Gas Turbine Power System Operator’s Manual Turbine ...Engine... · Gas Turbine Power System...

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page i — #1i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

MiniLab

Gas Turbine Power System Operator’s ManualTurbine Technologies, LTD

REVISION 7/06 (1.21)

THIS MANUAL MUST BE KEPT WITHTHE SYSTEM AND AVAILABLE AT ALL TIMES

Model ML-401

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page ii — #2i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Copyright c©2006 Turbine Technologies, LTD

Service Publications410 Phillip StreetChetek, WI 54728

All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise–without written permission from TurbineTechnologies, LTD, except for the explicit use and inclusion in a course of academic study utilizing the TurbineTechnologies, LTD MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks or servicemarks. Every attempt has been made to supply trademark information about manufacturers and their productsmentioned in this manual. A list of the trademark or service mark designations and their owners appears on pageiii.

Every effort has been made to make this manual as complete and accurate as possible. The purchaser shall besolely responsible for determining the suitability of the information contained herein. See page v.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page iii — #3i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

iii

TRADEMARK NOTICES

MiniLabTM and DigiDAQTM are trademarks of Turbine Technologies, LTD.

Microsoft r©, Windows r©, Visual Basic r© and C++ for Windows r© are registered trademarks of Microsoft

Corporation.

Personal DaqsTM , Personal DaqViewTM , Personal DaqView PlusTM , eZ-PostViewTM , Personal DaqViewXLTM ,

DASYLabTM and Out-of-the-Box TM are registered trademarks of IOtech, Incorporated.

LabVIEWTM is a registered trademark of National Instruments, Incorporated.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page iv — #4i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

iv

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page v — #5i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

v

SUITABILITY

The Turbine Technologies, LTD MiniLab is not offered as and shall not be construed by thepurchaser to be “Consumer Products” within the common definition of the United States FederalTrade Commission. All Turbine Technologies, LTD products are represented to be, and offered as,EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY, subject to the limitations in safety and performance inherent toequipment so classified. PURCHASER SHALL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE for determining, priorto purchase, at acceptance and for all subsequent usage, the suitability for any purpose(s) intendedof equipment, instructions, procedures or materials offered or supplied by Turbine Technologies, LTDfor use in any educational, laboratory or industrial setting.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page vi — #6i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

vi

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page vii — #7i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Contents

Section 1 - General Information 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Uncrating and Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4.1 Uncrating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4.2 Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Section 2 - LIMITATIONS 13

Section 3 - ABNORMAL PROCEDURES 15

Section 4 - Normal Procedures 174.1 Abbreviated Normal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.1.1 Pre-Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.1.2 Start, Operation and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.1.3 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.2 Expanded Normal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.2.1 Pre-Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.2.2 Start, Operation and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.2.3 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.3 General Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Section 5 - Systems 355.1 Gas Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5.1.1 Inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.1.2 Centrifugal Flow Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.1.3 Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.1.4 Annular Combustor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.1.5 Fuel Atomization Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.1.6 Fuel Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.1.7 Transition Liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.1.8 Vane Guide Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.1.9 Axial Flow Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.1.10 Thrust Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.1.11 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

5.2 Engine Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.2.1 Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.2.2 Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.2.3 Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.2.4 Starting Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

vii

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page viii — #8i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

viii CONTENTS

5.3 Cabinetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.3.1 Test Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.3.2 Operator Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.3.3 OneTouch Gas Turbine Auto Start System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.3.4 Chassis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.3.5 Electrical Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.3.6 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.4 Data Acquisition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.4.1 Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.4.2 DAQ Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.4.3 Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465.4.4 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Section 6 - Service and Maintenance 516.1 General Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.1.1 Oil and Fuel Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516.1.2 Oil and Fuel Filter Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.1.3 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536.1.4 Condition Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546.1.5 Service Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

6.2 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.3 Factory Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Appendix A - WARRANTY INFORMATION 59

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page ix — #9i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

List of Figures

1.1 MiniLab as Shipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 HushKit Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3 HushKit Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.4 HushKit Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.5 HushKit Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.6 SR-30 Turbojet Engine Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.7 Operator Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.8 Operator Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.9 Operator Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.10 Operator Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.11 SR-30 Turbojet Engine Sensor Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.12 Fuel and Oil Fill Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516.13 Filter Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

ix

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page x — #10i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

x LIST OF FIGURES

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page xi — #11i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

List of Tables

1.1 Shipping Container Inventory List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 OneTouch System CAUTION Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.3 OneTouch System WARNING Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.4 DAQ Channel Assignments and Sensor Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.5 Channel Configuration - Analog Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

xi

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page xii — #12i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

xii LIST OF TABLES

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 1 — #13i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Section 1General Information

1.1 Introduction

The Turbine Technologies, LTD MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System is a complete, self-containedjet engine laboratory featuring the purpose built SR-30 Turbojet Engine. Designed expressly forengineering education and research purposes, the MiniLab allows all aspects of gas turbine theoryto be easily demonstrated and readily explored. A pure turbojet, the SR-30 is representative of allstraight jet engines in which combustion results in an expanding gas that is sufficiently capable ofproducing useful work and propulsive thrust. Consisting of a centrifugal flow compressor, annularcombustor and axial flow power turbine, the SR-30 Engine is typical of the gas generator found inturbofan, turboprop and turboshaft gas turbine engines. These types of engines are used for aircraft,defense systems and marine propulsion as well as stationary and industrial power generation.

All engine systems are fully integrated into the MiniLab cabinetry. Aside from fuel and oil, standardelectrical service and compressed air are all that is necessary to run the SR-30 Engine. No facilitymodifications or dedicated test cells are required. The MiniLab is easily rolled to any convenientlocation that offers suitable ventilation such as an exterior overhead doorway. The time betweenuncrating and first run is measured in minutes.

The MiniLab and the SR-30 Engine provide an ideal platform for the study of gas power systemsand the gas turbine or Brayton cycle in particular. Students can see, hear and feel the basic principlesdiscussed in lectures and read about in textbooks. Theoretical predictions can be measured on actualhardware utilizing the included data acquisition system. Sensors located along the gas flow pathallow accurate, realtime measurements of the operating conditions at these points. Explaining thedifferences and accounting for the real world results presents limitless educational opportunities.∗

The MiniLab has served as a foundation for various research programs including those dealing withbiofuels, combustion processes, high temperature metallurgy, and emissions control. The MiniLab haseven been used to develop advanced control algorithms for the Space Shuttle’s main engines.

Equipped with the OneTouch Gas Turbine Auto Start System, virtually anyone can operate theMiniLab. Start sequencing is completely automatic with all critical engine parameters monitoredduring operation. In the unlikely event of an engine fault, the OneTouch system will safely stopthe engine and alert the operator to the problem. No specialized training is required to operate theMiniLab equipped with this system installed.

∗Reasonable expectations regarding experimental results must be made when operating the MiniLab or any similarequipment where scale effects and sensor errors are present. Efficiency, power output and overall system performancewill naturally be much different than that for the same process on a larger scale. Temperature and pressures in aturbine engine can vary by an order of magnitude within the width of the sensor tip. In whole, the MiniLab providesan excellent foundation for exploring the shortcomings (and pitfalls) of applying textbook formulas and ideal data toa problem without considering all aspects of the overall system. The challenge to the student is in the analysis ofexperimental run-time data and determining the reasons that results may differ from analytical expectations. This isthe true benefit of hands-on, laboratory and experimental engineering. Rest assured, no Laws of Thermodynamics arebroken during the operation of the MiniLab.

1

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 2 — #14i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

2 SECTION 1

1.2 SAFETY

As with any piece of laboratory equipment, basic safety precautions must be followedat all times. Protective eyewear and hearing protection must be worn whenever theequipment is in operation. Complete familiarization with all aspects of the MiniLabGas Turbine Power System and its operation is necessary prior to usage.

The MiniLab hinged cover and safety shield must be down and secured while the systemis in operation. The operator and all observers shall remain clear of the engine inletand exit at all times. At no time should the engine be operated with any loose itemsin the proximity of the inlet or exit. Because of the mass flow rate, any loose objectin the vicinity of the inlet is subject to ingestion. Due to the considerable energyof the rotating assembly and the turbine engine’s critical balance requirements, anyobject ingested into the engine could lead to a catastrophic failure of the engine withdisastorous results including loss of life or limb.

The MiniLab, during operation and for an extended period of time following shutdown,will be of a temperature sufficient to cause severe burns.

DO NOT ATTEMPT TO MAKE ANY ADJUSTMENTS TO OR BYPASS SAFETYDEVICES AND/OR CONTROLS TO FORCE OPERATIONS OUTSIDE OF PUB-LISHED LIMITATIONS. DO NOT EXCEED, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES,THE PUBLISHED MAXIMUM OPERATING RPM OR TEMPERATURE.

If any limitation is exceeded, operation of the system should be suspended until adetermination is made of the cause of the out of limit condition and suitability forcontinued operation.

The MiniLab is considered to be in “operation” WHENEVER an air source is con-nected to the cabinet, the master switch is on or the engine internal assembly is rotating.

FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE LIMITATIONS AND USAGE AS SET

FORTH IN THIS OPERATOR’S MANUAL MAY CAUSE SERIOUS

INJURY OR DEATH.

1.3 Specifications

• DIMENSIONS - Gas Turbine Power System

– LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.0 inches (107 cm)– WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40.0 inches (102 cm)– HEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 inches (158 cm)– WEIGHT operational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 lbs (208 kg)

• OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS - Gas Turbine Power System

– ELECTRICAL SERVICE . .120 VAC, Single Phase, 60 Hz, 20 Amps Breaker Protected (Otherservice is available upon request)

– COMPRESSED AIR . . . . Air Pressure 100-120 psi (690-830 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa) sustained.Minimum line diameter 0.25 inch (0.64 cm)

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 3 — #15i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

General Information 3

– FUEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jet A, A-1, B; JP-4, 5, 8; Kerosene, Diesel, Fuel Oil #1 or #2– OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MIL-PRF-23699F-STD (Aeroshell 500, BP/Exxon 2380)– ADEQUATE VENTILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air Intake, Exit and Combustion Gasses– ADEQUATE CLEARANCE to allow operator access to all four sides, RECOMMEND 60 inches

(152 cm) on all sides. Existing Fire and Safety Codes may prevail.

• ENGINE and ACCESSORY SPECIFICATIONS - SR-30 Turbojet

– ENGINE DIAMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 inches (17 cm)– ENGINE LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.8 inches (27 cm)– DESIGN MAXIMUM THRUST . . . . . . . . . . 40 lbf (178 N) (safety limited to a % value of this)– MASS FLOW RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 lbs/s (0.5 kg/s)– COMPRESSION RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5:1– SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 (mid thrust)– COMPRESSOR TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Stage Centrifugal (Radial Outflow)– TURBINE TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Stage Axial Flow– IGNITION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air gap, high voltage capacitor discharge into igniter plug– LUBRICATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fully recirculating, auxillary pump– FUEL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Metered return, spill type system, auxillary pump

• OPERATIONAL CONTROLS - MiniLab Operator Panel

– MASTER SWITCH, KEYED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secured control of access and engine operation– GREEN START BUTTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Automated Engine Start, Multiple Functions– RED STOP BUTTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate Engine Stop, Multiple Functions– T-HANDLED POWER LEVER . . . . . . . . . . . Engine RPM/THRUST Control, Forward Increases– LCD DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real Time System Status

• OPERATONAL and DATA ACQUISITION INSTRUMENTATION

– DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . .USB to computer output of the following:

∗ Compressor Inlet Temperature and Pressure (T1/P1)

∗ Compressor Exit Temperature and Pressure (T2/P2)

∗ Turbine Stage Inlet Temperature and Pressure (T3/P3)

∗ Turbine Stage Exit Temperature and Pressure (T4/P4)

∗ Thrust Nozzle Exit Temperature and Pressure (T5/P5)

∗ Fuel Flow

∗ Thrust

∗ Engine Rotational Speed (N1%)

– DIGITAL and ANALOG OPERATOR DISPLAY . . . . . Direct visual indication of the following:

∗ Digital Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT)

∗ Digital Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)

∗ Digital Engine Rotational Speed (RPM)

∗ Analog Oil Pressure

∗ Analog Fuel Pressure

∗ Analog Engine Pressure (P3)

∗ Analog Starting Air Pressure

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 4 — #16i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

4 SECTION 1

Table 1.1: Shipping Container Inventory List

ITEM DESCRIPTIONNUMBER 1 2 3 4 Level QTY LOCATION

1 SHIPPING CONTAINER 12 . MiniLab 1 SHIPPING CONTAINER3 . . Master Keys 2 MiniLab Throttle Lever4 . Important Documents 1 SHIPPING CONTAINER5 . . Operator’s Manual 2 Important Documents6 . . Computer Software various Important Documents7 . Box 1 1 SHIPPING CONTAINER8 . . Caster Kit 1 Box 19 . . . Brackets, Casters, Hardware 4 each Box 110 . Box 2 1 SHIPPING CONTAINER11 . . Computer Equipment 1 Box 212 . . . Computer as ordered Box 213 . . . Power Cable, Computer as ordered Box 214 . . . Power Cable, MiniLab 1 Box 215 . . . USB Cable 1 Box 216 . . . Software, Computer Vendor various Box 217 . Box 3 as ordered SHIPPING CONTAINER18 . . SR-30 Cutaway Engine 1 Box 319 . Box 4 as ordered SHIPPING CONTAINER20 . . HushKit Inlet Assembly 1 Box 421 . Box 5 as ordered SHIPPING CONTAINER22 . . HushKit Exit Assembly 1 Box 5

1.4 Uncrating and Set-up

1.4.1 Uncrating

The MiniLab is shipped in a custom built container (see Figure 1.1) for maximum protection againstdamage during delivery. It is recommended that a thorough inspection of the container’s exteriorbe made prior to acceptance from the shipper. If any damage or discrepancy is noted, it should bebrought to the attention of the shipping agent immediately and prior to any further disassembly ofthe shipping container.†

When unloading or moving the shipping container,DO NOT apply pressure or force to the container sides.

Doing so may puncture the container and damage the contents inside.

The steps necessary to uncrate the MiniLab are outlined as follows. NOTE: DO NOT discardANY material within the shipping container until a complete inventory has been made of the includedcontents.

†Turbine Technologies, LTD is not responsible for damage due to shipping. It is the recipient’s responsibility toinspect the shipping container for obvious external damage and to make the appropriate claims with the shipping agentprior to accepting the contents or opening the shipping container.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 5 — #17i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


1. Remove Shipping Container Front Door DO NOT pry the container open! Locate thefront door of the container as indicated by the “DOOR” stencil. All door attachment screws,indicated by 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) red squares and located around the door perimeter, need to beremoved to open the container front door. Only remove those screws delineated by the redsquares. With all the screws removed, the door may be opened and set aside. The containerand its contents will appear as in Figure 1.1.

2. Remove Packaged Contents Boxes Various items are separately boxed and/or locatedaround the MiniLab cabinet (note: Depending on product ordered, various boxes may be at-tached to the top of the MiniLab shipping container. Remove these boxes as soon as practical.Every effort is made to include all boxes within the main shipping container.). The followingitems are typically included:

(a) System Keys MiniLab system keys are affixed to the power lever located on the rightside of the operator panel. Two keys are provided. One should be immediately secured ina safe location while the other inserted into the Master Switch until a specific key storagelocation and usage policy can be determined.

(b) Important Documents All documents essential to the operation of the MiniLab (in-cluding backup software disks and sensor calibration data). Included are two copies ofthe Minilab Gas Turbine Power System Operator’s Manual. One copy should beremoved at this time and used for the remainder of the Set-up process and all subsequentoperation. The other copy should be set aside for safe keeping. A set of QuickCheckoperator checklists are included for the convenient reference and efficient operation of theMiniLab.

(c) Box 1 - Caster Kit The four mounting brackets, casters and attachment hardware arelocated in this box. These four casters mount to the base of the MiniLab cabinet allowingit to be conveniently moved about.

(d) Box 2 - Computer Equipment Any computer equipment and accessories ordered withthe system will be found in this box. All software required to operate the data acquisitionsystem is preloaded on this computer. Power cables, power adapters and a USB cable arealso found in this box.

(e) Box 3 - SR-30 Cutaway Engine If ordered, the SR-30 Cutaway engine is separatelyboxed. This box may be attached to the top of the main shipping container.

(f) Box 4 - HushKit Inlet Assembly If ordered, the HushKit inlet assembly is found inthis box. This box may be attached to the top of the main shipping container.

(g) Box 5 - HushKit Exit Assembly If ordered, the HushKit exit assembly is found in thisbox. This box may be attached to the top of the main shipping container.

Once all of the packaged contents boxes have been removed, remove the wooden shelf that wassupporting these items within the main shipping container. This shelf is typically held on withfour screws from the outside of the main shipping container. Suitably support the shelf prior toremoving the screws to prevent it from falling on to the MiniLab operator’s panel.

3. Remove Perimeter Base Screws At the base of the left, right and rear exterior sides ofthe shipping container are the perimeter base screws holding the upright sides of the shippingcontainer to the pallet base. All perimeter base screws, indicated by 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) redsquares, need to be removed around the container base. No other screws need be removed.

4. Remove Shipping Container Side/Top Assembly With the perimeter base screws removedin Step 3 above, the three container sides (with the top still attached) can be removed. Thisis accomplished by tilting the container assembly “back,” away from the open door. Take carethat the sides continue to clear the MiniLab as the entire shipping container side assembly istilted back. Once it is clear of the MiniLab, the container side assembly can be set aside.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 6 — #18i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

6 SECTION 1

5. Remove Hold Down Boards Two hold down boards secure the MiniLab to the shippingcontainer pallet base. These boards pass through the forklift openings in the base of the MiniLaband are individually screwed to the pallet base. Remove all screw fasteners so that both holddown boards may be removed.

6. Lift the MiniLab Clear of Pallet With adequate assistance and equipment, the MiniLabmay now be lifted clear of the container pallet and set on the floor. To avoid damaging the unit,only lift at the provided forklift openings in the base of the MiniLab. DO NOT lift by hoistingon any components making up the operator panel or test cell. If the casters are to be mountedin step 8, the MiniLab should be set on wooden blocks or other temporary structure to allowthe fastening of the casters.

7. Remove Protective Packing Material A large piece of plastic will be draped over the entireMiniLab. Bubble-wrap type material will be wrapped around the entire system. Remove all ofthis material from the MiniLab.

8. Mount Caster Wheels The four mounting brackets, casters and attachment hardware aresupplied ready to be mounted to the MiniLab cabinet sides. Once the four casters are mounted,the MiniLab may be lifted clear of any support materials and set on the floor.

9. Loosen Engine Hold Down Blocks The SR-30 Engine is attached to a moving yoke allowingthe engine to pivot around a bearing for thrust measurement. For shipping purposes, this yokeis secured at four corners by black plastic clips, two forward of the bearing and two aft. Eachof these clips has a large screw head protruding upwards. Loosen these screws, but DO NOTremove them entirely. Only a small amount of rotation about the bearing is necessary for thethrust measurement system to function correctly. Leave the clips in place. Should the MiniLabrequire transportation or movement over uneven ground, it is recommended that these clips bere-tightened.

10. Inventory / General Condition Assessment / Cleaning Using Table 1.1 as a guide, in-ventory all received contents and verify their general condition. Separate Packing and Inventorylists will be found within the shipping container to further assist in this process. If any item isfound to be missing or damaged, contact Turbine Technologies, LTD immediately. With a softcloth, wipe any dust or dirt from the system cabinetry and accessories.

11. Retain Shipping Container / Materials With all MiniLab components accounted for inStep 10, the shipping container may be removed for storage. All packing material should beplaced within the container and the container side assembly and front door reattached with theoriginal screws previously removed. While the container may be disposed of at this time, it isrecommended that the container and packing material be retained for future use should the needarise to move the MiniLab over any appreciable distance, store for an extended period of timeor to return the MiniLab to the factory for service or upgrade.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 7 — #19i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


Figure 1.1: MiniLab as Shipped. Front Door is Removed

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 8 — #20i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

8 SECTION 1

1.4.2 Set-up

With the MiniLab free of its shipping container and with the caster wheels securely attached, theMiniLab may now be prepared for its initial run.

Facilities

The MiniLab represents an entirely self-contained gas turbine propulsion system. For occasional usage,the MiniLab may be convienently rolled outdoors or to an overhead door opening typically found in auniversity lab setting. More permanent installations may take advantage of existing facility ventilationsystems.

Any ventilation system or ducting that is attached directly to the MiniLab cabinetry must meetthe following general guidelines:

1. Flow Direction Air flows through the MiniLab’s SR-30 Engine in a “left to right” direction.This direction is as an operator standing in front of the unit would see it.

2. Mass Flow Rate The MiniLab’s SR-30 Engine consumes in excess of 0.5 kilograms of air (andfuel) a second. Since fuel is a small portion of the overall mass flow, an estimate of overallair consumption can be based on the 0.5 value. This translates to approximately 850 cubicfeet (24,000 liters) per minute. All ducting must be designed to handle this amount of flow.Conservatively, the inlet should be designed to handle a minimum of 1,000 cubic feet (28,300liters) per minute while the exit duct should be sized for 1,500 cubic feet (42,500 liters) perminute. All duct runs should be as straight and direct as possible. Avoid sharp bends, airhandling equipment (fans) and filters in both the inlet or exit flow paths. The best ducting isstraight flow paths from the building exterior, to the MiniLab cabinet.

3. Flow Velocity Exhaust gasses leaving the exit of the MiniLab’s SR-30 Engine can be travelingin excess of 800 feet (243 meters) per second. Access to the engine exit must be limited eitherthrough ducting or physical barriers that prohibit observers from entering the exhaust flow path.

4. Noise The MiniLab’s SR-30 Engine has a noise signature typical of any straight, turbojet engine.Engine compressor inlet and exhaust noise is such that personal hearing protection is requiredof anyone within the immediate vicinity of the engine during operation. An optionally availableHushkit helps supress engine noise and is particularly suited for installations in an academicenvironment.

Utilities

The MiniLab requires only external electricity and air for operation.

1. Electrical Service Electrical service is required for the Autostart system as well as the integralfuel and oil pumps. A keyed master switch controls the flow of all electricity to the unit. Standardlaboratory electrical service capable of supplying 120 VAC, 60 Hz @ 20 Amps is sufficient topower the MiniLab. The MiniLab is capable of operation on 220 VAC, 50 Hz upon specialrequest.

2. Air To simplify MiniLab operation, compressed air is utilized to start the MiniLab’s SR-30Engine. The compressed air is directed tangentially to the compressor causing it to rotate.Once a suitable rotation speed is achieved, fuel is introduced and the engine starts. Typicallaboratory shop air is used for starting. Supply air pressure must be 100-120 psi (690-830 kPa)with a sustainable pressure of 80 psi (550 kPa). Minimum air line diameter is 0.25 inch (0.64cm). As the supplied air is ingested by the engine, the air source must supply clean, dry air atall times. Severe engine damage may result if the air source contains any amount of condensedwater.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 9 — #21i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


Operating Fluids

Like any turbine engine, the SR-30 Engine depends on a supply of suitable heavy fuel for operationand the proper turbine oil for engine lubrication. Aviation grade jet fuel and turbine oil are readilyavailable at nearly any airport where commercial or business jets operate. Diesel fuel available fromany service station is also an acceptable fuel. Refer to Section 1.3 for a complete list of acceptablefuel and oil types. Under no circumstances should automotive or aviation type gasoline be used inthe SR-30 Engine. Severe engine damage will result. The OneTouch Auto Start System monitors fueland oil levels continuously and will indicate a CAUTION flag should the volume of either fluid fallbelow an acceptable level.

HushKit Installation

The HushKit Gas Turbine Sound Suppressor System is an optional silencer assembly available for in-stallation in the MiniLab. The HushKit is designed to significantly reduce compressor and combustionnoise eminating from the SR-30 Engine.

The HushKit system is composed of individual intake and exhaust suppressor units. The aircraftstyle, nacelle shaped intake suppressor housing is designed to reduce acoustic energy associated withcompressor intake flow. Molded from aerospace quality fiberglass, the intake suppressor mounts to theSR-30 Engine with a pneumatic friction seal system. This seal permits rapid installation and removalof the suppressor allowing full access to the engine inlet and compressor face for teaching and instruc-tional purposes. The exhaust suppressor assembly is manufactured from stainless steel to maximizeheat dissipation and durability. A positive pressure clamping system requires no modification to theMiniLab for installation. The suppressor exhaust ducting incorporates a glass sight window for flameplume visibility during starting. An acoustic expansion chamber on the end of the duct provides aconvenient transition to facility specific exhaust ducting and integrates well with existing installations.Neither the intake or exhaust suppressor assemblies interfere with engine operation.

To install a HushKit, follow these steps:

1. Install Intake Suppressor The intake suppressor assembly is shaped like an engine nacelleand molded in white fiberglass. Like the engine, the intake suppressor has an intake and exitend and must be oriented with the SR-30 Engine properly in order to function. The intake endof the suppressor is identified by the two baffle plates spaced approximately 6 inches (15 cm)from one another. These plates have a number of holes cut in them and are covered with a thin,foam like material. The exit end of the suppressor is equipped with a mesh screen that fills theentire exit area (see Figure 1.2). This screen is mounted to a much thicker baffle plate that alsoserves to support the inflatable seal. This exit end of the suppressor is the side that mates withthe intake of the SR-30 Engine. Make sure the inflatable seal is completely deflated by openingthe air valve on the squeeze bulb located on the end of the seal inflation line. Pass the exitend of the suppressor through the MiniLab cabinet test cell inlet opening towards the engineinlet. The thick metal baffle on this end of the suppressor is designed to mate squarely with theintake bell of the engine. With these two parts touching, verify that the inflatable seal is freeand not pinched between the baffle plate and the inlet bell. Make sure the suppressor assemblyis axially centered on the engine inlet bell (see Figure 1.3). Close the air valve on the squeezebulb and, while supporting the inlet end of the suppressor, begin inflating the seal by pumpingthe squeeze bulb. As the seal inflates, it should fill the space around the engine’s inlet bell andprovide enough pressure to support the inlet suppressor assembly. Continue inflating the sealuntil the intake suppressor is fully supported. As ambient temperature and pressure changes,it may be necessary to periodically add more air to the seal to maintain support of the intakesuppressor assembly.

2. Install Exit Suppressor The exit suppressor assembly is manufactured from stainless steeland left in a natural metal finish. Like the engine and inlet suppressor, the exit suppressor has

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 10 — #22i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

10 SECTION 1

Figure 1.2: HushKit inlet suppressor properly ori-ented to SR-30 Engine inlet.

Figure 1.3: HushKit inlet suppressor mated withSR-30 Engine inlet bell. The seal can now beinflated.

Figure 1.4: HushKit exit suppressor finger clampsloosened and properly oriented for installationinto MiniLab test cell exit opening.

Figure 1.5: HushKit exit suppressor properly ori-ented in MiniLab test cell. Note the top clamphas been tightened.

an intake and exit end. The intake end is long and narrow while the exit end is shorter andof a much larger diameter. The intake end can be further identified by the glass sight windowattached to one side. Four finger shaped clamps hold the exit suppressor in place. These clampscan be tightened by hand from the exit side. Loosen each of the clamps so that the clampfingers pivot against the threaded stop studs sticking from the suppressor assembly (see Figure1.4). It is necessary to do this in order to get the clamps inside the MiniLab test cell. Insertthe exit suppressor assembly into the MiniLab test cell with the window oriented towards theoperator. Push the suppressor assembly tight against the test cell exit opening. The rubberring will provide a tight seal around this opening. Turn each of the clamps screws making surethe finger clamps pivot 90 degrees and bear against the inside of the test cell (see Figure 1.5).With each of the finger clamps oriented properly, they may be tightened sufficiently to supportthe exit suppressor assembly.

Once the intake and exit suppressors are installed, the MiniLab may be operated normally. Thebalance weight attached to the engine mounts used to tare the load cell may need adjustment to

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 11 — #23i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


compensate for the added weight of the intake suppressor.

The MiniLab is shipped with an electronic SAFETY LOCK in place.Please contact Turbine Technologies, LTD directly to review yourMiniLab set-up and for instructions on removing the safety lock.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 12 — #24i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

12 SECTION 1

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 13 — #25i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Section 2LIMITATIONS

The MiniLab is designed to be operated within the following limitations. Under no circumstancesshould these limitations be exceeded by any margin. Operator safety and efficient operation of theMiniLab is contingent upon these limitations being followed.

Should a parameter fall outside of the listed limitations, contact the factory prior to furtheroperation.

• SR-30 Turbojet Engine

– MAXIMUM RPM (actual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87,000 RPM– MAXIMUM RPM (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1% N1– MAXIMUM TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE (TIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 ◦C– MAXIMUM EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE (EGT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 ◦C

– MAXIMUM OIL PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 PSI (207 kPa)– MINIMUM OIL PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 PSI (70 kPa)

– MAXIMUM AIR PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 PSI (1,103 kPa)– MINIMUM AIR PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 PSI (690 kPa)

– MAXIMUM AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ◦C– MINIMUM AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 ◦C

13

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 14 — #26i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

14 SECTION 2

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 15 — #27i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Section 3ABNORMAL PROCEDURES

The MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System is designed with the highest regard to operator safety.Equipped with the OneTouch Gas Turbine Auto Start System, the MiniLab is virtually fool proof inoperation. All critical SR-30 Engine parameters are monitored by the OneTouch System. Should anyengine limitation be exceeded, the OneTouch System will command an immediate and safe shutdownof the engine. In the unlikely event the engine is stopped by the OneTouch System, the display willreflect the reason for the stoppage. Refer to Section 5.3.3 and Tables 5.2 and 5.3 for more information.

As explained in Section 5.3.3, there may be occassion to use the air test or clearing procedureto assist in rectifying a shutdown problem. All operators should be familiar with the air clearingprocedure in Section 5.3.3.

If any abnormal situation is encountered that the OneTouch System does not manage, remembering“RED and OFF,” will get the MiniLab System into a safe state so that a further investigation maybe made.

1. RED - Press the RED stop button.

2. OFF - Turn OFF the keyed master switch.

“RED and OFF”

15

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 16 — #28i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

16 SECTION 3

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 17 — #29i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Section 4NORMAL PROCEDURES

The MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System is designed with simplicity and operator convenience inmind. Inexperienced operators will quickly gain familiarity and confidence with the system permittingthe collection of meaningful data from the very first run. No special knowledge or skills are requiredto use the MiniLab thereby allowing its usage in even the most basic of science and engineeringcourses. The purpose designed OneTouch Gas Turbine Auto Start System greatly facilitates MiniLabease of usage.

This section provides a set of standard procedures to follow while operating the MiniLab.The steps and the order in which they appear represent the most efficient and safe procedure toinitiate operation of the MiniLab and to collect run-time data for use in a typical academic setting.Operational runs can be as short or long as necessary. Engine demonstrations and data collectionruns are particularly easy with the OneTouch System. Properly supervised, virtually anyone canoperate the MiniLab with no specific training required.

Summary operating checklists are provided in the Abbreviated Procedures sections (4.1.X).Detailed procedures for the same steps are described in the Expanded Procedures sections (4.2.X).

Familiarity with these procedures must be made prior to operating the MiniLab for the first time.Experienced operators should continue to use the checklist for each operational run to eliminate thepossibility of overlooking or inadvertently eliminating a necessary step. With power removed fromthe system (electrical service removed), the START and STOP buttons and the throttle lever maybe manipulated without harm to the system. This permits the ability to use the checklists in a “dryrun” or rehearsal fashion prior to operating the MiniLab under power.

WARNINGDo Not Permit Unattended Operation of the MiniLab

17

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 18 — #30i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

18 SECTION 4

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 19 — #31i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

NORMAL PROCEDURES 19

4.1 ABBREVIATED NORMAL PROCEDURES

Abbreviated Normal Procedures consist of a series of easy to follow summary operating checklists forthe safe and efficient operation of the MiniLab.

These checklists are presented in order of usage. Each item should be completed before proceedingto the next item. Each section must be completed before proceeding to the next section. It isrecommended that one operator read the checklist while another performs the task.

Six separate Checklist are provided as follows:

1. Section 4.1.1 Pre-Start - Prepares the MiniLab for operation.

2. Section 4.1.2 Start, Operation and Shutdown - All aspects of system operation.

3. Section 4.1.3 Data Collection - Uses the data acquisition system to display and record systemoperational parameters.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 20 — #32i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

20 SECTION 4

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 21 — #33i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


4.1.1 PRE-START

1. AREA CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VERIFY SUITABILITY FOR OPERATION

2. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AVAILABLE and USED

3. FIRE EXTINGUISHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOCATE and FAMILIARIZE with OPERATION

4. CASTER WHEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOCKED

5. KEYED MASTER SWITCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OFF

6. POWER LEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MINIMUM POWER, FULL AFT POSITION

7. VISUAL INSPECTION

a. VIEWING SHIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKEDb. INLET DUCTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKEDc. EXIT DUCTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHECKEDd. ENGINE MOUNTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKEDe. ENGINE FLUID LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKEDf. ENGINE SENSOR LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKEDg. ENGINE INLET BELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKEDh. ENGINE COMPRESSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKEDi. ENGINE INLET AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHECKEDj. ENGINE EXIT AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHECKEDk. CABINET INTERNALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHECKED

8. FUEL QUANTITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHECKED

9. OIL QUANTITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VERIFY

10. MINILAB ELECTRICAL SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CONNECT

11. MINILAB AIR SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONNECT

12. AIR PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .≈ 120 psi (827 kPa)

13. COMPUTER DAQ SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONNECT USB CABLE

14. COMPUTER DAQ SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .COMPUTER ON

15. OBSERVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRIEFED

16. FINAL CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .COMPLETE

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 22 — #34i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

22 SECTION 4

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 23 — #35i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


4.1.2 START, OPERATION and SHUTDOWN

1. KEYED MASTER SWITCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ON

2. TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE PANEL METER (TIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VERIFY ON

3. EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE PANEL METER (EGT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VERIFY ON

4. RPM PANEL METER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERIFY ON

5. POWER LEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAXIMUM POWER, FULL FORWARD POSITION

6. LCD DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERIFY THROT POSITION FLAG ILLUMINATES

7. POWER LEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MINIMUM POWER, FULL AFT POSITION

8. LCD DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RDY - READY DISPLAYED

9. ENGINE START . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GREEN START BUTTON

10. ENGINE RUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engine Will Start Within 30 Seconds

11. LCD DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RUN - RUN DISPLAYED

12. OPERATE ENGINE AS REQUIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FULL RANGE OF POWER AVAILABLE

13. ENGINE STOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RED STOP BUTTON

Engine is ready for restart when RDY (ready) is displayed on LCD Panel

AIR CLEARING PROCEDURE

The following procedure is used to clear the engine when certain WARNING flags warrant.See Section 5.3.3 for applicability.

a. ENGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OFFb. POWER LEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MIDDLE POSITIONc. LCD DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERIFY THROT POSITION FLAG ILLUMINATESd. RED STOP BUTTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PUSHe. GREEN START BUTTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PUSH

Air will cycle for 5 seconds. Repeat as necessary.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 24 — #36i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

24 SECTION 4

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 25 — #37i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


4.1.3 DATA COLLECTION

NOTE: The following steps assume the use of the standard PersonalDaqView and default settings assupplied with the MiniLab. Use of non-default settings or other software may necessitate alternativemethods or procedures for data collection. Consult the PersonalDaqView or software specific manualsas required.

1. OPEN DAQ SOFTWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pDaqView

2. RECORD DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SELECT Arm Trigger for Disk Recording

3. DISPLAY DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SELECT Enable Readings Column

4. CONFIGURE CHARTS, GRAPHS or METERS . . . . .Select the appropriate button on the Main Control

Window

5. Make Changes as Necessary

6. SAVE RECORDED DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DE-SELECT Arm Trigger for Disk Recording

Consult the PersonalDaq UsersManual.pdf and the PostAcquisition Analysis.pdf manu-als for more information on the capabilities and usage of the included data acquisition software. Thesemanuals are found in the C:\Program Files\pDaqView\Applications\Users Manuals directory.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 26 — #38i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

26 SECTION 4

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 27 — #39i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


4.2 EXPANDED NORMAL PROCEDURES

Expanded Normal Procedures consist of a series of descriptive steps detailing each summary operatingchecklist item necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the MiniLab.

These steps are presented in order of usage. Each item should be completed before proceedingto the next item. Each section must be completed before proceeding to the next section. It isrecommended that one operator read the steps aloud while another performs the task.

Six separate sections are provided as follows:

1. Section 4.2.1 Pre-Start - Prepares the MiniLab for operation.

2. Section 4.2.2 Start, Operation and Shutdown - Starts the MiniLab and establishes a steadystate system.

3. Section 4.2.3 Data Collection - Uses the data acquisition system to display and record systemoperational parameters.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 28 — #40i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

28 SECTION 4

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 29 — #41i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


4.2.1 PRE-START

The PRE-START checklist must be completed prior to operating the MiniLab. The checklist estab-lishes that all systems are ready for operation and that the SR-30 Engine can be safely started andoperated within its entire performance range.

1. The AREA CHECK is a general assessment to VERIFY SUITABILITY FOR OPERATION. Thisincludes a suitability determination of safety and facilities factors, additional equipment require-ments and the presence of responsible, knowledgeable operators familiar with the contents ofthis manual. All operators and personnel in the immediate area should be familiar with exist-ing safety policies and procedures, emergency escape routes, and emergency services telephonenumbers/points of contact. If run indoors, the facility must be capable of supplying adequateintake air flow and accommodating the corresponding exit exhaust flow. All operators mustbe thoroughly familiar with the contents of the manual prior to operating the MiniLab. It isstrongly encouraged that two or more individuals operate the MiniLab as a team to enhancesafety and ensure that all checklist items are completed.

2. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT such as hearing protection and safety glasses are RE-

QUIRED and must be AVAILABLE and USED for all individuals within the operating area ofthe MiniLab.

3. A FIRE EXTINGUISHER should be available. A responsible individual should LOCATE andFAMILIARIZE themselves with OPERATION of the fire extinguisher. It is highly unlikely thatany operation of the MiniLab will necessitate usage of a fire extinguisher. Normal STARTINGoperation of the SR-30 Engine will sometimes result in the presence of a distinct flame fromthe exit of the engine. This flame will briefly have a “blowtorch” type appearance and doesnot require any specific action on the operator’s part. As the engine comes up to speed, thisflame will receed back into the engine. Normal SHUTDOWN operation will sometimes resultin light gray or white smoke. This smoke will be “whispy” in appearance and does not requireany specific action on the operator’s part. Should a persistent yellow or orange colored “lazy”flame be encountered that lacks definition (like a candle flame), or heavy black or sooty smokeis experienced, a fire requiring attention is occuring. Press the RED STOP button, turn thekeyed MASTER SWITCH to OFF and extinguish the flame as required.

4. CASTER WHEELS must be in the LOCKED position prior to operation, preventing movementthat may pose a safety hazard.

5. KEYED MASTER SWITCH to the OFF position puts the system into a known, safe condition fromwhich it can be properly started. The MASTER SWITCH controls electrical power distributionto the entire system. With the MASTER SWITCH OFF, no electricity can flow to the air startsystem, ignition system or fuel pumps thereby preventing any chance for engine start prior tothe system being ready.

6. Moving the POWER LEVER to the MINIMUM POWER, FULL AFT POSITION puts thesystem into a known, safe condition from which it can be properly started.

7. A general VISUAL INSPECTION is required to verify the condition of the entire MiniLab systemprior to operation. Any deficiencies MUST be addressed prior to further operation of theMiniLab. Items to be CHECKED include:

(a) VIEWING SHIELD - Check that it is in place, intact and clean. No scratches or cracks arepermissible in the viewing shield.

(b) INLET DUCTING - Check that the inlet opening to the MiniLab test cell is free fromobstruction and that there are NO loose items in the vicinity of the inlet that could beingested. Any existing, facility specific ducting must be secure, intact, clean and free fromdebris or obstruction.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 30 — #42i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

30 SECTION 4

(c) EXIT DUCTING - Check that the exit opening from the MiniLab test cell is free fromobstruction and that there are NO loose items in the vicinity that could be accelerated dueto high speed exhaust gasses. Any existing, facility specific ducting must be secure, intact,clean and free from debris or obstruction.

(d) ENGINE MOUNTING - Check that the engine is securely attached to the engine mount, andthat the engine mount itself is free to move about the bearing pivots. The thrust sensortare weight should also be checked for security of adjustment on the balance rod.

(e) ENGINE FLUID LINES - Check the air, oil and fuel fluid lines that pass through the test cellfloor and attach to the engine for security of attachment, cleanliness and general condition(drops of fluid on the lines may indicate a leaking connection).

(f) ENGINE SENSOR LINES - Check the various hard lines (turbing) and wires that passthrough the test cell floor and mate to sensor locations around the engine for security ofattachment, cleanliness and general condition.

(g) ENGINE INLET BELL - Check the inlet bell for security of attachment to the engine, clean-liness and general condition.

(h) ENGINE COMPRESSOR - Check the compressor, visible through the engine inlet bell forfreedom of rotation, cleanliness and general condition. Pay particular attention to thesmoothness of engine rotation and the appearance of the individual blades. Rotation shouldbe smooth with no discernible drag resulting from contamination of the bearings. Com-pressor blades should appear sharp and bright with no obvious discontinuities in theirshape.

(i) INLET AREA - Check the area through the test cell inlet opening (left side) up to andincluding the inlet bell for any obstructions or loose materials. Any non-secured items inthis area have the potential to be sucked into the engine.

(j) EXIT AREA - Check the area from the exhaust ducts through the test cell exit opening(right side) for any obstructions or loose materials. Any non-secured items in this areahave the potential to be expelled through the test cell exit opening at high speed.

(k) CABINET INTERNALS - Check the area within the test cell for cleanliness and generalcondition. Verify that the two test cell hold down bolts, located on the corners nearest theoperator panel and opposite the hinge side are secured with the appropriate fastener nuts.

8. FUEL QUANTITY should be CHECKED for amount sufficient to conduct the intended run.

9. OIL QUANTITY should be CHECKED to verify that the proper level of oil is present in the tank.As some room is required for circulating, return oil flow, the oil tank should not be completelyfull. An amount approximatley 1 inch (2.5 cm) from bottom of the filler neck is adequate.

10. CONNECT suitable ELECTRICAL SERVICE to the MINILAB. Verify that the service to beconnected is the correct service for your particular MiniLab. Improper electrical service maydamage the MiniLab systems.

11. CONNECT suitable AIR SERVICE to the MINILAB air fitting at the back of the cabinet.

12. AIR PRESSURE should indicate a minimum of 120 psi (827 kPa) on the operator panel gauge.

13. The COMPUTER DAQ SYSTEM USB CABLE should now be CONNECTED to the DigiDAQsystem receptacle on the left side panel of the MiniLab. A computer with the appropriatedata acquisition software should be connected to the opposite end of the cable. Make sure thecomputer is OFF prior to connecting the cable or the DAQ Module hardware/software may notproperly initialize.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 31 — #43i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


14. The COMPUTER DAQ SYSTEM (data acquisition computer) should be turned ON. This allowsthe computer adequate time to initialize prior to data collection. Make sure the computer isconnected via USB cable to the DigiDAQ system receptacle on the left side panel of the MiniLabprior to turning the computer ON or the DAQ Module hardware/software may not properlyinitialize.

15. All OBSERVERS must be BRIEFED and aware of the safety requirements of being in the prox-imity of an operating jet engine. This includes awareness of intake and exit hazards as well asthe need for proper hearing protection.

16. Ensure that a FINAL CHECK of all items is COMPLETE. Verify that each checklist item hasbeen covered.

4.2.2 START, OPERATION and SHUTDOWN

The START and OPERATION checklists details the steps necessary to get the MiniLab running in themost safe and efficient manner possible. Usage of the OneTouch Autostart System greatly simplifiesoperation. The following steps must be followed to ensure the OneTouch functions correctly.

1. The KEYED MASTER SWITCH should be turned ON. This switch provides power to the entireMiniLab unit including the OneTouch System.

2. VERIFY that the TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE PANEL METER marked TIT powers ON.Meter power will be indicated by the illumination of the meter display LEDs. The meter willgo through a short self-test and then display the current ambient temperature (providing thisis the first operation of the MiniLab for the day). If the temperature indicated on the meterdoes not seem reasonable considering recent MiniLab usage, stop the checklist and determinethe problem with the meter (or associated thermocouple).

3. VERIFY that the EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE PANEL METER marked EGT powers ON.Meter power will be indicated by the illumination of the meter display LEDs. The meter willgo through a short self-test and then display the current ambient temperature (providing thisis the first operation of the MiniLab for the day). If the temperature indicated on the meterdoes not seem reasonable considering recent MiniLab usage, stop the checklist and determinethe problem with the meter (or associated thermocouple).

4. VERIFY that the RPM PANEL METER marked RPM powers ON. Meter power will be indicatedby the illumination of the meter display LEDs. The meter will go through a short self-test andthen display the current engine RPM. With the engine off and not rotating, the displayed RPMshould be zero (0000). If any numbers other than zero are displayed, stop the checklist anddetermine the problem with the meter.

5. The engine POWER LEVER should be moved to the MAXIMUM POWER, FULL FORWARDPOSITION to verify freedom of movement throughout the full range of throttle operation.

6. With the POWER LEVER FULL FORWARD as in the previous step, VERIFY that the THROTPOSITION FLAG ILLUMINATES on the LCD DISPLAY.

7. The engine POWER LEVER may now be returned to the MINIMUM POWER, FULL AFTPOSITION. As with an earlier step, this verifies that the throttle functions correctly throughoutthe full range of motion.

8. With the POWER LEVER in the FULL AFT POSITION, the LCD DISPLAY should display RDYwhich indicates that the MiniLab is READY for engine start.

9. ENGINE START may now be initiated by pressing the GREEN START BUTTON.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 32 — #44i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

32 SECTION 4

10. Once the GREEN START BUTTON has been pressed, the OneTouch System will initiate theengine start sequence. High pressure air is directed into the engine to cause rotation. The highvoltage ignition system is also turned on that produces an electric arc in the burner can. Whenthe proper RPM is reached, fuel is introduced to the engine and sprayed into the combustionchamber. The arc ignites the fuel and combustion begins. Expanding combustion gasses furtherthe start process. While the start is progressing, the OneTouch System monitors a variety ofsystem parameters to ensure a safe and efficient start. A normal start will take approximately25 seconds to complete. An abnormal start will result in the immediate shutdown of the startsequence.

11. Once the engine is running at idle, the LCD DISPLAY will display RUN indicating that theengine is properly running and ready for data collection or demonstration.

12. The FULL RANGE OF engine POWER is now AVAILABLE allowing the engine to be operatedas required. Advancing the power lever away from the operator towards the test cell allowsmore fuel into the engine, increasing RPM, power and thrust produced. Moving the power levertowards the operator reduces the amount of fuel flowing to the engine, decreasing RPM, powerand thrust. The engine may be operated at any power setting for any amount of time. Allpower lever movements should be smooth and deliberate. Avoid rapid or jerky movements ofthe power lever.

13. The ENGINE may be STOPPED at any time by pressing the RED STOP BUTTON. After theengine has spooled down, RDY will once again be displayed on the LCD DISPLAY indicatingthat the engine is ready for another start.

If it is determined that the air clearing procedure as outlined in Section 5.3.3 (or through theWARNING flag displays in Table 5.3) is required, complete the following steps:

(a) Verify that the ENGINE is OFF.

(b) Position the POWER LEVER into the MIDDLE POSITION.

(c) Verify that the THROT POSITION FLAG ILLUMINATES on the LCD DISPLAY.

(d) PUSH the RED STOP BUTTON once to arm the air clearning function.

(e) PUSH the GREEN START BUTTON to activate the air clearing function. Normal startingair will flow into the engine for five (5) seconds. Repeat as necessary. Table 5.3 shouldserve as guidance in using the air clearing function. When in doubt, contact the factoryfor further information.

4.2.3 DATA COLLECTION

NOTE: The following steps assume the use of the standard PersonalDaqView and default settings assupplied with the MiniLab. Use of non-default settings or other software may necessitate alternativemethods or procedures for data collection. Consult the PersonalDaqView or software specific manualsas required.

Momentarily moving the mouse pointer over a button will reveal the name of that button.

1. From Windows, OPEN the PersonalDaqView software by double-clicking on the pDaqView short-cut icon in the MiniLab folder located on the Windows Desktop. PersonalDaqView will startwith the Main Control Window and Channel Configuration Window displayed.

NOTE: The computer must be connected to the MiniLab USB port prior to opening the Person-alDaqView software. The MiniLab configuration software is dependent upon the specific DAQModule serial number as installed in the MiniLab and will not function properly if the DAQ

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 33 — #45i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


Module cannot be found. Exit the program, attach the USB cable and start over with Step 1above. To verify that the software is communicating with the DAQ Module, select View fromthe Main Control Window and select Active Devices... on the drop down menu. Verify thata check appears in the check box next to the appropriate device name. Generally, two devicenames will be present. A name specific to the DAQ Module installed (with a correspondingserial number) and a generic name such as PD1 representing a Simulated DAQ Module.

2. To record data to disk, select the Arm Trigger for Disk Recording button. This but-ton appears as a play button with a red record indicator on it. Data acquisition be-gins and data is stored to a disk file as indicated in the Data Destination Window.The default destination, including the default file name of PDAQ.BIN is C:\ProgramFiles\pDaqView\Applications\DATA\PDAQ.BIN. A different location and/or file name may beselected in the Data Destination Window. Step 2 may be skipped if recorded data is notnecessary.

3. Start sampling real time data by pushing the play button - Enable Readings Column, withinthe Channel Configuration Window. Measured values are then displayed in the Reading column.

4. With the system sampling and displaying measured data, scrolling charts, bar graph, analog ordigital meters may be displayed for any of the various channels as deemed appropriate for thetype of data being collected. Select the appropriate button on the Main Control Window forthe type of chart, graph or meter desired.

5. To change any setting within the Channel Configuration Window, it is first necessary to push thestop button - Disable Readings Column, within the Channel Configuration Window. Make thechanges as necessary, then repeat Step 3. Chart, graph and meter formatting may be changedby left, right or double clicking in the chart, graph or meter area. In some cases, it may benecessary to push the stop button - Disable Readings Column, to make changes to the chart,graph or meter. Repeating Step 3 resumes the display of measured values. It may also benecessary to push the play button on individual charts, graphs or meters if changes were madeto those independently.

6. At the conclusion of the data run, deselect the Arm Trigger for Disk Recording button. Thespecific file saved during the data run must immediately be copied out of the present directoryand/or renamed. Attempting to take additionally data will overwrite the current file resultingin the loss of that data. Read all dialog boxes that appear on the screen and understand theresult of any action selected.

Consult the PersonalDaq UsersManual.pdf and the PostAcquisition Analysis.pdf manu-als for more information on the capabilities and usage of the included data acquisition software. Thesemanuals are found in the C:\Program Files\pDaqView\Applications\Users Manuals directory ofthe default DAQ software installation.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 34 — #46i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

34 SECTION 4

4.3 GENERAL GUIDELINES

The following GENERAL GUIDELINES are offered as quick reminders of items requiring partic-ular attention.

• Read and become familiar with the MiniLab Operator’s Manual.• Use the provided checklists during every operation.• Mandate the appropriate personal safety equipment for all operators and observers.• Know the facility safety policies, emergency contact numbers and location of fire extinguishers.• Consider all surfaces to be HOT during and for a significant time after operation.• Check the MiniLab fuel and oil level before and after every use. Add fuel and oil if necessary.• Lock all four caster wheels during operation.• Use only in a well ventilated area.• Continually monitor all system parameters and be attentive for out of limit readings. Immedi-

ately stop operation if anything is questionable.• Remember, turbojet engines require a large volume of air that is ultimately exhausted at high

temperature and velocity.

• DO NOT operate the MiniLab without first becoming familiar with the Operator’s Manual.• DO NOT operate the system unattended.• DO NOT stand or allow others in the general proximity of the MiniLab intake or exhaust.• DO NOT move the system while operating.• DO NOT exceed scale readings/limitations on any instrument or gauge.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 35 — #47i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Section 5Systems

The MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System is comprised of a turbojet engine and various supportequipment that enables engine operation. The engine is similar in design to powerplants typical ofaircraft, marine and rail propulsion systems. It is also comparable to industrial and power generationtype gas turbines. The only significant difference from these examples is size. Because of this smallsize, some of the systems normally found on the engine itself have been relocated to the systemcabinetry for convenience and ease of operation.

The following sections briefly describe the principle components of the MiniLab, their functionand operation.

5.1 Gas Turbine

The SR-30 Turbojet Engine is designed and manufactured by Turbine Technologies, LTD specificallyfor the MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System. The SR-30 Turbojet Engine Cutaway in Figure 5.6 isthe same engine as installed in the MiniLab with portions of selected components removed to revealthe inner workings of the engine.

A pure turbojet, the SR-30 Engine is representative of all straight jet engines in which combustionresults in an expanding gas that is sufficiently capable of producing useful work and propulsive thrust.Consisting of a centrifugal flow compressor, annular combustor and axial flow compressor turbine,the SR-30 Engine is typical of the gas generator core found in turbofan, turboprop and turboshaftengines.

Following the gas flow path is the easiest way to understand the relatively simple working of ajet engine. Each major component of the engine is investigated in turn with consideration given tohow the individual parts contribute to the overall function of the engine. Showcasing the internalconfiguration of the basic turbojet, the SR-30 Cutaway image in Figure 5.6 facilitates a qualitativeunderstanding of gas turbine fundamentals and establishes a foundation for more advanced theoreticalstudy or experimental exploration of the operating SR-30 Engine installed in the MiniLab Gas TurbinePower System.

The following sections provide a brief introduction to each of the principal engine components.

5.1.1 Inlet

The inlet is the first engine component to encounter the gaseous working fluid (atmospheric air)necessary for the operation of the gas turbine engine. Not to be confused with the external inlet andducting installed on the MiniLab cabinetry (or the aerodynamic inlet on the nacelle of a jet transportaircraft, for example), the engine inlet performs the final conditioning or treatment of the inlet airprior to its entering the interior of the engine. The inlet bell of the SR-30 Engine is illustrative of atypical subsonic inlet duct in which ambient air is directly routed to the face of the compressor. Apurely aerodynamic device, the inlet is not subject to temperature extremes. In the case of the SR-30

35

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 36 — #48i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

36 SECTION 5

Figure 5.6: SR-30 Turbojet Engine Components

Engine, the inlet is investment cast from aerospace quality aluminum, machined to mate with the restof the engine and polished on the interior surface to promote the smooth flow of air through the inlet.

5.1.2 Centrifugal Flow Compressor

The compressor (rotor), along with the axial flow turbine, makes up the rotating assembly of theturbojet engine. The SR-30 Engine utilizes a centrifugal (radial flow) compressor, with the flow pathbeing referenced to the rotation axis of the compressor itself. As viewed from the front of the enginelooking aft, the engine rotates in a counter-clockwise direction to properly function. Through thismechnical rotation, energy is imparted to the inlet air. The compressor, also known as an impeller,typically rotates anywhere from 50,000 to 90,000 revolutions per minute (RPM) depending upon theamount of thrust the engine is producing. This high rotational speed takes inlet air at the impellerhub and centrifugally accelerates it in a radial direction toward the outer circumference of the impellerwhere it is discharged through the diffuser. The compressor blade geometry and the correspondingaerodynamic and fluid forces resulting from the rotation effects a useful change in the working fluidvelocity and pressure. At 90,000 RPM, the tip speed of the compressor is at its greatest radius andtherefore the approximate velocity of the air leaving the compressor is 1550 ft/s (473 m/s). Asidefrom aerodynamic requirements, the compressor must be mechanically designed to endure the stressencountered while rotating at operating RPMs. Either aluminum or steel alloys are used in themanufacture of the compressor.

5.1.3 Diffuser

The diffuser (stator) works in conjunction with the compressor to further process the working fluid.The compressor discharge air is directed through the diffuser where the fluid velocity is decreasedand the static pressure increased. The SR-30 Engine has a maximum pressure ratio of approximately3, meaning the pressure of the air exiting the diffuser is 3 times that of atmospheric. At sea levelon a standard day this would result in a total pressure of 44 psi (303 kPa). This discharge air alsoundergoes a 90 degree change in direction, transitioning from a radial to axial flow (oriented along the

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 37 — #49i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SYSTEMS 37

length of the engine). The compressor and diffuser working together comprise the compressor stageof the engine. Like the inlet, the diffuser is investment cast from aluminum and finish machined.

5.1.4 Annular Combustor

High pressure air leaving the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber or combustor. The purposeof the combustor is to further increase the potential energy content of the working fluid throughcombustion of a gaseous fuel and air mixture. The SR-30 Engine features an annular type combustorcomposed of two perforated tubes fixed in a concentric relation to one another. The combustor isoriented in a reverse flow arrangement with the inlet of the combustor situated at the rear of theengine. This arrangement allows for the most physically compact engine. Only a small fraction of theavailable compressor air is necessary to support combustion. Mixed at the inlet end of the combustor,this primary air and fuel is ignited during engine start by a high voltage spark type igniter plug.Once the engine is started, the igniter is no longer necessary as the combustion process becomesself sustaining. Air in excess of that needed for combustion, termed secondary air, enters throughthe larger combustor holes and helps to both stabilize and position the combustion flame within thecombustor walls and to cool the combustion gases to a value suitable for engine operation (limitedby component material properties). Typical combustion temperatures ranges from 400◦C to 800◦C.Because of these higher temperatures, the annular combustor is manufactured from Inconel sheet,rolled into the proper shape and welded. The individual primary and secondary air holes are lasercut.

5.1.5 Fuel Atomization Nozzle

Fuel enters the combustion inlet through six equally spaced fuel atomization nozzles located at theextreme rear of the engine (mounted so as to protrude into the inlet of the reverse flow annularcombustor). The nozzles are designed to fully atomize the fuel as it exits the nozzle. Atomization aidsin the efficient, clean and thorough combustion of the fuel and air mixture. Combustion is furtherenhanced by the introduction of turbulence within the fuel nozzle to combustor mounting assembly.The advanced nozzle design permits a wide range of heavy type fuels (diesel, kerosene) to be used inthe engine without the need for preheating or other forms of fuel conditioning. The amount of fuelnecessary to operate the engine varies with the desired power output. A common measure of fuelusage is Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) which relates the amount of fuel per unit of thrust per unitof time. The SR-30 Engine has an SFC of approximately 0.80 at high RPM (high thrust).

5.1.6 Fuel Controller

Fuel is provided to the atomization nozzles via the fuel controller. Engine speed is regulated bycontrolling the amount of fuel entering the combustor through the fuel atomization nozzles. Fuel isdelivered to the controller at constant pressure. The controller then regulates the amount of fuelreaching the atomization nozzles through a high pressure, return flow throttling technique. At lowengine speeds, the majority of fuel entering the fuel controller is allowed to return to the fuel source.When higher engine speeds are desired, the fuel controller return line is restricted causing more fuelto reach the nozzles.

The engine is fully throttleable over the entire performance envelope from idle to maximum power.There is no restriction on the speed or rate at which the fuel controller may be moved. The fuelcontroller movement causes a nearly instantaneous response in engine power.

5.1.7 Transition Liner

Hot combustion gases leaving the annular combustor are turned back 180 degrees by the transitionliner. While combustor gases move in the reverse direction, the transition liner returns the flow pathto the normal front to back direction.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 38 — #50i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

38 SECTION 5

5.1.8 Vane Guide Ring

The vane guide ring (stator) is the first component in the turbine stage and permits the turbine toextract useful work from the combustion process. This ring consists of a shrouded series of smallairfoil blades each facing into the oncoming combustion gas flow as directed by the transition liner.As the flow path narrows between the individual blades, the hot, high pressure combustion gases areaccelerated to a high velocity, high energy flow. The vane guide ring further directs this acceleratinggas in such a manner as to produce the most effective reaction against the turbine blades.

Like the combustor components, the vane guide ring is manufactured from Inconel 718 alloy.

5.1.9 Axial Flow Turbine

The turbine (rotor) absorbs energy from the accelerating gas flow and converts it into usable mechan-ical power. Further acceleration of the expanding flow takes place through the turbine blades. Muchlike blades of the vane guide ring, the individual turbine blades are also airfoil shaped. A combinationof aerodynamic and reaction forces cause the turbine to rotate. Coupled to the compressor, the solejob of the turbine is to effect a rotation of the compressor to perpetuate the entire flow process. Onlythe power necessary to drive the compressor is extracted from the flow as it expands through theturbine blades. The remaining energy is available and utilized for the generation of propulsive thrust.

The turbine wheel is designed as an integrally bladed disk commonly called a blisk. The turbinewheel blisk is precision vacuum investment cast from CMR 247 Super Alloy.

5.1.10 Thrust Nozzle

A convergent tube of gradually decreasing cross-section, the thrust nozzle converts the remainingcombustion heat energy into kinetic energy. The gas accelerates through the nozzle at high velocityresulting in propulsive thrust at the nozzle exit. The thrust nozzle also serves as a turbine wheelcontainment ring in the event the turbine wheel were to come apart while the engine is running.

5.1.11 Miscellaneous

Numerous other components such as bearings, seals, fittings, galleyways and fasteners are foundthroughout the engine.

5.2 Engine Accessories

For simplicity and ease of operation, all engine ancillary accessories are located separate from theengine itself.

5.2.1 Fuel

The MiniLab fuel system is comprised of a fuel reservoir, fuel pump and fuel delivery lines. Thestainless steel fuel reservoir, accessed from the rear of the MiniLab cabinet, holds 7 gallons (26.5 ltrs)of fuel. Fuel is pumped from the reservoir by an electrically driven fuel pump, passed through a fuelfilter and sent through the fuel lines to the fuel controller. Fuel in excess of that needed by the fuelcontroller is routed back to the fuel reservoir.

5.2.2 Oil

The MiniLab features a fully recirculating oil system. The oil system is comprised of an oil reservoir,oil pump and oil delivery lines. The stainless steel oil reservoir, accessed from the rear of the MiniLabcabinet, holds 1 gallon (3.8 ltrs) of oil. Oil is pumped from the reservoir by an electrically driven

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 39 — #51i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SYSTEMS 39

oil pump, passed through an oil fitler and sent through the oil delivery lines to the engine. Oil flowsthrough oil galleyways in the engine that directs oil to the main bearings upon which the compressorand turbine ride. The oil is used to cool and lubricate these bearings. After the oil flows through thebearings, it is returned to the oil reservoir.

5.2.3 Ignition

A dedicated exciter box provides high voltage to the single spark igniter used to initiate combustion.Combustion is self sustaining once the engine starts. The exciter box is shut off and the igniter ceasesto spark.

5.2.4 Starting Air

Compressed air is used to start the engine. A standard air fitting is provided on the back of theMiniLab cabinet for the connection of standard shop air. A solenoid valve controls the flow of airfrom this fitting to the engine via an air line. The air line attaches to the engine and is oriented todirect air tangentially against the engine compressor. This air rotates the compressor up to a speedsufficient to start the engine.

5.3 Cabinetry

5.3.1 Test Section

The MiniLab features a fully integral test cell mounted atop the system cabinetry. Front and rearviewing shields allow observation of the engine during operation while providing a safety barrierbetween the engine and observers. Access to the engine is gained by opening the test cell about itshinged rear side.

The SR-30 Engine is mounted within the test cell to a forward and aft support. These supportsare attached to the thrust measurement system. Thrust values are measured directly via a calibratedload cell. The engine is allowed to rotate about a main bearing that serves as a fulcrum for the thrustmeasurement system. A counterweight is provided to adjust the zero thrust reading.

All engine fluid, electrical and sensor lines pass through the floor of the test cell into the cabinetbelow.

5.3.2 Operator Panel

Various controls and indicators are provided to assist the operator in using the MiniLab.

1. Keyed Master Switch The key lockable system master switch controls the supply of electricalpower to the main bus that powers all MiniLab System components. When selected ON, poweris available to the MiniLab. When selected OFF, no power is available to any system componentthereby preventing the engine from running. In all cases, removing MiniLab electrical power byselecting this switch to OFF will cause the engine to stop running.

2. Green Start Button The start button’s primary function is to initiate the automatic enginestart sequence through the OneTouch Gas Turbine Auto Start System. This button controlsa number of other OneTouch System functions depending upon the current system state. SeeSection 5.3.3 for more information.

3. Red Stop Button The stop button’s primary function is to command the OneTouch Systemto stop or shutdown a running engine. Pressing this button will immediately cause the engineto stop operating. If, for any reason, this button fails to stop the engine, the Keyed MasterSwitch can be used as a backup to stop the engine. This button controls a number of other

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 40 — #52i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

40 SECTION 5

Figure 5.7: Operator Control Panel - Overview Figure 5.8: Operator Control Panel - Master,Start, Stop

Figure 5.9: Operator Control Panel - Gauges Figure 5.10: Operator Control Panel - Meters

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 41 — #53i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SYSTEMS 41

OneTouch System functions depending upon the current system state. See Section 5.3.3 formore information.

4. Oil Pressure Gauge The oil pressure gauge provides a direct indication of oil pressure availableto the engine for cooling and lubrication. The oil pressure setting is established at the factoryprior to shipment and should fall in the range specified in Section 2.

5. P3 Gauge The P3 gauge indicates gauge pressure in the combustion can of the engine. Thisvalue provides a relative measurement of engine power.

6. Fuel Pressure Gauge The fuel pressure gauge provides a direct indication of fuel pressuredirected to the engine fuel control unit. The fuel pressure setting is established at the factoryprior to shipment and should fall in the range specified in Section 2.

7. Air Pressure Gauge The air pressure gauge provides a direct indication of air pressure avail-able for engine starting. The indicated air pressure must fall in the range specified in Section 2for proper engine starting.

8. Turbine Inlet Temperature - TIT - Panel Meter The TIT panel meter indicates thetemperature of the combustion gases just prior to entering the compressor turbine. MaximumTIT is specified in Section 2.

9. Exhaust Gas Temperature - EGT - Panel Meter The EGT panel meter indicates thetemperature of the combustion gases aft of the turbine. The difference in TIT and EGT givesa relative sense of power extraction by the turbine. Maximum EGT is specified in Section 2.

10. Engine Rotational Speed - RPM - Panel Meter The RPM panel meter indicates therotational speed of the compressor and turbine (also known as N1 speed). The higher the RPM,the greater the flow through the engine and the higher the indicated thrust. Maximum RPM isspecified in Section 2.

11. OneTouch LCD Display Panel All OneTouch System indications are presented on the LCDDisplay Panel. This panel is backlit for low light settings.

12. Power Lever (Throttle) The T-Handled Power Lever controls the amount of thrust theengine produces by throttling the amount of fuel allowed to flow into the fuel nozzles (via thefuel controller). The power lever is set up in the conventional way: full power is away fromthe operator, idle power is towards the operator. The power lever also controls a numberof OneTouch functions depending upon the current system state. See Section 5.3.3 for moreinformation.

5.3.3 OneTouch Gas Turbine Auto Start System

The OneTouch Gas Turbine Auto Start System simplifes operation of the MiniLab through the au-tomation of the engine start sequence. It further assists the operator by continuously monitoringcritical engine temperatures and RPM as well as verifying an adequate supply of fuel and oil duringoperation.

The OneTouch System utilizes a dedicated computer and purpose designed controller board toprovide the automation functions. The computer and controller, along with a dedicated power supplyand LCD Display are packaged into the OneTouch box and mounted beneath the MiniLab operatorpanel.

Operation of the MiniLab equipped with the OneTouch System is both intuitive and straightfor-ward. The keyed master switch limits MiniLab operation to those that are authorized to do so. Withthe keyed switch on, power is immediately applied to the OneTouch System computer. During systeminitialization, several screens are displayed that provide basic MiniLab information such as unit serial

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 42 — #54i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

42 SECTION 5

number, registered owner and cumulative system time displayed as engine run-time and total enginestart/stop cycles. The availability of this information is particularly helpful when making operationalor service inquiries to the factory.

Two buttons and the traditional T-handled power lever located on the MiniLab operator panel areall that is necessary to operate the MiniLab through the OneTouch System. A backlit LCD displaypanel integral to the operator panel serves as the primary user interface. During normal operation,the LCD display indicates all monitored engine parameters and provides a simple indication of systemstatus. Should the OneTouch System command an engine shutdown, the cause for the shutdown willbe displayed. Additional diagnostic functions are available through a combinatorial selection of thetwo buttons and the power lever.

Following initialization, the OneTouch System will display the normal operation screen and indicatethe engine is ready to start through the RDY or ready flag. The throttle lever needs to be in the full aftposition to arm the START button. If the throttle is in any other position, an indication on the displayscreen will flag the operator to reset the throttle. Pressing the green START button commences theautostart sequence. The RDY flag will change to STR indicating the starting sequence is underway.Engine rotation begins through the introduction of starting air. Rotational speed is displayed asa percentage of the maximum engine RPM limit as indicated by the N1% value. As N1 increases,fuel is introduced at the appropriate time and ignited thereby starting the combustion process. Thedisplayed Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) value will show an immediate temperature rise indicatingpositive combustion. As N1 continues to increase, the P3 pressure value relating total engine pressureto ambient will also increase. Starting air remains on until the engine achieves a stable idle RPM andthe TIT has cooled to an acceptable level. Once the starting air is shut off, the display will show theRUN flag to indicate the starting sequence was successful.

The engine is now running and may be operated as desired. For reference purposes, an elapsedrun-time counter displays the time since engine start. Stopping the engine is as easy as pressingthe red STOP button. The OneTouch System continues monitoring the engine throughout the entireshutdown. The RUN flag will now change to AIR to let the operator know the engine is spooling downand only air is passing through it. Once N1 and TIT values are within safe start limits, the OneTouchSystem enables the engine for an immediate restart by indicating RDY once again. Through theOneTouch System, the engine may be repeatedly started and stopped without any adverse affect tothe engine or the MiniLab system.

During start and operation, should any critical engine value be exceeded or a problem foundwith any MiniLab system, the OneTouch System will command an engine shutdown and alert theoperator to the problem. Faults are segregated between CAUTION and WARNING depending uponthe severity of the problem and the operator intervention required to rectify the fault. A CAUTIONis indicative of a minor problem that can be immediately fixed. Low fuel or oil levels are examplesof CAUTIONs that are fixed simply by adding the appropriate fluid. A WARNING suggests thepotential for a more serious problem that must be investigated before the engine can be run again.See Table 5.2 and Table 5.3 for a complete listing of CAUTION and WARNING flags.

The air solenoid and the engine ignition system can be operated independently of the auto startsequence for diagnostic and test purposes. To do so, and with the engine off, move the throttle leverout of the aft position so that the CAUTION - THROT POSITION screen is displayed. Withthis screen displayed, push the red STOP button. A new screen will display indicating that the AIR& IGNITION are OFF. Pressing the green START button will close the air relay for five seconds.Pressing the red STOP button will close the ignition relay for five seconds. The display will indicatewhether the air or ignition is on or off. A working air relay will make a “snapping” sound if the air isnot hooked up and the usual compressor whine if air is connected to the MiniLab. A working ignitionsystem will emit a low volume “hissing” or static like sound from the engine while the ignition is on.It is not necessary to test these functions during normal MiniLab usage. Certain WARNING flagsmay require the air test function if they are encountered. See the CAUTION and WARNING flagdescriptions that follow, Tables 5.2 and 5.3. (note: If air is connected to the MiniLab when testing theair function, the SR-30 Engine will spool up just as it would during a start sequence. Although no fuel

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 43 — #55i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SYSTEMS 43

Table 5.2: OneTouch System CAUTION Flags

CAUTION FLAGINDICATION CAUSE REMEDY

THROTTLE POSITION The throttle lever is not in the lowpower or aft most setting.

Pull the throttle lever all the wayaft (towards the operator, awayfrom the test cell). A microswitchlocated under the operator paneldetects when the throttle lever isin the proper position.

FUEL LEVEL Inadequate fuel supply in the fueltank.

Add fuel to the fuel tank. Tankcapacity is approximately 7 gallons(26.5 ltrs), however a certain vol-ume should be left for expansionand fuel return. For this reason,there should not be more than 5gallons (18.9 ltrs) of fuel in thetank when full. Fuel level is de-tected via a float switch on thebottom of the fuel tank.

OIL LEVEL Inadequate oil supply in the oiltank.

Add oil to the oil tank. Tank ca-pacity is approximately 4 quarts(3.8 ltrs). The oil level shouldalways be full to assist in enginecooling. Oil level is detected via afloat switch on the bottom of theoil tank.

will be introduced, the engine should be considered in operation requiring all operators and observers toremain clear of the test cell inlet and exit, and that appropriate eye and hearing protection be worn.)

AIR CLEARING PROCEDURE1. Engine Power Off

2. Throttle Moved to Mid Range Setting3. Push the red STOP button to enable air

4. Push the green START button to activate air5. Repeat as Necessary

5.3.4 Chassis

The MiniLab chassis is purpose built, laser cut for precision and powder coated for long lastingdurability.

5.3.5 Electrical Service

Standard outlet service of 120 VAC, 60 Hz (220 VAC, 50 Hz) is the only electrical service necessaryto operate the MiniLab. DigiDAQ system electrical requirements are served internally. No additional

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 44 — #56i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

44 SECTION 5

Table 5.3: OneTouch System WARNING Flags

WARNING FLAGINDICATION CAUSE REMEDY

LOW START PRESSURE Insufficient air pressure to enableengine start.

Air supply pressure must be atleast 100 psi (690 kPa) (80 psi(550 kPa) sustained) to start theengine. 120 psi (830 kPa) is idealand results in reliable starts (withthe proper sized air line).

FALSE START Engine did not successfully light. Contact the factory for further in-structions.

HUNG START Engine isn’t accelerating suffi-cently to sustain idle RPM.

Verify that fuel pressure is approx-imately 150 psi (1035 kPa) as in-dicated on the panel gauge. If thefuel pressure is above or below thisvalue, contact the factory for ad-justment procedures. If there is nofuel pressure indication, make surethere are no kinked or bent fuellines and that the fuel pump is run-ning during the start sequence. Ifthe problem persists, contact thefactory for further instructions. Ifexcessive fuel is dripping from theengine, follow the air clearing pro-cedure (air test function) in thissection. Activate the air severaltimes to fully clear all fuel.

OIL PRESSURE Low oil pressure. Verify that oil pressure is between10 and 30 psi (70 and 207 kPa) onthe panel gauge. If the oil pressureis outside of this range, contactthe factory for adjustment proce-dures. If there is no oil pressure in-dication on the panel gauge, makesure there are no kinked or bent oillines and that the oil pump is run-ning during the start sequence. Ifthe problem persists, contact thefactory for further instructions.

OVER SPEED The engine rotational speed hasexceeded the maximum RPMlimit.

The upper throttle setting hasbeen changed. Contact the fac-tory for further instructions.

OVER TEMP The maximum TIT has been ex-ceeded.

Follow the air clearing procedure(air test function) in this section.Activate the air several times tofully cool the internal engine com-ponents. Contact the factory forfurther instructions. All engine op-eration must be discontinued un-til the cause of the overtemp canbe determined and the conditionof the internal engine componentsverified.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 45 — #57i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SYSTEMS 45

external electrical service is required. Computer equipment or additional operator provided sensors,meters or instrumentation will necessarily require their own electrical service as appropriate to thespecific equipment used.

5.3.6 Miscellaneous

The MiniLab cabinetry is fitted with lockable caster wheels to facilitate movement of the system foruse and storage.

5.4 Data Acquisition System

The MiniLab comes equipped with the DigiDAQ precision data acquisition system permitting a fullrange of system parameter measurement. This system, comprising a suite of sensors, excitation powersources, signal conditioners, data acquisition hardware and user interface software, when used inconjunction with an appropriate computer, allows actual run-time data to be displayed and recordedfor later analysis. Off the shelf hardware, industry standard software and factory setup and calibrationof the data acquisition system makes data collection a trivial event allowing the educational emphasisto be placed on system operation and analysis.

Additional information can be obtained from the respective manufacturer’s equipment and softwaremanuals contained in the three-ring binder included with the MiniLab. In the unlikely event that dataacquisition system software settings or sensor calibration is lost, all factory settings are provided onCD-ROM for quick data restoration. Additional information regarding default system settings can befound in subsequent sections of this chapter.

5.4.1 Computer

The MiniLab is typically provided with a Microsoft Windows XP Professional based laptop computerfor portability and system security. Final factory sensor settings are saved to this computer as wellas a standard user interface display for initial system familiarization and data collection runs. Thecomputer is equipped with a writable CD-ROM and Ethernet interface to facilitate run-time datadissemination.

For maximum flexibility, the system is designed to work with any Windows XP Professional com-puter equipped with a standard Universal Serial Bus (USB).

5.4.2 DAQ Module

The MiniLab DigiDAQ System utilizes an IOtech Personal Daq/56 USB Data Acquisition Module.Featuring 22-bit analog to digital conversion, multiple channels of voltage, thermocouples, pulse, fre-quency and digital I/O can be measured and controlled. This is accomplished through 20 single-endedor 10 differential analog (up to ±20V full scale) or thermocouple input channels, 16 programmableranges, 500V optical isolation, 16 digital I/O lines and four frequency/pulse channels. The integratedUSB connection allows a single cable interface of up to 16 feet (5 meters) between the MiniLab andthe data acquisition computer. This distance is easily increased up to 98 feet (30 meters) through theuse of powered USB hubs (serving as data repeaters). The USB’s high-speed data transfer rate (upto 12Mbits/s) allows for a real-time display of acquired data, while eliminating the need for buffermemory in the data acquisition system itself.

Unused data channels are available for operator use. With sensors or transducers appropriate tothe variables of interests, interface to the DAQ Module is accomplished through convenient, removablescrew-terminal input connections. Optionally available snap-on expansion DAQ Modules increase thetotal channel capacity to 60 analog or thermocouple channels, 32 digital I/O lines and four frequencyinput channels. USB hubs used in conjunction with multiple DAQ Modules can further increase theavailable channel count to over 8,000 - enough for any conceivable data acquisition need.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 46 — #58i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

46 SECTION 5

5.4.3 Sensors

Thirteen (13) system parameters are sensor measured with the stock MiniLab configuration. Somedata acquisition channels are utilized in single-ended mode while others are used in differential mode.

The basic sensor package includes pressure, temperature, RPM and flow sensors (calibrated) mea-suring parameters common to Brayton Cycle type analysis. The following list details the measuredsystem parameters and their corresponding physical DAQ Module channel. Table 5.4 provides moredetailed information concerning channel assignments, installed sensor or transducer type and a listingof all open and available DAQ Module channels. Figure 5.11 shows the location of the temperatureand pressure sensors with their corresponding subscripted location number.

1. P1 Compressor Inlet Pressure (physical analog channel PD1 A01L) - Ambient pressure atthe engine inlet.

2. P2 Compressor Exit Pressure (physical analog input channel PD1 A01H) - Pressure afterthe compressor stage and prior to introduction of fuel (combustion).

3. P3 Turbine Stage Inlet Pressure (physical analog input channel PD1 A02L) - Combustionpressure prior to passing through the compressor turbine.

4. P4 Turbine Stage Exit Pressure (physical analog input channel PD1 A02H) - Pressure afterthe compressor turbine stage.

5. P5 Thrust Nozzle Exit Pressure (Exhaust Gas) (physical analog input channel PD1 A03L)- Pressure at the exit of the engine.

6. Fuel Flow (physical analog input channel PD1 A03H) - Fuel flow calibrated in gallons per hour.

7. RPM (physical analog input channel PD1 A04) - Engine rotational speed. Derived from mea-suring the output voltage of a generator mounted on the compressor.

8. Thrust (physical analog input channel PD1 A05) - Engine thrust measured on the enginemount/thrust measurement system. Thrust forces are resolved and directly measured on abutton type load cell.

9. T1 Compressor Inlet Temperature (physical analog input channel PD1 A06) - Ambienttemperature at the engine inlet..

10. T2 Compressor Exit Temperature (physical analog input channel PD1 A7) - Temperatureafter the compressor stage and prior to introduction of fuel (combustion).

11. T3 Turbine Stage Inlet Temperature (physical analog input channel PD1 A08) - Combustiontemperature prior to passing through the compressor turbine.

12. T4 Turbine Stage Exit Temperature (physical analog input channel PD1 A09) - Tempera-ture after the compressor turbine stage.

13. T5 Thrust Nozzle Exit Temperature (Exhaust Gas) (physical analog input channelPD1 A10) - Temperature at the the exit of the engine.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 47 — #59i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SYSTEMS 47

Fig

ure

5.11

:SR

-30

Turb

oje

tE

ngi

ne

Sen

sor

Loca

tion

s

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 48 — #60i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

48 SECTION 5

Table 5.4: DAQ Channel Assignments and Sensor Details

PHYSICAL SYSTEM SENSOR PHYSICAL SENSORCHANNEL PARAMETER TYPE RANGE OUTPUT

Analog PD1 A01L P1 - Compressor Inlet Setra Differential 0 - 25” WC 0.0 - 5.0 VoltsAnalog PD1 A01H P2 - Compressor Exit Setra Model 209 0 - 50 (psig) 0.5 - 5.5 VoltsAnalog PD1 A02L P3 - Turbine Inlet Setra Model 209 0 - 50 (psig) 0.5 - 5.5 VoltsAnalog PD1 A02H P4 - Turbine Exit Setra Model 209 0 - 5 (psig) 0.5 - 5.5 VoltsAnalog PD1 A03L P5 - Exhaust Gas Setra Model 209 0 - 5 (psig) 0.5 - 5.5 VoltsAnalog PD1 A03H Fuel Flow Setra Model 209 0 - 200 (psig) 0.5 - 5.5 Volts

Analog PD1 A04 RPM Pulse Counting 0 ≈ 100,000 RPMAnalog PD1 A05 Thrust Futek LLB400 0 - 100 lbs 0.0 - 10.0 VoltsAnalog PD1 A06 T1 - Compressor Inlet K-type thermocouple max 1375 ◦CAnalog PD1 A07 T2 - Compressor Exit K-type thermocouple max 1375 ◦CAnalog PD1 A08 T3 - Turbine Inlet K - type thermocouple max 1375 ◦CAnalog PD1 A09 T4 - Turbine Exit K - type thermocouple max 1375 ◦CAnalog PD1 A10 T5 - Exhaust Gas K - type thermocouple max 1375 ◦C

Frequency PD1 F1 OPENFrequency PD1 F2 OPENFrequency PD1 F3 OPENFrequency PD1 F4 OPEN

Digital PD1 D01 OPENDigital PD1 D02 OPENDigital PD1 D03 OPENDigital PD1 D04 OPENDigital PD1 D05 OPENDigital PD1 D06 OPENDigital PD1 D07 OPENDigital PD1 D08 OPENDigital PD1 D09 OPENDigital PD1 D10 OPENDigital PD1 D11 OPENDigital PD1 D12 OPENDigital PD1 D13 OPENDigital PD1 D14 OPENDigital PD1 D15 OPENDigital PD1 D16 OPEN

“m

ain”

—2006/8/2

—15:3

6—

pag

e49

—#

61

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SY

ST

EM

S49

Table 5.5: Channel Configuration - Analog Input

Physical User Single-ended/ MeasurementChannel Label On Range Units Differential Duration Scale Offset

PD1 A01L Comp Inlet On -2.00 to 2.00 PSIG Single-ended 110 ms 0.2 0.0PD1 A01H Comp Exit On -105.0 to 95.0 PSIG Single-ended 110 ms 10.0 -5.0PD1 A02L Turb Inlet On -105.0 to 95.0 PSIG Single-ended 110 ms 10.0 -.5PD1 A02H Turb Exit On -10.5 to 9.50 PSIG Single-ended 110 ms 1.0 -0.5PD1 A03L Nozz Exit On -10.5 to 9.50 PSIG Single-ended 110 ms 1.0 -0.5PD1 A03H Fuel Flow On -15.1 to 13.7 Gal/Hour Single-ended 110 ms 1.44 -0.72PD1 A04 RPM On -180015.0 to 179985.0 RPM Differential 110 ms 18000.0 -15.0PD1 A05 Thrust On -35677.4 to 35677.4 Lbs. Differential 110 ms 1783.87 0.0PD1 A06 Comp Inlet On Type K ◦C Differential 110 ms 1.0 0.0PD1 A07 Comp Exit On Type K ◦C Differential 110 ms 1.0 0.0PD1 A08 Turb Inlet On Type K ◦C Differential 110 ms 1.0 0.0PD1 A09 Turb Exit On Type K ◦C Differential 110 ms 1.0 0.0PD1 A10 EGT On Type K ◦C Differential 110 ms 1.0 0.0

NOTE1: Range, Scale and Offset values for PD1 A04 RPM and PD1 A05 Thrust may be different depending upon calibration of the specificsensors used. RPM Offset is typically adjusted to result in a near zero reading at shutoff. Thrust Scale and Offset are set specific to the load celldata provided on the sensor calibration sheet.

NOTE2: These values represent the default Channel Configuration as set by the factory and should provide satisfactory performance under normalconditions. Scale and Offset values may be changed if recalibration or other engineering units are required. Entering a Scale value of 1.0 andan Offset value of 0.0 on any channel results in the display of raw voltage in the Reading column for that channel. Scale and Offset values arederived from the linear mx + b transfer function for each sensor relative to the appropriate physical range and voltage output as provided in Table 5.4(PhysicalValue = Scale · Voltage + Offset). The Reading column will only be populated when the data acquisition system is sampling data. It hasbeen omitted from this table for clarity. Chapter 4 of the PersonalDaq UsersManual .pdf contains further information on the Channel ConfigurationWindow.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 50 — #62i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

50 SECTION 5

5.4.4 Software

The DigiDAQ System utilizes IOtech’s Personal DaqView software for Out-of-the-Box graphical dataacquisition. This software provides an easy-to-use yet powerful data acquisition application that al-lows inexperienced users to test, display and record data within minutes of power-up while requiringno programming. The software works seamlessly with the IOtech Personal Daq/56 USB Data Ac-quisition Module installed in the MiniLab. Individual channel configuration is accomplished througha spreadsheet type interface. Each channel can be enabled, configured and labeled independently ofall other channels. Sensor output is converted into physical, engineering terms by applying Scaleand Offset values in an mX + b operation. The software allows the creation of customized real-timedisplays using built-in display options including charts, graphs and meters. Each display option canbe independently configured by channel to show instantaneous values, peak hold and trends. Alldisplayed data is easily recorded for later play-back and follow-on analysis. Post-acquisition softwareis also included to facilitate time-domain data viewing of multiple channels. Additional software toenable real-time data acquisition from within Microsoft Excel is also available.

The DigiDAQ System is designed to work with other popular software packages including IOtech’sDASYLab and National Instrument’s LabVIEW. With the appropriate software, advanced data ac-quisition, control and virtual instruments (VI) may be utilized with the installed DigiDAQ System inthe MiniLab. Application Programming Interface (API) code, documentation and drivers for VisualBasic and C++ for Windows are freely available at the IOtech website.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 51 — #63i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Section 6Service and Maintenance

6.1 General Maintenance

The MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System is designed for continuous educational and research use re-quiring only a minimal amount of service or maintenance. This section provides information regardingoperator conducted routine service procedures.

The MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System in general and the SR-30 Turbojet Engine in particu-lar contains no user serviceable parts or components. Under no circumstances should any operatorattempt to disassemble, modify or alter any part or component in any way. When any componentrequires service other than that outlined in this section, contact Turbine Technologies, LTD for addi-tional assistance.

6.1.1 Oil and Fuel Fill

Figure 6.12: Fuel (left) and Oil (right) Fill Location at the Rear of the MiniLab

The combined oil and fuel fill location is located on the rear of the MiniLab cabinet. Opening theaccess door exposes the fill ports for the two fluids. The fuel fill port is on the left and the oil fill portis on the right. To avoid confusion and the potential to intermix fluids, the oil cap is labeled “OIL.”The two caps are sized differently making it impossible to inadvertently place the cap onto the wrong

51

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 52 — #64i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

52 SECTION 6

tank. The larger fuel tank cap is made of hard plastic and screws into place while the smaller oil tankcap is made of soft rubber and snaps into place.

Fuel and oil levels should be checked prior to and at the conclusion of each day’s operation. Properoil level is particularly important as the tank is sized to provide proper engine cooling capacity. Eachtank should be filled to within a 1.0 inch (2.54 cm) of the bottom of the filler neck. This allows enoughremaining space in the tank to accomodate return flow and fluid expansion.

Failure to maintain proper oil level WILL result in damage to the engine.

6.1.2 Oil and Fuel Filter Replacement

Figure 6.13: Typical Fluid Filter Installation Oil Filter Shown

MiniLab oil and fuel lines are equipped with standard industrial type, full flow filters to removepotentially damaging contaminants from the operating fluids. Replacement intervals on the filtersdepends largely on the frequency and duration of usage as well as the fuel type being used. For a unitthat receives light to moderate usage (5 to 25 hours per year), an annual filter change is sufficient.

Before begining the filter change procedure, make sure all parts and equipment necessary for thejob is at hand. The procedure should be completed as quickly as possible so as to minimize thepotential for introducing contaminants into the individual fluid systems. During the filter change,some fluid will leak or spill out of the filter mounting bosses. This is normal and should be cleaned upas quickly as possible. Before installing new filters, each filter is to be “primed” with an amount ofthe fluid appropriate to the filter being changed. This minimizes the introduction of air into the fluidsystems and ensures that fluid is available immediately when the pumps start. It is recommendedthat each filter be removed and replaced in turn. This prevents placing a primed filter onto the wrongboss with the result of cross fluid contamination.

The filters themselves are simply threaded onto the boss. Rotate counter-clockwise to loosen andremove, clockwise to replace and tighten. To help ensure a tight seal and prevent leakage, the large

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 53 — #65i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

SERVICE and MAINTENANCE 53

rubber o-ring seal at the top of the filter should be lubricated with the same fluid used to prime thatparticular filter.

Replace the filters as follows:

1. Obtain replacement filters, an adequate amount of the appropriate fluid for that filter to “prime”or fill the replacement filter and a suitable container to dispose of the used filter.

2. Disconnect all electrical service to the MiniLab.

3. Remove the MiniLab front panel (aft sloping panel below the operator’s panel).

4. Locate the two filters - oil to the left, fuel to the right.

5. Remove filters - the filter will be FULL of the fluid applicable to that filter. Take care not tospill this fluid into the MiniLab cabinet.

6. Prime each filter with an amount of clean fluid appropriate to the filter being changed. Lubricatethe filter o-ring seal.

7. Replace the filters onto their respective mounting bosses.

8. Clean up any additional fluid that may have spilled into the MiniLab cabinet.

9. With ALL tools and equipment clear of the MiniLab interior, reconnect electrical service.

10. Briefly operate the MiniLab. Verify proper fuel and oil pressure readings per Section ??.

11. Disconnect all electrical service to the MiniLab.

12. Inspect both filter locations for leaks. Rectify any and all leaks prior to proceeding.

13. Replace the MiniLab front panel.

The removed filters and the fluid contained within them should be inspected prior to disposal.The presence of anything unusual such as metal fragments, carbon deposits, water, etc. should bebrought to the attention of the factory prior to further operation.

Providing the required oil reservoir level is maintained and the oil filter is regularly changed, it isNOT necessary to completely change the oil in the reservoir at any interval. The fuel and oil tanksare equipped with bottom drains should they need to be flushed out. With proper care and normaloperation, this should not be required.

6.1.3 Cleaning

Keeping the MiniLab clean and free from dirt, fuel and oil accumulation is the best way to maximize theusefulness and efficiency of the system. Typical household, non-flammable and non-abrasive cleanersmay be used where appropriate. Non-toxic, biodegradable, “green” or “citrus” type concentratedcleaners are particularly well suited for cleaning the MiniLab where fuel or oil buildup may occur.

SR-30 Turbojet Engine An occasional wipe down with a dry cloth is all that is neccessary.

Cabinetry All cabinet surfaces are electrostatically powder coated for maximum surface durability.Mild soap and water should be sufficient for most cleaning needs.

Viewing Shield The viewing shield should be cleaned periodically with a household glass cleaner.Care should be taken so an not to scratch the clear surfaces.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 54 — #66i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

54 SECTION 6

6.1.4 Condition Inspection

The prudent operator will make a cursory condition check prior to each and every start up, operationand shutdown cycle of the MiniLab. At regular intervals, particularly after long term storage or afterextended running periods, it is advisable to conduct a more thorough inspection of the entire systemto insure safety and reliability.

The following points provide a minimal checklist for a periodic Condition Inspection:

1. Cleanliness Keeping the system clean and free from dust, dirt, fuel and oil accumulation willhelp in readily identifying problems. A regular cleaning helps the operator become more familiarwith the general arrangement of components and aware when things aren’t as they should be.Pay particular attention to large accumulations of fuel and oil. The presence of very smallamounts of fluid on the underside of the engine are normal, especially at engine startup (thereis a small vent hole on the underside of the engine). Most of these fluids will “burn off” duringengine operation. If significant amounts are present following operation, contact the factory.

2. Security of Fittings Ensuring all nuts, bolts and other areas where two components arephysically attached are tight and secure will prevent future problems stemming from leakageor wear. All electrical wires and signal lines within the test cell should also be inspected forlooseness or wear.

3. Proper Operation Simply monitoring the MiniLab for operation consistent with the manualwill assist in determining if greater problems are imminent. High operating TIT or EGT temper-atures and low operating oil and fuel pressures are of particular concern. If any value is outsideof the limitations in Section ??, the factory should be consulted prior to futher operation.

4. General Condition Always be observant of the MiniLab’s general condition. Light damagesuch as paint chips, scratches or dents may appear minor, but could be hiding more extensivedamage resulting in poor or improper operation of the MiniLab as a whole.

5. Presence of Foreign Objects Always be aware of the presence of foreign objects within thetest cell or the potential for foreign objects to enter the test cell. With the large volume ofair required for engine operation, it is very easy for objects to get sucked into the engine inlet.Considering the rotational speeds of the engine components, even the smallest object will causeconsiderable and potentially catastrophic damage to the engine which may result in injury tothose in the vicinity. Pay particular attention to the quality and condition of external ducting.

Exercising common sense is the best action to follow. If something doesn’t “look” or “act” right,there may be a problem. Usage should be delayed until the potential problem can be investigatedand rectified. Always err on the side of caution. This protects the user as well as the machine. TheMiniLab should be afforded the same respect in operation, maintenance and overall care given to anypiece of laboratory grade equipment.

6.1.5 Service Schedule

The design of the MiniLab eliminates all periodic or reoccurring maintenance outside of that specifi-cally listed in Section 6.

Engines operated with exotic or unusual fuels may require more thorough inspections. Consultthe factory for more information.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 55 — #67i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


6.2 Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting information is provided to identify and provide solutions to common operator prob-lems. These problems usually arise from not following the Normal Procedures in their proper order.Use of the included checklists will eliminate the possibility that a necessary step is overlooked orexecuted out of sequence (see Section 4 - Normal Procedures). Review the checklist steps priorto consulting the Troubleshooting tables.

The OneTouch Autostart System monitors most system parameters and will indicate the fault onthe LCD Display Panel. Review Section 5.3.3 and Tables 5.2 and 5.3 for more information. Thissection also provides a method to test the air start solenoid valve and the engine ignition exciter boxand spark igniter. Testing these two items also provides a way to test the START and STOP buttonsand indirectly the OneTouch Autostart System itself.

Problems that relate directly to MiniLab hardware, such as a failed or damaged component, shouldbe directed to the factory for immediate attention. Readily diagnosed problems arising from looseor broken electrical wires, loose fluid fittings and no or low air pressure are generally deferred to theoperator for troubleshooting and repair.

Data acquisition hardware and software usage and troubleshooting is covered in greater detailwithin the provided users manuals. See PersonalDaq UsersManual.pdf and PostAcquisition-

Analysis.pdf within the C:\Program Files\pDaqView\Applications\Users Manuals directory ofthe default DAQ software installation.

MiniLab GENERALTROUBLE PROBABLE CAUSE REMEDY

No panel meter / LCD displaypanel indication with Keyed Mas-ter Switch in the ON Position

No electrical service to the Mini-Lab.

Verify the MiniLab is plugged intoan outlet that itself is ok (notripped facility breakers). Resetthe circuit breaker on the rear ofthe MiniLab by the power cord.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 56 — #68i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

56 SECTION 6

DATA COLLECTIONTROUBLE PROBABLE CAUSE REMEDY

Computer wont recognize DAQModule.

USB cable not plugged in. Specificdevice not selected.

Make sure USB cable is con-nected between the computer andthe DigiDAQ USB port on theleft side panel before the softwareis started. To select the spe-cific device, select View from theMain Control Window and selectActive Devices... on the dropdown menu. Check the box nextto the serial numbered device.

Channel Configuration Window

appears blank. All sensor settingsare gone.

Factory configuration file has beenerased or overwritten.

The required configuration fileis 04XX Factory Config.cfg.A backup copy is located in theMiniLab folder on the desktop.COPY this file to the DAQSystem directory: C:\ProgramFiles\pDaqView\Applications.Prior to doing this, make surethe PersonalDAQ software isshutdown and the USB cable isconnected. If the backup 04XX

Factory Config.cfg file cannotbe found, a new configurationfile can be created by manuallyentering the settings from Table5.5. Charts, graphs and meterswill have to be re-created.

Run-time data doesn’t appear tobe saving.

Run-time data is getting over-written.

All run-time data is saved asPDAQ.BIN. Immediately after col-lecting data, copy and renamePDAQ.BIN to another location. Itwill be necessary to first convertthis binary data file to a usable fileformat such as text which is thenreadable by Microsoft Excel andother programs. To do so, fromwithin the Main Control Window,select Tools and then Convert

Binary Data... from the dropdown menu.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 57 — #69i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


6.3 Factory Service

Turbine Technologies, LTD Factory Service Department is available to perform any service required onthe MiniLab. Factory trained technicians using only approved parts and the latest product informationwill clean, service and test your system. Our full parts inventory, production tooling and engineeringdepartment are available to insure that your MiniLab is returned in the same condition as originallydelivered.

Before sending any Turbine Technologies, LTD product to the factory for service, first email Prod-uct Technical Support ([email protected]) to verify that there is a true problemwith the system requiring factory service. In many cases, service issues can be handled by the operatorthrough factory direction, eliminating the downtime associated with a factory return.

If it is determined that factory service is required, a service information form will be sent forcompletion by the operator. Please include this service information form with the system when it isreturned to the factory. Any information that may be beneficial in servicing the system should beincluded on the service information form.

To facilitate safe transportation of the system to the factory, ship it in its original factory shippingcontainer. If the original container is no longer available, other crating may be used provided thesystem is securely packed. Damage caused by poor or inappropriate crating will not be coveredunder warranty. Do not send product documentation, cables, computers, support equipment (beakers,hoses, funnels, etc.) or any user add ons not specifically part of the service concern. Under certaincircumstances, only the actual part or system requiring service needs to be returned.

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 58 — #70i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

58 SECTION 6

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 59 — #71i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

WARRANTY INFORMATION

MINILAB WARRANTY

Two Year Warranty

Turbine Technologies, LTD warrants each MiniLab Gas Turbine Power System (which includes theSR-30 Turbojet Engine), of its manufacture, to be free of defects in materials and workmanshipat time of shipment and to remain in serviceable condition for a period of two years (24 calendarmonths) following date of shipment.

In the event of malfunction or failure, purchaser may, at its expense, return the MiniLab toTurbine Technologies, LTD for inspection. If, in the sole discretion of Turbine Technologies, LTD,the malfunction or failure resulted from a defect in materials or workmanship, Turbine Technologies,LTD will repair or replace any defective component or assembly.

Specific Exceptions

Specific exceptions to the above section include:

1. This warranty will become void if any person has made an attempt, regardless of extent, torepair or modify the MiniLab without express written authorization by Turbine Technologies,LTD.

2. This warranty does not apply to any damage resulting from operation outside the publishedoperating limitations found in the Operator’s Manual.

3. The MiniLab is not offered as and shall not be construed by purchaser, or any agent thereof, as a“Consumer Product” (within the common definition or definitions of the United States FederalTrade Commission).

4. The MiniLab is represented to be, and is offered as, experimental technology, subject to thelimitations in performance and safety risks inherent to equipment so classified.

5. The Purchaser and agents thereof shall be solely responsible for determining, prior to purchase,the suitability for any purpose or purposes intended of equipment, services or information offeredor supplied by Turbine Technologies, LTD.

6. This Limited Warranty, as written, constitutes the entire warranty offered or intended, expressedor implied, and is offered in lieu of all other warranties.

7. The Limited Warranty does not apply to “on-board” hardware or software items that are coveredby other OEM warranties.

59

“main” — 2006/8/2 — 15:36 — page 60 — #72i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

60 APPENDIX A

Gas Turbine Power System Operator’s Manual Turbine ...Engine... · Gas Turbine Power System...

Documents

Transcript of Gas Turbine Power System Operator’s Manual Turbine ...Engine... · Gas Turbine Power System...