GCSE Graphic ProductsGCSE Graphic ProductsPresentationPresentation

Summer Examination 2011

TypographyTypography

Typography has long been a vital part of promotional material and advertising.Typography sets a theme, for example using bold, large text to convey a particular message to the reader.

Typography today reflects a companies brand. Fonts used in adverts convey different messages to the reader. Classical fonts for strong personality, modern fonts for a cleaner neutral look.

CAPITAL LETTERS – also knows as ‘upper case’small letters – also known as ‘lower case’

Companies and brands use fonts to say something about their values. Times New Roman is taken from the paper of the same name, this typeface is known as ’serif’, generally we think of serif typefaces as conveying values such as quality, seriousness, and tradition.Letters without the extra strokes are known as ‘sans serif’. Sans serif fonts used in the sun newspaper suggest better value for money, an element of fun and modern values.

TypographyTypography

Is known as script. This looks handwritten and therefore seems trustworthy and friendly. A disadvantage is that it can be harder to read. Decorative fonts such as the one used by Coca-Cola are designed more to attract attention.

The way we can change text varies. Type size is measured in points, one point is 1/72nd

of an inch. About 0.25mm so a 72pt letter would be about 25mm high.

Type can also be made narrower or wider, or finer or darker, such as Ariel, Ariel narrow and Ariel black.

The text we produce can be justified also, left right or centered depending on what we are doing.

Line spacing (or kerning) is the space between letters and it has a big impact on the presentation of your work. Too much or too little space can make it harder to read.

Practice QuestionPractice Question

Use of ICTUse of ICT

Use of ICT and encapsulation

DTPPrograms such as CorelDRAW and Photoshop are desktop publishing packages available in schools. These programs are often used in the design of magazines, newspapers, leaflets, and flyers as they give more control over the layout of a page. Microsoft Publisher is another similar package in which text and images can be imported and manipulated.

CADCAD has many advantages: it saves time and money, it gives the designer and the client far more opportunities to produce an ideal product; it gives everybody concerned an exact representation of the final product without it being made.

Designs can always be modified, reworked, and developed. The process is therefore quick and economical. You can use a CAD drawing to create full presentation drawings and gather alternative views or perspectives of a design.

Use of ICTUse of ICT

There are some disadvantages to CAD however:Initial set up costs can be highWhoever is going to use this technology needs training, which takes time and is expensive.Other equipment may be required to manufacture your design.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation helpf to protect a printed product that will be handled many times. The products are encased on both sides by a thin layer of plastic which is bonded to the surface normally by heat.This provides a high gloss finish that can be wiped clean which although expensive, has the benefit of increased durability. Menus are a good example of an encapsulated product.

Pictoral DrawingsPictoral Drawings

A pictoral drawing is a 3D drawing.

Isometric drawing

An isometric drawing is a pictoral drawing without horizontal lines, which shows objects in 3 dimensions. Lines are vertical of at 30 degrees to the horizontal line. Isometric means ‘equal measure’.

Pictoral DrawingsPictoral Drawings

One point and two point perspective sketching

One point perspective sketching:Perspective drawings are based on the fact that all lines appear to converge and meet at a vanishing point. An excellent example of this is looking down a railway line, looking along a very straight road, all lines project to the ‘vanishing point’ and this usually sits on the horizon.One point perspective is a form of 3D drawing created with a single vanishing point. All lines meet and converge at one common point.

Pictoral DrawingsPictoral Drawings

One point and two point perspective sketching

Two point perspective sketching:Two Point perspective, although a little more complicated, produces the most realistic views of an object or product. Here, there are two vanishing points sitting on the horizon. There are no horizontal lines, and all non-vertical lines should go back to either of the vanishing points

Working DrawingsWorking Drawings

Third angle orthographic projection drawings

What is third angle orthographic?Orthographic means to draw at right angles. It is a 2D method of drawing items or products. It is used to show the sizes and details of an object or design and it usually consists of three views (front, side and plan) with dimensions in millimeters.

These drawings are produced to a British standard BS8888, 2006, so that anyone can understand and interpret the information in the drawing. Front view: looking at the front of a productPlan View: drawn directly above the front viewEnd/Side view: drawn by looking at the side or end of a product.

These types or drawing are used for manufacturing purposes, so the drawing should have enough detail in the form of dimensions to enable a third party to make the item.

British Standard ConventionsBritish Standard Conventions

British standard conventions are standards set by the British standards institute (BSI). They are standards used for working drawings that are recognized throughout the manufacturing industry. This means that a drawing produced can be understood anywhere in the world.

All computer aided design packaged have the facility to draw using British standard conventions already set up within them.

Examples may include:Dimension lines:Dimensions should read from the front or from the right. The leader line should not touch the object. The leader line should extend past the dimension line just a little bit. The dimension should be in the middle of the line but not touching it. Arrow heads should be solid and to a point.

British Standard ConventionsBritish Standard Conventions

Projection lines: these are taken from one view of an object and used to create another. You can project lines from a front view for example to create a plan view.

Hatch lines: these are normally at 45 degrees and are used to fill in an areas. Hidden detail lines: these are used to convey a part of a drawing or an abject that

you cannot see, and are shown as short dashed lines Centre lines define the center of a circle or an arc, these are long dashed lines

followed by a short dash, (chained) and shown in red. Section lines: these define where an object will be cut, and are shown by a long

chain with a letter at either end. Short break lines are represented by wavy lines and are used when an object is

very long or has the same cross section so you don’t have to draw the whole shape.

Sectional and Exploded drawingsSectional and Exploded drawings

Sectional DrawingsSectional drawings are drawings that show the inside of an object as if it was cut in half. You can section in two ways, down the length or the wide of an object. The areas where the object is cut is shown by hatching. This is lines drawn at 45 degrees. Different parts of the object are hatched differently.

Sectional and Exploded drawingsSectional and Exploded drawings

Exploded drawingsExploded drawings are 3D drawings used to show how an object has been constructed. Sections of the object are drawn separately from one and other but remain in relation to each other. Exploded views are used often in manuals for flat pack furniture.

Practice QuestionPractice Question