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Gases The Kinetic-Molecular Theory. Ludwig Boltzman and James Maxwell They each proposed a model to...
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Transcript of Gases The Kinetic-Molecular Theory. Ludwig Boltzman and James Maxwell They each proposed a model to...
Gases The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Ludwig Boltzman and James Maxwell
• They each proposed a model to explain the properties of gases.
• This model is called, kinetic-molecular theory because all of the gases known to them contained molecules.
• The word kinetic means “to move” and objects
in motion have kinetic energy.
Ludwig Boltzman James Maxwell
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
• Describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion.
• This model makes several assumptions about the size, motion, and energy of gas particles.
Particle Size
• Gases consist of small particles that are separated from one another by empty space.
• Gas particles are far apart, so there is no significant attractive or repulsive forces among them.
Particle Motion• Gas particles are in constant random motion. • Particles move in a straight line until they
collide with other particles or with the walls of their container.
• Collisions between gas particles are elastic, meaning that no kinetic energy is lost.
• Kinetic energy can be transferred between colliding particles, but the total energy of the particles does not change.
Particle Energy
• 2 factors determine the kinetic energy of a particle. Mass and Velocity
• All particles do not have the same velocity but have the same mass.
Explaining the Behavior of Gases
Low Density
– Density is mass per unit volume– The kinetic-molecular theory states a great deal of
space exists between gas particles
Compression and Expansion
– When a gas is compressed the particles get closer– When a gas expands there is more air space
Diffusion and Effusion
– There are no significant attractions between gas particles
– The mixture of gases in the air diffuse until they are evenly distributed
– The rate of diffusion depends mainly on the mass of particles involved
– Mass of a gas varies from gas to gas
Diffusion and Effusion cont.
– During effusion a gas escapes through a tiny opening
– Thomas Graham did experiments to measure the rates of effusion for different gases at the same temperature
Diffusion and Effusion cont.
– Grahams law of effusion states that the rate of effusion for a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass
– Grahams law also applies to rates of diffusion
GAS PRESSURE• PRESSURE: FORCE PER UNIT AREA
EX: Water Striders, snowshoes
MEASURING AIR PRESSURETOOLS:•BAROMETER: MEASURES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• MANOMETER: MEASURES THE PRESSURE OF A GAS IN A CLOSED CONTAINER
UNITS OF PRESSUREUnit COMPARED TO ATM
KILOPASCAL (kPa) 1 atm = 101.3 kPa
MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY (mm Hg)
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
TORR 1 atm = 760 torr
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (lb./in^2) or (psi)
1 atm = 14.7 psi
Atmosphere (atm)
• Pascal: N/m^2 (SI unit of pressure)• Atmosphere: 760 mm Hg
@ sea level, @ 0 degrees C
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture.
Ex: P (gas 1) + P (gas 2) = P (total)