic, Anthony Babington

PLOTKill Elizabeth, rescue Mary from prison and put her on the throne.

HOW

He convinced Mary’s servants to place coded letters in beer

barrels that were taken to her room. Mary replied saying she

agreed with the plan. BUT the servants weren’t working for Mary

at all, in fact, they were working for Francis Walsingham as spies,

who took the letters straight to the Queen

RESULTS

When the code was broken, the message was clear. Mary was

supporting a plot to kill the Queen of England. Elizabeth was

hesitant but eventually placed her on trial for her crimes. 74

Elizabeth: Mary Queen of Scots

HOW WAS MARY TREATED BY ELIZABETH?

PRISON

When she arrived in England, Elizabeth didn’t know what to do with her.

She was clearly a threat. Some of her advisers immediately called for her execution, but she was an anointed Queen – what example to other powers would

that send?

She hadn’t actually done anything wrong. She settled for imprisonment for 19 years and was treated well.

TRIAL

In October 1586 she was put on trial for her crimes.

36 noblemen, including Walsingham & Cecil.

She argued her case well, and stated that as a foreign Queen she could not be tried in an English court.

She was sentenced to death on 25th October 1586.

ELIZABETH DITHERS

Elizabeth was reluctant to have her cousin executed.

She had been ‘in tears’ over the issue.

She was worried that there might be terrible consequences (foreign invasion) if she did.

She was concerned Mary’s son, James would seek revenge. Eventually, she signed the death warrant on 1st Feb 1587

EXECUTION

She was executed at Fotheringhay Castle on 8th February. It was not held in public but witnessed by the Earls of Shrewsbury & Kent.

Elizabeth was said to be angry that it had taken place and had the privy councillor who delivered the news briefly imprisoned.

SOLVE PROBLEMS?

Mary remained a threat. Catholics had a martyr and could now see Elizabeth as a wicked heretic.

Secondly, in killing a Queen, Elizabeth had set a dangerous example to follow.

The French and Scottish Kings expressed anger but took no action.

Elizabeth wrote a letter apologising for his mother’s death.75

Elizabeth: Relations with Spain

WHY WERE RELATIONS WITH SPAIN SO BAD?

MA

RR

IAG

E

Philip II of Spain had been married to Mary I, Elizabeth’s sister.

The Pope and he were looking to expand Catholicism’s influence.

Philip wasted no time in proposing marriage to Elizabeth – who kept him

waiting for an answer for years. This caused a temporary peace between the

two.

NET

HER

LAN

DS

Philip II also ruled the Netherlands.

In 1566 there had been a Protestant uprising, initially about taxes, but it

soon took a religious tone with iconoclasm taking place. Philip was ruthless

in his crushing of the rebellion.

The rebels resisted and asked Elizabeth for help as a fellow Protestant. She

sent money and allowed volunteers to go and help, protected the sea

beggars (Dutch pirates) in English ports until 1572.

In 1585 the Dutch leader, William of Orange was assassinated & finally

Elizabeth agreed to send 7,000 troops under the command of Leicester.

RELIGIONEngland was Protestant and Spain was Catholic.

The Pope had called for all Catholics to challenge Elizabeth in 1570.

EXPLOR-

ATION

Drake and Hawkins had spent years raiding Spanish ports in the Americas

and stealing treasure in the 1570s

NAVAL WARFARE

NAVY

Henry VIII had spent a fortune building up his navy.

It was under John Hawkins and Elizabeth that the navy grew dominant.

Spain was also building their navy up at this point too however.

PIR

AC

Y

Common tactic to raid and steal

supplies and gold, rather that

pitched battles at sea.

The most famous example of this

is Cadiz in 1587 – became known

as ‘singeing the King of Spain’s

beard’.

Elizabeth gave licenses to her

sailors to act as ‘privateers’ able

to raid and steal as they liked.

The Spanish accused them of

piracy but it was an effective

tactic.

TEC

H &

TA

CTI

C

Fireships and line of battle

became effective ways to

defeat the enemy at sea.

England developed faster,

more manoeuvrable ships,

with more powerful weapons.

This was supported with better

navigation equipment which

allowed passage through

hostile waters.

76

Elizabeth: Spanish Armada

THE SPANISH ARMADA: 1588

WHY? Relations had become so bad by 1588: Elizabeth had effectively declared war by supporting the Dutch rebels in 1585, then executed MQOS in 1587.

PLA

N

151 Ships. 7,000 sailors. 180 priests & monks

Led by Duke of Medina-Sidonia (no naval experience – even got sea sick!)

Sail up the Channel, pick up army in the Netherlands, land on south coast of England, reach London and depose (get rid of) Elizabeth.

EVEN

TS

21st July Armada sets sail from Spain (Corunna)

29th July Armada sighted off Cornwall

31st July – 4th August Attacked by English ships

6th Aug Arrives at Calais – Duke of Parma not there to meet it

7th Aug Drake sends Fireships in causing the Armada to scatter

8th Aug Battle of Gravelines

9th Aug Armada sails north to escape

Aug-Sept Armada battered by storms past Ireland & Scotland

Sept-Oct Armada arrives home.

FAIL

UR

E

ENGLISH TACTICS Fireships worked brilliantly. Broke the Crescent formation and made them vulnerable to attack. Bombardment made it impossible to regroup. Good

commanders like Drake. Faster English ships.

SPANISH MISTAKES Ships not designed for English Channel. Slower, harder to fight with. Delay at Calais was bad. Cannons were land not sea cannons – useless for

naval warfare. Wrong cannonballs brought too. Commander inexperienced.

WEATHER Largely survived battle, but were destroyed by storms. Ran out of food and water. Many sailors too sick to sail home.

77

GCSE HISTORY PAPER 2POWER & THE PEOPLEc1170-PRESENT

78

First Barons War

Date Event Detail

1199 John becomes King. He had a lot to live up to as people had loved the previous King, his brother Richard, who was a great warrior.

1204John loses land in

France

English Kings had held land in France since William I. John had gone to war with France and lost most of this land. This led to him being called

‘Softsword’ and ‘Lackland’, a King should be a good warrior. John wasn’t!

This annoyed the barons as they controlled some of the lost land in France but also John had made them pay Scutage (taxes) to pay for his wars

in France.

1207John argues with the

Pope

John disagreed with the Pope’s choice of Stephen Langton for Archbishop of Canterbury. In retaliation, the Pope banned all Church services in

England,. This made people nervous, as they feared without going to Mass they would go to hell. People blamed John.

1214 Barons raise an army The Barons had grown fed up with John and his weaknesses as a King. They raised an army against the King.

15th June

1215Magna Carta

John met the barons at Runnymede and agreed to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter). In this he promised:

1. No taxes could be created without the barons consent and the barons could pass on land to the heirs.

2. No freemen shall be arrested without a proper trial.

3. The Church would be free to make it owns appointments.

4. A group of 25 barons would ensure the King abides by the Magna Carta.

October –

November

1251

First Barons war

begins

John went back on his word and did not follow the terms of the Magna Carta, the Barons raised an army.

October 1215- King John laid siege to Rochester castle, home to some of the rebellious barons.

30th November- John had his men dig under the walls and then storm the castle. The barons had lost the first stage.

May 1216 The French arrive Prince Louis, the heir to the French throne, was invited by the barons and brought an army with him. John fled to the Southwest.

2nd June 1216 Louis named King John seemed defeated and the barons announced (not crowned) Louis King of England.

October 1216 John diedJohn died of dysentery. The barons decided that they would rather have John’s young son Henry as King rather than a French man. So Henry was

crowned King on 28th October 1216. 79

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: First time the King’s authority had been

challenged.

Long term: Led to other revolts against royal authority.

Second Barons War

Pilgrimage of Grace

English Revolution

Both challenged Royal Authority

Violence – war War Ideas

Economics Religion

First Barons War

Keyword Definition

Baron Advisers to the King. Above the knights and the peasants.

Feudal System Structure of society. King on top, then the barons, knights and

peasants at the bottom

Scutage A tax that barons had to pay.

Archbishop of

Canterbury

Most senior bishop in England.

Magna Carta Charter limited the King’s Power. But only applied to freemen

Villein Peasants not considered freemen so they didn’t benefit from

Magna Carta in the short term.

Key Individuals Details

Stephen Langton Proposed new Archbishop of Canterbury.

King John King of England from 1199-1216. Failed to please the barons which

resulted in him having to sign Magna Carta

Prince Louis Heir to the King of France. The barons invited him over to replace John but

got rid of him once John had died and Henry was King.

King Henry Became King Henry III when John died in 1216. He was only 9 at the time.

80

Second Barons War

Date Event Detail1229 Simon arrives

in England

Simon de Montfort arrived in England determined to reclaim his family’s lands. He approached Henry.

1230 Henry fights in

France

Henry was determined to win back the land in France that his Father (john) had lost. In 1230, he took an army to Brittany in France. Henry lost the war. This

angered the barons who had had to pay expensive taxes for the war and made Henry look weak, like his Father.

1239 Simon gains

Henry’s trust.

Simon became Earl of Leicester, he had married the King’s sister (Eleanor) and represented the King abroad. Things were going well for Simon.

1248 Simon fights in

France.

After his failures, Henry sends Simon to France. Simon was more successful and won back some of the land that had been lost. However, this made Henry

look even weaker and Simon started to become a rival to him.

Henry replaced Simon with his son Edward, this infuriated Simon who felt betrayed.1254 Henry makes

more mistakes

Henry further angered the barons. He promised the Pope support for a war in Sicily, this meant the barons had to pay even more in taxes. Henry could not

stop the money to the Pope as he feared he would be excommunicated.

Henry had also previously angered the Church by giving away the top jobs in the English Church to Italians.1258 Provisions of

Oxford

Simon and the barons called a meeting of the Great Council and made the King sign the Provisions of Oxford. This stated that a Council of 15, half appointed

by the barons, would now have more say in how England was run. Henry had just lost more power to the barons.

1259 Provisions of

Westminster

Not all of the barons were happy with the Provisions of Oxford and the knights and burgesses felt they had not had a say at all. Despite this the Provisions of

Westminster were passed which reformed local government, this helped the less powerful and wealthy in society, some barons were not happy.

1261 Provisions

cancelled

Henry used this unhappiness to divide the barons. He applied to the Pope for the Provisions of Oxford to be cancelled and the pope agreed. Henry

appointed his own men to the Council. Simon left for France in disgust.1264 Battle of

Lewes

Henry soon went back to his old ways and angered the barons. Simon returned and started the Second Barons War.

At the Battle of Lewes Henry was defeated by Simon and locked up; Simon was now in charge of England.1265 New

Parliament

Not all of the barons supported Simon. To help him rule he invited the Commoners (knights and burgesses) to the Great Council for the first time.

4th

August

1265

Battle of

Evesham

Henry son, Prince Edward, escaped from imprisonment and allied with the barons who had grown fed up of Simon. The two sides fought at the Battle of

Evesham. Edward won the battle, Simon was killed and Henry was back on the throne.

1272 Henry died Henry never called another meeting of the Great Council, but when Edward became King, he was determined to learn from his Fathers mistakes.

1295 Model

Parliament

Edward needed money for his war with the Scots. Instead of demanding the money he called Parliaments – the Lords were invited and the Commoners

were elected – to grant him the money he needed.81

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: Commoners in Parliament

Long term: Challenged King’s authority

First barons war

English Revolution

Pilgrimage of Grace

Both challenged King’s authority

Violence - war War Economics

Religion Role of the individual

Second Barons War

Keyword Definition

Magna Carta Charter that limited the King’s power.

Barons Men given high rank in society and land by the King.

Parliament Where barons met and offered advice to the King.

Commoners Knights and burgesses.

Burgesses Local businessperson.

Provisions of

Oxford

Further limited the King’s power & gave the barons more

power.

-Foreign members of court were banished

-Castles would be held by Englishmen

-Taxes would be decided locally

Key Individuals Details

King John Henry’s father who had signed Magna Carta which Henry had to

abide by.

Henry III King of England from 1216-1272. Fell out with Simon de Montfort

and lost power to him in 1264.

Edward I Henry son and future King Edward I of England. Defeated Simon at

the Battle of Evesham 1265.

Simon de Montfort Nobleman who was an ally of Henry III initially but then fell out

with and defeated Henry in 1264 at the Battle of Lewes.

82

English Revolution

Date Event Detail1625 Charles becomes

King

Charles believed in the Divine Rights of Kings and didn’t want Parliament to interfere. He also had a Catholic wife and this made people suspicious of

him.1629 Charles falls out

with Parliament

Charles made Buckingham a favourite in court, this worried Parliament. In response Charles shut down Parliament for 11 years. This was known as

the 11 Years Tyranny.1633 Laud was made

Archbishop

Laud set about making reforms to the Church. Puritans did not like these changes to Church as they thought it was becoming too Catholic.

1637 Ship Money Charles needed money and without Parliament he had to come up with another solution. Ship Money was usually paid by people living by the sea.

Charles made everyone pay the tax, this annoyed the public and Parliament who had been ignored.

1637 Scots rebel Charles insisted that the Scots used the new Prayer Book. They refused and there was a riot in Edinburgh Cathedral. 1638 Scots invade A group of Scots sign the covenant saying they will not accept the changes to the Church. In 1639 Charles sent an army to defeat the Scots but the

Covenanters defeated Charles’ army and invaded England. April 1640 Charles opens

Parliament

Charles needed money to fight the Scots so he asked Parliament to meet. They agreed to give Charles the money but only if Charles promised not to

pass laws or new taxes without asking Parliament. Charles refused the demands and shut down Parliament after only a month.

1640 Parliament takes

control of the army

Rioting broke out in Ireland. Parliament was willing to give Charles money for the army but did not want Charles in charge of it so Parliament took

control of the army…Charles was furious!1642 The Five Members John Pym presented the Grand Remonstrance to Parliament, this was a list of demands to Charles. Charles was furious and marched to Parliament

with troops and tried to arrest five members. The members had fled but Charles had outraged Parliament. War seemed inevitable.

August

1642

Charles raised his

standard at

Nottingham

This marked the start of the Civil War. It was Charles v Parliament.

The Battle of Edgehill was the first battle of the civil war, it ended in a draw.

1645 Battle of Naseby The first battle of the New Model Army. Charles’ army was nearly destroyed. It was not the last battle of the civil war but it did mark the beginning of

the end for Charles.30th Jan

1649

Charles was

executed

Charles has been captured at the end of the war and put on trial charged with Treason. He was found guilty and beheaded. Parliament passed a law

that there would be no new King – The English Revolution was over.1653-1658 Cromwell becomes

Lord Protector

Cromwell had a mixed record: he brought back peace and stability and won wars against the Dutch. However he brought in strict laws banning

Christmas and killed lots of civilians in Ireland. 83

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: King executed and Cromwell removes

corruption.

Long term: Parliament become more powerful

than monarchy/beginning of constitutional

monarchy

First and Second Barons War

American Revolution

Propaganda

Violence/war

Ideas

Role of the

individual

Economics

War Religion

English Revolution

Keyword Definition

Ship Money Tax that people who lived by the coast had to pay. Charles

made everyone pay this to raise more money.

Divine Right

of Kings

The belief that God appointed Kings and therefore no one can

question the King’s power other than God.

Puritan Very strict Protestants.

Parliament Group of advisers to the King who made laws.

Presbyterian Type of Protestantism that was the main religion in Scotland.

New Model

Army

New army created by Parliament. There was strict discipline

but promotion was based on skill not money.

Constitutional

monarchy

A King or Queen who has little to no power and is just a

figurehead. The people hold the power.

Key Individuals Details

Charles I King of England and the only English King to be executed.

Cromwell Led Parliaments army in the war and became Lord Protector afterwards.

Archbishop Laud Archbishop of Canterbury who made changes to the Church and upset

the Scots.

Buckingham One of Charles’ favourite. Eventually Charles was forced to sign his

execution warrant in an effort to avoid war.

Stafford One of the King’s advisers.

John Pym Member of Parliament who gave a list of demands against Charles.

Charles then tried to arrest him. 84

Chartism

Peterloo Massacre

Causes At the start of Nineteenth century people did not have the same voting rights as today. There was no secret ballot, rotten boroughs represented few or no people at

all, votes could be brought by rich landowners and new towns like Birmingham had no representation at all in Parliament.

Many soldiers were also returning from the Battle of Waterloo, they struggled to find jobs and a bad harvest made the situation worse.

Events 60,000 peaceful protestors (men, women and children) attended a meeting at St Peters Fields, Manchester, where the famous orator Henry Hunt was due to speak.

Local magistrates panicked and ordered the yeomanry and cavalry to disband the crows. The troops had been drinking when they charged.

By the end of the day over 600 people had been injured and 15 protestors had been killed.

Consequences Short term: Henry Hunt was jailed.

Government introduced the Six Acts, anyone now meeting in groups of more than 50 people were breaking the law.

The reform movement gained support from the Manchester Guardian (the Guardian of today).

Long term: Great Reform Act was passed.

Keyword Definition

Suffrage The ability to vote in elections

Parliament Where laws are made and voted on

Petition Collecting people’s signatures in support of an issue

Rotten boroughs Areas of the country where MPs represented no people e.g. Old Sarum

Tory and Whig The two main political parties in the nineteenth century

North Star Chartists newspaper that was set up by O’Connor

Temperance To go without drink. Lovett thought that if the workers were sober they were more likely to be taken serious.85

Great Reform Act 1832

1829 The Birmingham Political Union organised a petition to Parliament to ask for reform, it was rejected. Support for the Union continued to grow across the country.

1830 The Tory party were replaced by the Whigs who were more in favour of reform, however the House of Lords, controlled by the Tory party, blocked reform. The Whig

party turned to the new King, William IV, who was in favour of reform. The King threatened to reduce the power of the Tory Lords, terrified they gave in and the

Great Reform Act was passed in 1832.

Terms of the Act London and other large towns were given more MPs.

There were no more Rotten Boroughs

Voters increased from 435,000 to 652,000

Consequences Voters still had to earn more than £150 a year to vote. The average wage for the working class was around £50 a year so the Great Reform Act only helped the

Middle Class who joined the electorate.

The Act further reduced the power of the King and landowners.

Chartism

Key Individuals Details

Henry Hunt Famous speak who wanted reform. Was speaking at Peterloo

William IV Became King in 1830, was in favour of reform.

Earl Grey The Whig Prime Minister who passed the Great Reform Act

Thomas Attwood Founder of the Birmingham Political Union

William Lovett Founder of the Chartists, believed in peaceful methods.

Feargus O’Connor Second leader of the Chartists from 1842, believed in violent methods.

Queen Victoria Queen of England at the time of the Chartists petition 86

Chartism

Chartists

Date Event Detail

1834 Poor Law

reformed

Reforms of the Poor Law did not help the poor, and many of them were sent to the workhouses. Bad harvests in the 1830s made the situation worse.

People began to demand change.

1836 Chartists

founded

William Lovett started the national Chartists campaign, the Birmingham Political Union joined the campaign and in 1839 the Chartists convention was

held in Birmingham.

Chartists

demands

1. Votes for all men

2. secret voting

3. Wages for MPs

4. Equal sized constituencies

5. An election every year

6. People should not have to have a property to become an MPs

1839 First petition The first petition was sent to Parliament – it was rejected by Parliament.

November

1839

Newport In South Wales Chartists decided to march on Newport and free their leader from prison. The authorities found out what they were planning and sent

troops to the prison. When the Chartists reached the prison the soldiers opened fire, 22 Chartists were killed.

1842 Second

Petition

A second petition was sent to Parliament and was again rejected.

As a result of this a new leader emerged – Feargus O’Connor. He encouraged violent methods; workers in the North began to vandalise machinery and

when he called for a General Strike the government were so worried they moved the Queen to the Isle of Wight.

10th April

1848

Third Petition O’Connor and fewer than 50,000 supporters gathered on Kennington Common to deliver the petition. 85,000 police stopped them from entering

London.

The petition was read in Parliament but many signatures were forged, many were from Queen Victoria. The petition was rejected and this marked the

end of the Chartists.

87

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: Continuation of a growing

working class consciousness which

worried the government.

Long term: Many Chartists became

involved in the Trade Union

movement.

By 1918 all of the six aims had been

achieved except yearly votes.

American Revolution

Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

Matchbox Girls

Dockers’ strike

Women’s Suffrage

General Strike 1926

Miners’ Strike 1984-5

Peaceful – temperance and petitions

(Lovett)

Violent – machine breaking for instance

the Plug Plot. (O’Connor)

Ideas Economics

Ideas Individuals

Chartism

88

Women’s Rights

Detail Suffragists Suffragettes Women’s Freedom League

Official Name National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies Women’s Social and Political Union

Founded 1897 1903 1907

Leader Millicent Fawcett Emmeline Pankhurst Joint leadership

Tactics Mainly peaceful middle class women. They thought

women should be kind and gentle for men to give

them the vote.

Organised meetings, taught women public speaking

and organised petitions

Believed in ‘deeds not words’ as she did not think the

tactics of the suffragists were working and were easy

to ignore.

Used tactics that would gain attention such as

smashing windows and chaining themselves to

railings.

Pacifists who wanted a more peaceful campaign.

As well as the vote they also campaigned for equal

pay for women.

Notable events When in 1912 the government failed to pass an act

allowing women to vote they organised a march from

Carlisle to London.

1913 Emily Davison tried to stop the King’s horse but

was hit by the horse and died.

When the war started the refused to support the war

effort, as they were pacifists. The other 2 groups

suspended their campaigns for the duration of the

war.

89

Key Individuals Details

Millicent Fawcett Leader of the peaceful suffragists

Emmeline Pankhurst Leader of the violent suffragettes

Emily Davison Suffragette who was killed by the King’s horse at the Epsom Derby

while campaigning

Sylvia and Christabel

Pankhurst

Emmeline’s daughters who co-founded the suffragettes

Herbert Asquith Liberal Prime Minister 1908-1916. He did not support women

gaining the vote.

Harold Wilson UK Prime Minster (1964-1970 &1974-1976) who passed laws to

help women gain more rights in the UK.

Women’s Rights

Keyword Definition

Suffrage Having the right to vote

Munitions

factory

Factory that made bombs and bullets for

the army

90

Women’s Rights

Date Event Detail

1870 Married Women’s Property Act Allowed women to control their own income and property after marriage.

1913 Epsom Derby Emily Davison died whilst trying to stop the King’s horse.

1913 Cat and Mouse Act Women went on hunger strike in prison. To stop them dying the government released them and then re-arrested them

when they had recovered. Women gained lots of sympathy as the government was seen to be persecuting women.

1914-

1918

First World War With men fighting in the military women took on their jobs, notably in munitions factories. Women had proved they

could do the work of men and still run the house and look after their family.

1918 Representation of the Peoples Act Gave all men over 21 the vote.

Women over 30 gained the right to vote if they were married or owned property.

1928 Representation of the People Act All women over 21 now gained the vote.

Men were now equal to women (in voting at least).

1969 Divorce Reform Act Allowed women to divorce their husbands easily and to claim any property they were entitled to.

1970 Equal Pay Act Made it illegal to pay a women less than a man for the same job.

1975 Sex Discrimination Act Made it illegal to discriminate against people on the basis of sex or marital status.

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: women over 30 with property gained the right to

vote by 1918. (Equal voting rights to men by 1928)

Long term: inspired women to campaign in other areas, for

example equal pay

Chartists

American Revolution

Matchbox Girls

Peaceful (Suffragists)

Violence (Suffragettes)

Ideas War

Individuals

91

Date Event Detail

1348 Black Death The Black Death resulted in the deaths of lots of peasants. However, for those that survived they could now get more land and more pay, as

barons were desperate for workers.

1351 The Statute of

Labourers

The Statute was passed to limit the power of peasants as barons and the King worried they were becoming too powerful after the Black Death.

The Statute put limits on wage increases and said peasants who had moved had to go back to their lord. Many peasants were unhappy with the

situation.

1377 Richard becomes King At the age of nine Richard becomes Richard II.

1380 Poll tax Richard was fighting the French in the Hundred Year War and needed money. He introduced the Poll tax; everyone had to pay. By 1380, everyone

was paying four groats, this was four times what they had been paying previously.

1380 Priests Priests such as John Ball and John Wyclif began to preach to the peasants about how unfairly the Church was treating them. This made the

peasants even more angry.

30th May 1381 Start of the Revolt Peasants in Fobbing refuse to pay the Poll tax. By 2nd June 1381 other villages have joined in not paying the Poll Tax.

7th June 1381 Maidstone Peasants in Kent hear Wat Tyler talk, they make him their leader and free John Ball from prison. They storm Rochester castle and then kill the

Archbishop of Canterbury.

12th June 1381 Peasants arrive in

London

Richard says he will meet the rebels on 17th June.

13th June 1381 Peasants attack

London

The rebels enter the city and attack Savoy Palace, home of John of Gaunt, and burn it down. They kill foreign merchants and supporters of the

King. Not all of the peasants were violent as Tyler had told them to peaceful. The King agreed to meet the peasants the next day.

14th June 1381 King meets the rebels. Richard met the rebels at Mile End. The rebels want a Royal pardon and all villeins to be made freemen. The King agrees.

15th June 1381 End of the Revolt The King meets the rebels again, the peasants now want Church lands given to peasants and only bishop, the King agrees. Wat Tyler is killed and

in the confusion Richard rides forward and tells the peasants to follow him out of London. The peasants obey and the revolt is over.

Peasant’s Revolt

92

Peasant’s Revolt

Significance Links Methods FactorsShort-term: John Ball and Wat Tyler

were killed. Beginning of working

class consciousness.

Long term: end of the feudal system

Poll tax never repeated. First

working class revolt

American Revolution

Chartism

Trade Union movements

Factory Reform

Peaceful- petitioned the king

Violent- killing the Archbishop and burning Savoy

Palace

War Individuals

Religion Ideas

Economic

Keyword Definition

Black Death Disease that killed between 40-50% of England’s population.

Villein Peasants, controlled by their lords.

Poll tax A tax that all people in England had to pay, regardless of

wealth.

Savoy Palace Home of John of Gaunt

Key Individuals Details

Richard II King of England during the Peasants Revolt. He was only 14 at the

time of the revolt.

John of Gaunt Uncle of Richard who helped him rule as he was so young. People

blamed him for the Poll Tax

Archbishop of

Canterbury

Most powerful bishop in England.

John Ball Priest who preached how unfair society was to the peasants.

Wat Tyler Leader of peasants during the revolt. Killed by the mayor of London.93

American Revolution

Date Event Detail1700 Britain took control Britain controlled most of North America. There were 13 separate colonies and 2.5 million settlers living there by 1775.

1760s Navigation Acts Only British goods could be imported into America. This annoyed the colonists as it made goods more expensive. The colonists were already angry

as they had been forced to pay tax to pay for the British army and they had no representation in Parliament. The colonist petitioned King George III

to help them but failed.1770 Boston Massacre 5th March – Anti British protestors shouted insults and threw snowballs at the British troops. They responded by opening fire and killing some of the

colonists.

1773 Boston Tea Party Colonists boarded British ships in the harbour and threw tea in the sea – this became known as the Boston Tea Party.

1775 Lexington incident Britain tried to seize a gunpowder store in Concord. 20,000 minutemen fired on them and stopped them getting the gunpowder. This marked the

start of the colonist’s revolution against Britain.

They then made George Washington their leader.1776 Declaration of

Independence

At a meeting in Philadelphia the colonist’s issued the declaration of independence. This stated that the 13 colonies were free and all control from

Britain had ended.

1775-1783 War of Independence The British army was better trained and equipped so the Americans used hit and run tactics and used the terrain to their advantage.

1781 Yorktown was the decisive battle. The Americans (supported by the French) trapped the British on a peninsula, starving and outnumbered the

British commander, Cornwallis, had no choice but to surrender.Consequences

- US set up a democracy with a President and Congress. Americans had the representation they required.

- Some farmers were not allowed to vote and some former colonist moved to Canada to keep their links with Britain.

- Relation between France and Britain worsened.

- The ideas of the US revolution spread to Europe and were one of the causes of the revolution in France.

- Britani was forced to look elsewhere to expand its empire, notably Australia and India.

- Inspired working class in England to seek representation.

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American Revolution

Significance Links Methods FactorsShort term: America became free

from British rule

Long term: Led to the French

Revolution which influenced others

to demand suffrage in England.

Peasants’ Revolt

Chartists

Women Suffrage movement

Peaceful- petition

Violence - war

War Ideas

Economic

Keyword Definition

Colonists People living in America

Minutemen Colonists that had armed themselves.

Congress US Parliament

Key Individuals Details

George III King of England during the US revolution

George

Washington

Leader of the US army and eventual first President of the

USA.

95

18th Century Trade Unions

In medieval times workers joined Worker's Guilds that

controlled prices; businesses were small and conditions were

good

During the Industrial Revolution wage competition was a big problem

as there were so many workers. If someone complained about their

wages they would be sacked.

New technology meant skilled workers were no longer

needed; the Luddites ad Swing Rioters opposed new

technology and damaged machines.

The 1825 Combination Act allowed workers in factories to come together in Trade Unions

to negotiate wages and conditions but nothing else;

they could not use intimidation or pickets.

TERM DEFINITION

Guild Group of skilled tradesmen who organised

pay & conditions

Picket Stand outside a workplace & encourage

others not to go in

strike To stop working until conditions improve or

demands are met

militant Aggressive and sometimes violent

Union Details

Grand National

Consolidated Trades

Union (GNCTU)

1833 by Robert Owen with the aim to bring all unions together under one organisation.

500,000 members, but struggled with conflict between different groups.

10,000 people attended a meeting about the Tolpuddle Martyrs in Copenhagen Fields

demanding their return. In March 1836 the men got a full pardon – TUs had won!

New Model Unions

1851 with the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. Carpenters (1860) Tailors (1866).

‘New’ because they were: highly skilled, could afford subscriptions, did not want to destroy

the system, negotiated rather than strike.

Helped gain recognition of TUs and the right to picket.

New Unionism

Unskilled workers had not benefited from NMU so they took their own action.

More militant and shocking – such as the Matchgirls and Dockers.

Both were successes. Unskilled workers now had a voice.

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CASE STUDIES

TOLPUDDLE MARTYRSMATCHGIRLS

STRIKE

DOCKERS

STRIKE

WHO 6 Farmers, led by George Loveless Women & girls who made matches Dockers, led by Ben Tillet

WHERE Tolpuddle, Dorset Bryant & May Factory, London London

WHEN Feb 1834 1888 1889

WHYFewer farm labourers were needed & wages were

dropping

Conditions in the factory were poor & women

became ill, often from poisoning from the chemicals

in the matches – called Phossy Jaw. Paid poorly &

fined.

Wanted an increase from 5p to 6p an hour and more

for overtime, wanted a guaranteed 4 hours work per

day

WHAT

Swore an illegal oath to keep their Trade Union a

secret; arrested and transported to Australia to

endure hard labour. After campaigns by Tus they

were allowed to return

Strike with the help of a journalist, Annie Besant who

published ‘White Slaves of London’. Called for a

boycott of matches from Bryant & May. Many

workers supported the strikers

Went on strike, marched through London carrying

fish heads and rotten vegetables to show what their

families lived on. Also picketed the gates of London

docks

18th Century Trade Unions

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19th Century Trade Unions

TERM DEFINITION

Nationalise When the government takes control or owns an industry or service

Foreign competition When other countries produce the same product but at a more competitive price, or more quickly

Re-nationalise When the government takes over a previously nationalised industry after a period of private ownership

solidarity Showing allegiance to a group of people you work with, are the same gender as, or the same class as.

communism Political ideology which promotes the common ownership of industry and production with no private owners

Date Event Government in charge

1972 & 1974 National Union of Miners vote for coal strikes which leads to a 3 day week. Conservative: Edward Heath 1970-1974

1974 A new labour government brings in a social contract that secures regular wage increases Labour: Wilson, then Callaghan. 1974-79

Winter 1978-9 Series of strikes by public sector trade unions demanding larger pay rises – known as the

Winter of Discontent

Labour: Wilson, then Callaghan. 1974-79

1979 Conservatives come to power under Margaret Thatcher; begin to challenge the power of

unions

Conservative: Thatcher 1979-90

1980 & 1982 Employment Acts – makes it unlawful to be fired if not in a union, but gives employers more

power to fire strikers

Conservative: Thatcher 1979-90

1984 Miners’ Strike; government introduces Trade Union Act, makes it harder to strike legally Conservative: Thatcher 1979-90

1985 Miners’ Strike ends; government has control over trade unions Conservative: Thatcher 1979-90

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19th Century Trade Unions

GENERAL STRIKE: 1926

WHO Trade Union Congress (TUC) Vs Conservative Government under Stanley Baldwin

WHEN 3rd May 1926 – 12th May 1926. Lasted 9 days

WHY

Impact of WWI

During WWI output of coal had been high

to feed war demand. Industry had been

nationalised to maintain supply. After

1918 there was a fall in demand. Mine

owners had to close inefficient mines or

bring in new machinery that would mean

job losses.

Technology

Mines in Germany & the USA had more modern equipment and lower costs. British

mines could not compete and unions called for re-nationalisation.

Mine owners & unions

15th April 1921 – Mine owners

announced longer working hours but with

a pay cut. The miners decided to strike,

but without the support of others had to

give up. In 1925 the price dropped again.

WHAT

The Conservative Baldwin government subsidised (paid for) coal prices, but when the money ran out, the miners wouldn’t accept a pay cut and voted to strike.

Government Actions TUC Actions

The army & university students took over essential jobs in industry.

The British Gazette was used as propaganda to turn public opinion against the

strike.

The army stopped violent clashes

Strikers travelled to picket other industries & at times clashed violently with the

police

The British Worker used to explain reasons for the strike.

Funds set up to keep the strike going

RESULTSGovernment won as unions ran out of money & the Labour Party didn’t support the strike. Miners returned to work longer hours for less money. Trades Disputes &

Trade Unions Act in 1927. Prevent unions joining or supporting a political party – such as the Labour Party.

99

Pilgrimage of Grace

Date Event Detail

1534 Act of Supremacy Henry had tried to get a divorce from his first wife but the Pope had refused. Therefore, Henry set up the Church of England and made

himself Head. He could therefore grant himself a divorce and marry Anne Boleyn.

1536 Henry annoys the

people of England

Parliament passed an act that closed all monasteries. This worried people as they feared not going to heaven and liked having the Pope as

the Head of the Church. Monasteries had also provided help to the poor and getting rid of them made the situation for the poor worse.

1536 The rebellion begins A rebellion broke out in Yorkshire by people angry with Henry’s religious reforms. They made lawyer Robert Aske their leader. Aske was

careful to state that they did not want to get rid of Henry as this would be treason. Instead they wanted Thomas Cromwell replaced and

religious changes to be reversed.

October 1536 Pilgrimage grows Pilgrims captured key locations in the North. They also gained the support of Lord Hussey and Lord Darcy. By the end of October the Pilgrim

controlled most of Northern England.

27th October

1536

Henry sends the Duke

of Norfolk to meet the

rebels

Norfolk was a Catholic and had been critical of Cromwell. He met the pilgrims t Doncaster with 8000 men, the Pilgrims had 30,000 men.

Norfolk took the demands, which now demanded a Parliament in the north, to Henry. He also promised them all a pardon from Henry. Aske

took off his pilgrims badge and they all went home.

December

1536

Aske spends Christmas

with Henry

Henry did not disagree with Aske about Cromwell and reassured him that the rebels had his support.

However, news reached the rebels that Henry was sending troops to the north and would not stick to his word, they decided to strike first.

January 1537 Revolt breaks out again Castles in Hull and Scarborough were attacked by the rebels. Henry used this as an excuse to take back his pardon for the rebels. Norfolk

was sent North and succeeded in defeating the rebels.

12th July 1537 Rebels killed Aske was killed in York. Darcy and Hussey were also killed. The closing of the monasteries was sped up by 1539.

100

Pilgrimage of Grace

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: Showed the people would go

against the monarchy if they did not agree

with changes made.

Long Term: Challenges to power of the

monarchy which led to revolution and

parliament taking control.

First Barons’ War

Second Barons’ War

Peasants’ Revolt

English Revolution

Peaceful methods

Violence

Religion Economics

Ideas Role of the

individual

Keyword Definition

Reformation The questioning of the

Catholic faith and founding

of the new Protestant faith.

Key Individuals Details

Henry VIII Second Tudor King of England. Made England Protestant and set up the Church of England in order

to get a divorce from his first wife.

Catherine of Aragon Henry’s first wife. Failed to give him a son.

Anne Boleyn Henry’s second wife, whom he married in the hope of having a son.

Thomas Cromwell Henry’s first minister. Blamed for persuading Henry to change from Catholicism to Protestantism.

Richard Aske Lawyer who led the Pilgrimage of Grace. He was careful to show that they did not want to get rid of

Henry. He was killed after the Pilgrimage.

Lord Darcy and Hussey Nobles who supported the Pilgrimage. Both were executed for their part in the Pilgrimage.

101

Corn Laws & Anti-Corn Law League

Date Event Detail

1803-1815 War Britain had been at war with France. British farmers were the only ones selling wheat and the prices had increased.

1815 End of the war At the end of the war, farmers were worried that prices of wheat would fall. The government (most of whom were landowners) passed the

Corn Laws, these were designed to keep the price of wheat high.

The Corn Laws increased the price of bread, this led to riots from London to Scotland.

1838 Anti-Corn Law

League established

The League was mostly made up of middle class who felt the Laws were unfair to the poor. Two prominent leaders were Richard Cobden and

John Bright.

Tactics -Both Cobden and Bright toured the country giving speeches against the laws.

-Pamphlets were produced and sent around the country using the new railways and the penny post.

-They published articles in newspapers against the Laws.

1841-1843 Electoral success In 1841 Cobden was elected to Parliament, he was followed in 1843 by Bright.

They now push pressure on Peel in Parliament to do something about the Corn Laws.

1846 Famine Ireland was experiencing terrible famine and the Corn Laws meant there was no spare wheat to send to Ireland. Crop failures were reported in

England and Scotland and the price of bread continued to rise. Something had to done.

1846 Repeal Peel repealed the Corn Laws. However this made him so unpopular with the landowners in his party that he was forced to resign as PM.

Impact -An increase in population meant that farmers did not suffer as they had feared from reduced prices.

-The poor were now more able to afford wheat and bread.

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Corn Laws & Anti-Corn Law League

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: help for working class and

further reduction in power for

landowners.

Long Term: Inspired the Trade Union

movement.

Anti-slavery movement

Trade Unions

Peaceful- speeches and pamphlets Economics Role of the individual

Communication

Keyword Definition

Corn Laws Law designed to keep the price of wheat high. If

prices fell too low imports would be stopped to

keep the price of British wheat higher.

Import Buying something form abroad.

Free Trade No taxes on products that are brought and sold.

Key Individuals Details

Robert Peel Conservative Prime Minister who repealed the Corn Laws. He became

very unpopular in his own party for this, as most were landowners.

Richard Cobden

and John Bright

Prominent members of the Anti-Corn Law League who gave speeches

across the country. Eventually they were elected to Parliament in

1841 and 1843.

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Anti-Slavery Movement

Date Event Detail

1500s onwards Slavery For over 300 years, Britain and European countries had been exporting slaves from Africa to North America. There they worked on

plantation growing cotton and sugar in horrendous condition. Slaves had not freedom or legal rights and life expectancy was just 27.

1792 Petition A petition was raised to try to end slavery. May working class people supported the petition and by 1792 a quarter of the population of

Manchester had signed the petition.

1797 Petition William Wilberforce presented a petition to Parliament- it had more signatures than the Chartists did but still Parliament did nothing.

1804 Slave rebellion Slaves in the French held island of St Dominique rebelled under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture. They took over the island and

renamed it Haiti.

1807 First Bill Parliament passed a law that made it illegal to buy and sell slaves.

1833 Second Bill Parliament passed a second law- the Abolition of Slavery Act- that stated that owning a slave was illegal in Britain and in the British

empire. This instantly freed under the age of six.

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: Slaves gained freedom only

gradually and struggled with poor living

standards

Long Term: Increased pressure on other

countries to end slavery

Anti-Corn Law League

Immigration

Propaganda

Petition

Economics Religion

Communication Role of the

individual

War

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Anti-Slavery Movement

Keyword Definition

Abolition To ban outright.

Anti-

Slavery

Society

Group led by William Wilberforce that campaigned for

the ending of slavery.

Christian Lots of the Abolitionist were motivated by their

Christian beliefs

Feminism Lots of the abolitionists were also women. By 1833

there were 73 anti-slavery societies run by women.

Resistance Slaves had fought back against French control of St

Dominque in the Caribbean.

Key Individuals Details

William

Wilberforce

Member of Parliament for Hull, gave speeches in Parliament and gave a petition to

Parliament. Introduced several bills to abolish Parliament. Secured the end of

slavery with the 1807 bill.

Thomas Clarkson Collected information about slavery and the conditions on board slave ships.

Publicised this in pamphlets to show how horrific conditions were.

Granville Sharp Used the law to help slaves gain freedom. In the case of Jonathan Strong who had

been recaptured and sent back to the West indies, Sharp successfully argued for

his freedom.

Olaudah Equiano Ex-slave who converted to Christianity and wrote a book about his experiences.

This helped to spread the word of the horrors of slavery to the general public.

Hannah More Wrote poems for the Anti-abolitionist movement. Met Wilberforce in 1787 and

they became friends.

Toussaint

L’Ouverture

Led a successful slave rebellion in St Dominique against the French in 1804.

105

Factory & Social Reform

Date Event Detail

1750 Industrial

Revolution begins

During the industrial revolution more and more people worked in factories in appalling conditions. Children as young as four would be

working in factories and mines, accidents were common and they had to work long hours.

1833 Factory Act Stated that: -no children under 9 could work in factories.

-9-13 year old could only work 48 hours a work, 13-18 could only work 69 hours a week

- children under 13 had to attend school for two hours a day

-four inspectors were appointed to check the act was enforced

1834 Poor Law

Amendment Act

Some workers were not happy with the Act as it meant they could not earn as much money as before.

This law meant that if workers did not earn enough they could end up in the workhouses.

1842 Mines Act No women or children under 10 were allowed to work underground.

No children under 15 could be in charge of the winding machine.

Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: Gave working class people

more rights- fits in with continuing working

class consciousness.

Long Term: Led to the development of

Trade Unions.

Peasants’ Revolt

Chartists

Matchbox Girls

Dockers’ Strike

General Strike 1926

Miners’ Strike 1984-5

Peaceful- petitions/reports to raise

awareness

Religion Economics

Communication Role of the individual

106

Factory & Social Reform

Keyword Definition

Laissez-faire Belief that politicians should not be involved in people’s personal lives.

White slaves The factory reformers were campaigning at the same time as the anti-Slavery campaigners. The factory workers became known as the white slaves.

Workhouses Prison for the poor where they were forced to work long hours in return for shelter and food.

Winding machine Brought coal from the mine to the surface. Lots of accidents on these machines had led to children losing limbs.

Philanthropist Person who gives money to and undertakes charity work

Pacifist Someone who does not support violence or war

Quakers Christian group who believe in peaceful principles and are committed to an equal society and so were involved in reform.

Socialist Believed in equality

Cholera Water borne disease that thrived in the poor conditions of workers.

107

Key Individuals Details

Michael Sadler Member of Parliament who campaigned for reform. His report said that under 18s should not be allowed to work for more than 10 hours a day- this became

known as the 10-hour movement.

Lord Shaftsbury A supporter of reform in factories and mines. He was influenced by his Christian faith. Strong supporter of the Mines Act 1842

Robert Owen Socialist who owned a mill in New Lanark, Scotland. By 1810, he had introduced a 10-hour day. In 1816, he opened a school and all children could receive

education no matter their age. Workers had a social club to use in their spare time. It was so successful MPs and members of the Royal Family visited.

Edwin Chadwick He was responsible for the Reform of the Poor Law, which led to more people entering the workhouses in the 1830s.

Wrote a report called ‘The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population’, this showed that there was a link between poor housing and outbreaks of cholera.

Elizabeth Fry Prison reformer from a Quaker family. She was horrified when she visited and saw conditions of Newgate prison in London. Women and children were in crowded

cells and sometimes were in the same cells as murderers. She established a Chapel and a school at the prison to help.

Her brother was also an MP and he raised the issue in Parliament, as a result, prison condition were improved and the condition of women on board the

transports to Australia was improved.

Josephine Butler She was a Christian whose Father had been involved in the abolition of slavery and was the cousin of Earl Grey (who had passed the Great Reform Act).

She was concerned about child prostitution and campaigned for the age of consent to be raised from 13 to 16.

In 1869 the Contagious Disease Act was passed, this aimed to keep STIs away from the armed forced and meant a police officer could examine a women if he

thought she was a prostitute. Butler’s campaign led to the repeal of this act in 1883.

Factory & Social Reform

108

Immigration

Date Event Detail

1945 End of World War Two Britain needs more workers and migrants from the British empire start to move here for 3 main reasons:

Shortage of Labour: Britain needed workers to re-build the country after the war, migrants did not always have the same opportunities at home

Opportunity: British companies held job fairs which meant that many migrants had secured a job before they even arrived.

Loans for Transport: The government gave interest free loans so people could afford to travel.

1948 British Nationality Act Gave 800 million commonwealth citizens the right to come to the ‘Motherland’ and became British citizens.

22nd June

1948

Windrush arrives The ship, Empire Windrush, arrived in London from Jamaica, on board were 492 people from the Caribbean. This was the start of immigration to

Britain after WW2.

1958 Notting Hill Riots Young white ‘Teddy Boys’ gangs accused the migrants of stealing ‘their women’. Anger over this boiled over and led to two weeks of rioting.

1962 Commonwealth

Immigrants Act

Government tried to limit the amount of migrants entering Britain. Migrants now had to apply for a voucher before they entered the country, and

they could only get a voucher if their skills were in demand.

1964 Election MPs who had been against immigration were not re-elected. The British people had sent a clear message of their views on immigration

1965 Migrants get support

from Malcolm X

In Smethwick, Birmingham local authorities had tried to stop Black and Asian communities from renting houses in certain areas. They protested

and Malcolm X visited the area to show his support.

1965 Race Relations Act Tried to prevent racial discrimination in housing and employment.

Seen as a failure as there were no convictions.

109

Immigration

Date Event Detail

1968 Commonwealth

Immigration Act

Introduced even tighter controls on immigrants trying to come to Britain.

1968 Rivers of Blood Speech Enoch Powell, a conservative MP, made a speech outlining what he said were the dangers of immigration, he was forced to resign as a government

minister but lots of people in Britain supported his views and it led to a surge in support for the National Front.

1971 Immigration Act Replaced voucher with work permits which were only temporary. It also encouraged voluntary repatriation but still allowed chain migration.

1976 Race Relations Act Extended the definition of discrimination to ant practice that disadvantaged another group.

Commission for Racial Equality was set up.

1977 Battle of Lewisham 500 members of the National Front stages a march through Lewisham. 5000 counter protestors tried to stop them. Violence broke out.

1981 Race Riots Race riots broke out in Brixton London and Liverpool over discrimination and poor living standards.

1981 Scarman Report Report Commissioned after the Brixton riots. Stated that more should be done to help migrants living in Britain so they are not disadvantaged or

discriminated against.

1993 Murder of Stephen

Lawrence

A young black person was found stabbed to death in a racist attack. A report showed the Metropolitan Police had not responded appropriately

due to institutional racism.

110

Positive for Migrants Negatives for MigrantsIndian doctors did manage to get jobs with the NHS.

1948 Act gave them the chance to become British citizens.

Many faced discrimination in housing, local councils would not offer them a house.

Highly skilled migrants were forced to accept low paid low skilled jobs.

Language and religious barriers hindered integration.Significance Links Methods Factors

Short term: The beginning of

multi-culturalism in Britain.

Long Term: Migrants gain

more rights over time and

new laws led to decrease in

discrimination. Britain is now

a multicultural society.

Anti-slavery movement Violence War Economics

Ideas

Immigration

Keyword Definition

Mother country Countries in the empire referred to Britain as the motherland/country as Britain controlled the

empire.

Windrush Ship that brought migrants from the Caribbean in 1948.

Voluntary repatriation British government would assist anyone who wanted to move back to their country of origin.

Chain Migration When a migrants was granted British citizenship they were allowed to bring their family over as well.

National Front Wanted all non-white immigrants to return to their country of origin.

Key

Individuals

Details

Malcolm X Civil Rights campaigner in

America, supported migrants

in the protest over housing

policy.

111