GAPS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT - UN ESCAP · GAPS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT ON MULTI ... Systems: A...

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GAPS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENTREPORTON MULTI‐HAZARD RISK AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN THE PACIFIC REGION

UN‐ESCAP‐ BMKG

GAPS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT

1. Objectives,ScopeandTargetCountries2. NaturalDisastersinthePICs3. AssessmentMethod4. FrameworkofNationalMHEWS

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Objectives:1. UnderstandthecurrentsituationofPICs.2. Identifytheneedsforcapacitybuildingonmulti‐hazardriskassessment

andearlywarningsystems.3. Avoidduplicationofefforts.4. Buildonexistinginformationandcapacities.5. Providepolicyandtechnicalrecommendations.6. Sharekeyfindingswithnationalandregionalstakeholders.

Scopestatusofmulti‐hazardriskandearlywarningsystemsinthePacificcountries

TargetCountriesFiji,PNG,Samoa,SolomonIslands,Tonga&Vanuatu

Natural Disasters in the Pacific Island Countries

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ASSESSMENT METHOD

Overall workflow of the gap analysis

Capacity building training & pilot projects

Identify requirements for well-defined MHEWS

Identifycurrentstatus

Analysegaps&suggestrecommendations

Literature Review

In-person Interview

Detailed framework of national Multi‐hazard EWS

Time‐basedPhases

Components

RiskIdentification

Forecasting&Assessment

Warning&Communication

ImmediateResponse

LeadingAgency

Coordination/CommunicationMechanism

HumanResources‐Training/Awareness

Equipment/FacilityData/InformationManagementBudgetSupportingPolicy/Legislation

AdaptedfromUnitedNationsInter‐AgencySecretariatoftheInternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction(2006)DevelopingEarlyWarningSystems:AChecklist,ThirdInternationalConferenceonEarlyWarning‐FromConcepttoAction,27‐29March,Bonn,Germany

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FINDINGS1. FindingsattheNationalLevel2. FindingsattheRegionalLevel

Findings at the National Level

Fiji PNG Samoa SolomonIslands Tonga Vanuatu

a) RiskIdentification

b) Forecasting&Assessmentc) Warning&Communicationd) ImmediateResponsee) Budgetf) SupportingPolicy/Legislation

PleasekindlycheckthefindingsinthedraftofGapsandNeedsAnalysisReport

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RECOMMENDATIONS1) Recommendationsforlong‐termactions2) Recommendationsforshort‐termactions

Long‐term Actions

1.NationalWorkPlan• nationaldatapolicy

• policyorstrategyfordataaccessandsharing• “OneNation‐OneMap”policy

• increaseintegratedobservationcapacity• investingeospatialinformationsystems• implementingCommonAlertProtocol(CAP)format• PNG‐tailoredDroughtInformationSystem

• developanddistributeStandardOperationProcedure(SOP)• arrangeregularandconsistentcapacitybuildingprogrammes

• makeaconsistentagreementwithdonors• recruitoneforeignrelationshipstaff• measureprogressandimpactsofsuggestedactions

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Long‐term Actions

2.IncreasingNMSs’capacityinMHEWSthroughinternationalcooperationwithBMKG’sAcademy

• exploredtoincreasenumberofstaffinNMSswithWMOMeteorologicalClassIpersonnelcompetency

3.StrategyPaperonPacificKnowledgeHub• solveidentifiedchallengesfollowingtheconceptofFLEES

Short‐term Actions

1. ImprovementofrainfallmonitoringbyutilizationofGSMAPimagery

2. Improvementofwarningservicesbycustomizednumericalweatherpredictions

3. ImprovementofwaveforecastbyimplementationofOceanForecastSystem(OFS)

4. ImprovementofDroughtInformationSysteminPapuaNewGuinea

5. EstablishmentoftsunamiearlywarningsysteminVMGD6. Conductaworkshopontranslatingwarninglanguageinto

plainlanguange7. ImplementationofCommonAlertProtocol(CAP)

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Expected contributions from experts

• PriorandduringWorkshop:• reviewthestrategyandprovidecomments

• DuringandafterWorkshop:• providemissingandimportantinformation

• JustafterWorkshop:• Providesummaryofyourcomments,anylink,andinformation

• Reviewreviseddraftandprovidecomments• Futureactionsandsuggestedsolutions

THANK YOU

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FRAMEWORK OF NATIONAL MHEWS IN THE PACIFIC

FRAMEWORK OF NATIONAL MHEWS IN THE PACIFIC

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Fiji

• Leading Agency: Different agency appointed as lead agency for each hazard. These lead agencies conduct hazard and vulnerability assessment and mapping, including the collection of baseline data. For example, Fiji NDMO is lead agency for cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, and flood hazard[ Fiji National Disaster Risk Management Arrangements, Building the resilience of Fiji’s communities to natural and human caused hazards, October 2016].

• Equipment/ Facility: Key supporting facilities, such as data center space, internet connectivity, and server machine, for accommodating an operating risk identification are already available in the country.

• Data/Information Management: Fiji NDMO lack of information management system capacity, in particular geographic information system and database management.

Riskidentification

Fiji

• LeadingAgency:FijiMeteorologicalService(FMS)undertheMinistryofDisasterManagementandMeteorologicalServicesplays aleadingroleintheforecastingandwarningofhydro‐meteorologicalhazardsinFijiwhiletheseismologyunitundertheMinistry ofLandandMineralResourcestakestheleadingroleinriskassessmentofEarthquakeandTsunami.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:

• FMShosttheRegionalSpecializedMeteorologicalCenter(RSMC)NadithroughtheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)mandate, withAreaofResponsibilitycoversregionbetweenequatorto25Sand160Eto120W.RSMCNadideliveritsservicestocountriesunderitsresponsibilitythroughWMOcommunicationsystemcalledGlobalTelecommunicationSystem(GTS).Currently,RSMCNadiprovidesthefollowingservice:

• Tropicalcycloneforecastandwarningforitsareaofresponsibility.ASpecialWeatherBulletinsissuedbyRSMCNadisentviaGTStoWellingtonandMelbourneTCWCforrelayingtoRadioNewZealandInternational(RNZI)andRadioAustraliawhichbroadcastthemessagetoPacificIslandCountriescommunities.

• WeatherforecastandwarningforKiribati,Tuvalu,Tokelau,WillisIslands,Fiji,Tonga,Niue,andCookIslandsvia[whichcommunicationchannel]

• TropicalcyclonespecialadvisoriesforVanuatuandSamoaintheeventoffailureorpartialfailureofVanuatuorSamoaWeather ForecastingOffice.

• NadiTropicalCycloneAdvisoryCenter(TCAC)mandatefromtheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)borneresponsibilityforareainbetweenequatorto40Sand160Eto120W.NadiTCACdeliveritsservicesusingICAOcommunicationsystemcalledICAOAeronauticalTelecommunicationNetwork(AFTN).

• HumanResources:InFMS,thereisonly24%(25outof104staff)ofthetotalstaffpossesseducationqualificationofuniversitydegreelevelincomparisonwith42%inIndonesia[FinalReportSixthRegionalConferenceonManagementofNationalMeteorologicalandHydrologicalServicesinRegionalAssociationV(South‐WestPacific)ofWMO,Indonesia,30April– 1May2014].

• Equipment/Facility:NohighresolutionNumericalWeatherPredictionavailableinFMS.

• Data/InformationManagement:Theavailabletoolsfordata/informationmanagementareCliDEdatabaseforclimatedatamanagement,FlosysandTidedaforhydrologicaldatamanagement,andcustomizedsoftware/hardwarefordatamanagementsuchasIBLandAIFS.Attemptstorecordhistoricalmeteorologicaldataarecurrentlyunderway.CurrentlyFMSiscarryingoutthephaseofscanningwrittendata.Thedatathenplannedtobedigitizedandstoredinthedatabase.

Forecastingandassessm

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Fiji

• LeadingAgency:FMSistheleadingagencyforwarningandcommunicationinFijiespeciallyforFloodwarnings,whiletheSeismologyUnitunderMinistryofLandandMineralResourceistheleadingagencyforTsunamiandEarthquakewarning.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:Incaseofflood,warningsandforecastaredisseminatedtothegovernmentagencies,stakeholders,andgeneralpublicthroughtelevision,radio,newspapers,websiteandsocialmediabyFijiMeteorologicalService.NDMOadvicespublicontheresponseactionandistheoperationalarmforgovernmentindisasterresponse.

• Equipment/Facility:

• EquipmentavailablefordisseminatewarningincludesEmergencyManagersWeatherInformationNetwork(EMWIN)fordisastermanagements,WMOGlobalTelecommunicationssystem(GTS),WMOInternationalSatelliteCommunicationsSystemWorldAreaForecastSystem(ISCS/WAFS),ICAOAeronautical(fixed)telecommunicationnetwork(AFTN),Fax,email,website,andRadioNetwork.

• FMScurrentlyprovidewarningsinHindiandFijianlanguageinadditiontoEnglish.FMSisalsointheprocessofsettingupamediacenterwhichplantobecomecommunicationcenterwhereallwarningwillbedisseminated.Thefacilityplantobeusedalsoforpoolmediabriefingintimesofoccurrenceofsevereweather.

• Possibledevelopmentincludestheuseofcommonalertprotocolfordisseminationofwarningandmessagesthatcanimprovewarningdelivery.

• Data/InformationManagement:Nospecialdatabaseavailable.AllpublicweatherbulletinsandadvisoriesarearchivedintheFMS’sworkstation.

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Fiji

• LeadingAgency:FijiNDMOismandatedbyLawtocoordinatealldisasterresponseactivities.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:FijiDMOactivatedtheNationalEmergencyOperationsCenter(NEOC)attheeventofdisaster.NEOCconsistsoftheFijiNDMO,FMSandotherlineministries.NEOCactasoperationalfunctioninginter‐agencycoordinationintheeventofdisaster.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:Sofar,thereisnosurveyonpublicawarenessinFiji.

• Data/InformationManagement:ThereisneitheraleadingagencynoradatasharingmechanismavailableinFijiforsharingandmanagingdatasetsforearlywarninganddisasterriskreduction.Currentpracticeisbasedonaformalrequestfromarequestingagencytoadataproducingagencyforeachandeverycase.Relevantdataandinformationarescatteredamongdifferentministries,includingtheMinistryforAgriculture,RuralandMaritimeDevelopmentandNationalDisasterManagementandMinistryforLandandMineralResources,aswellasavailableresources.Properinformationdatamanagementisurgentlyneeded,includingGeographicalInformationSystemanddatabasemanagement.

Immediateresponse

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Fiji

Budget

• RapporteursdonothaveenoughinformationinregardstohistoricaldataoffundallocationorfundingpatterninFijiNMSorNDMO.

SupportingPolicy/Legislation

• Someregulationsarealreadyoutofdataandneedstobeupdated.SupportingregulationsinconductingearlywarningsysteminFijiinclude:

• FijiNationalDisasterManagementPlan1995

• FijiNaturalDisasterManagementAct1998

• FijiNationalEmergencyOperationsCenterSOP2010

• NationalHumanitarianPolicy2017

• FijiNationalTsunamiResponsePlan2017

• SOPforTropicalCyclone,SOPforSevereWeatherforecasting

PNG

• Leading Agency: National Disaster Centre (NDC) is the responsible agency for coordinating emergency events. In risk identification aspects, it is National Weather Service and Geohazards Management coordinating all risk identification activities. Activities are usually conducted by NGO’s, line ministries and other relevant stakeholders and National Disaster Centre is the coordinator.

• Equipment/ Facility: There is no unify digital map of historical risks data available. This map is needed as reference to identify buffer zones and hazard/ disaster occurrences.

Riskidentification

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PNG

• LeadingAgency:LeadingagenciesforforecastingandassessmentareincludingPNGNationalWeatherService(NWS)forweatherhazard,DepartmentofMineralPolicyandGeohazardsManagementandPNGRabaulVolcanologicalObservatory(RVO)forvolcanichazard.

• PNGNWSisundertheDepartmentofTransportandInfrastructure.Itsmandateistoprovideserviceandwarningonweather(includingaviationandmarine),andclimate.PNGNWShostthePortMoresbyTropicalCycloneWarningCenter(TCWC)whichareaofresponsibilityboundariarealimitedbyEQ141E,10S141E,09S144E,12S147E,12S155E,08S155E,05S160E,EQ160E,EQ141E.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:PNGNationalWeatherServicehostedPortMoresbyTCWCwithAreaofResponsibilitycoversGulfofPapua.PortMoresbyTCWCdeliveritsservicesthroughGTS.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:Only27%ofthetotalstaffofPNGNWSpossesseducationqualificationofuniversitydegreelevelincomparisonwith42%inIndonesia.

• Equipment/Facility:PNGNWScurrentlyoperates14mannedofficialstationslocatedmainlyatairportsthroughoutthecountry,sevenautomaticstations,and40automaticweatherstations[http://www.sprep.org/climate‐change/png‐national‐weather‐service‐small,accessed16October2017].

• Data/InformationManagement:Thereisnodataandinformationmanagementavailable.Currently,alldatastoredincomputer’sharddriveorflashdrive.


ent

PNG

• Leadingagency:LeadingagenciesforwarningandcommunicationsareincludingPNGNationalWeatherService(NWS)forweatherhazard,DepartmentofMineralPolicyandGeohazardsManagementandPNGRabaulVolcanologicalObservatory(RVO)forvolcanichazard.


• AmalgamationofNationalDisasterCentrewithGeohazardManagement,NationalWeatherService,ConservationandEnvironmentProtectionAuthorityisalreadycarriedouttoenhancecooperationbetweentheagencies.

• PreliminaryAssessmenthasbeencompletedandconstructionunderwaybyRegionalIntegratedMulti‐HazardandEarlyWarningSystem(RIMES)forestablishmentofcountry’smulti‐hazardearlywarningcenterandtheRIMESSubRegionalHubforthePacificinPortMoresby,PapuaNewGuinea.UnderWMOInformationSystem(WIS)framework,theestablishmentofRIMESSubRegionalHubwillincreasethestatusofPapuaNewGuineafrombeingaNationalCentre(NC)toDataCollectionProductCentre(DCPC).

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:Only27%ofthetotalstaffofPNGNWSpossesseducationqualificationofuniversitydegreelevelincomparisonwith42%inIndonesia.

• Equipment/facility:WarningsissuethroughNDC,RedCross,Media(TV,Radio&Newspaper),Public,OtherAgencies(NationalLevelStakeholders&NGOs).


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PNG

• LeadingAgency:BoththeNDMOandtheProvincialDisasterManagementCommitteeshavetheprimaryresponsibilityforimplementingandcoordinatingthedisastercountermeasureactivitiesbefore,duringandafterdisasterandemergencysituations.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:EmergencyOperatingCenters(EOCs)coordinatetheimmediateresponseactivitiesintheeventofdisasters.ThroughtheseEOCsforNDC,themessagegoestotheprovincialandcommunitylevel.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:Sofar,thereisnosurveyonpublicawarenessinPNG.

• Equipment/Facility:WarningsissuethroughNDC,RedCross,Media(TV,Radio&Newspaper),Public,OtherAgencies(NationalLevelStakeholders&NGOs).


Immediateresponse

PNG

Budget

• Budgetformeteorologicalserviceisdecreasinginthelastthreeyears.Budgetallocationavailablein2015was3.916,6Kina,in2016was4.430,6Kina,andin2017is2.701,7Kina.Budgetprojectionforthenextthreeyearsisnotincreasingmuch,stablein2.710sKinafrom2018to2020.TidaknaiknyabudgetallocationinPNGtidaksejalandenganGDPgrowthwhichin2016sebanyak2%,andprojected2,5%in2017and2.8%in2018[PapuaNewGuinea:Economyhttps://www.adb.org/countries/papua‐new‐guinea/economy,accessedon14November2017].


• SupportingregulationsinconductingearlywarningsysteminPNGinclude:

• TheConstitutionoftheIndependentStateofPapuaNewGuinea– PartXEmergencyPowers1975

• PapuaNewGuineaDisasterManagementAct1984(amendedin1997,currentlyreviewedbythePNGDepartmentofJusticeandAttorneyGeneralsince2014)

• PapuaNewGuineaNationalDisasterManagementPlan1987(amandedin2009)

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Samoa

• Leading Agency: DMO is responsible for conducting risk identification activities.

• Coordination/ Communication Mechanism: In the frame of NEOC, DMO communicates with SMD with the rainfall data for risk analysis areas, and co‐ordinates with other government ministries and NGO’S to pinpoint risk areas and plan evacuation sites and response.

Riskidentification

Samoa

• LeadingAgency:SamoaMeteorologicalDivision(SMD)mandatetoprovidemeteorological,geo‐science,climatechangeadviceinsupportofsustainabledevelopmentofnaturalresources.SMDisalsoresponsiblefortheNationalTropicalCycloneWarningCenter(NTCWC)thatprovidescycloneforecastswarningsandothernon‐cyclonicsevereweatherevents.SMDresponsibleforPublicWeatherandCoastalForecastsforthepublic(twiceaday)andAviationWeatherForecastsforallairlinesoperatingwithinSamoa'sairspace.SMDalsoresponsibleforCLEWSthatprovidestailoredalerts,climateforecasts,ElNinoSouthernOscillationupdates,climatesummaries,climatetrends,climatedataforsectoralplanningandtomanageclimaterisks.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:SamoaNTCWCprovidescycloneimpactwarningforSamoaarea.ThewarningsentthroughSMStoselectedcommunityrepresentativesandresponseagencies.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:

• NumeroustrainingwereprovidedbyWMOattheAustralianBureauofMeteorology(5WMOClass1;3WMOClass2;JICA–Fiji8WMOClass3&4).

• Latestdatashowsthat70%ofscientificofficersinSMDhasuniversitydegree(ifcountedfromtotalstaff,thepercentageofstaffwithuniversitydegreewouldbe25%).


• SMDhas42manualrainfallstation,sixmannedmeteorologicalstations,19automaticweatherstations,andonewindprofilerintotal.Noweatherradaravailableforthiscountry.SMDmakeuseofGlobalForecastSystem(GFS),IntegratedForecastSystem(IFS),JapaneseReanalisys(JRA),andACCESS‐Globalmodelstomaketheirforecast.Allofthoseareglobalweathermodel.

• NoavailablehighresolutionNumericalWeatherPrediction,impactforecastsystem,andfloodwarningsysteminthecountry.Duetoabsenceofhighresolutionweathermodel,forecastproductisgivenforlargerarea,andnotformorespecificlocations.


ent

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Samoa

• LeadingAgency:SMDresponsiblefortheNationalTropicalCycloneWarningCenter(NTCWC)thatprovidescycloneforecastswarningsandothernon‐cyclonicsevereweatherevents.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:DisasterAdvisoryCouncil(DAC)throughDMOactasoperationalbasisofinter‐agencycoordination,theoverarchinggovernancebodyistheNationalDisasterCouncil(NDC).


• NumeroustrainingwereprovidedbyWMOattheAustralianBureauofMeteorology(5WMOClass1;3WMOClass2;JICA–Fiji8WMOClass3&4).

• Latestdatashowsthat70%ofscientificofficersinSMDhasuniversitydegree(ifcountedfromtotalstaff,thepercentageofstaffwithuniversitydegreewouldbe25%).


• WarningdisseminatedtoMedia,DisasterManagementOffice(DMO)MNREandDisasterAdvisoryCommittee(DAC)viaSMDwebsite,SocialNetworkServiceespeciallyFacebook,SMS,SMDphoneappandmessengers(ifneeded).DMOhaveFacebookpagedesignatedforwarningsandtoadvice communitywithsafetymeasures.WithalmostallpeopleinSamoausetoaccesstotheinternetbytheirsmartphoneandthatFacebookisused widelybythecommunity,thisSNSplatformiseffectivelydisseminatewarningtothem.Accesstoradioandtelevisionisgoodinmostplaces,whileweakin certainareas.

• SMDphoneappwasdevelopedbyavolunteeremployeesentbyJICAfreeofchargeSMDmanagementtoaddresstheneedtoimprove SMD’slevelofdisseminationmethodsforweatherforecastsandtsunamiwarnings.Currentlythisphoneappcouldonlyusetodisseminateearthquakeinformation.Additionalinformationincludingweatherwarnings,tropicalcyclonewarnings,andtsunamiwarningplantobeincludedastheapp’scontent.

• Nationalradioandtelevisionareimportantcommunicationlinkswiththecommunity,usedextensivelyforbroadcastingwarning to thesocietyinparticularthoseonouterislandsorremoteareas.Everyeffortwillbemadetoutilizeallavailabletelevisionandradiolinksduringadisaster.Ifitisnecessary,andtelephonecontactisavailable,directcontactmaybemadebetweentheSamoaNDMOwithvillagerepresentativeifspecificactionsarerequiredofthatvillage.

• Data/InformationManagement:

• ○SMDmakeuseofClimateDatafortheenvironmentdatabase.

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Samoa

• LeadingAgency:TheDisasterManagementOffice(DMO)isadivisionwithintheMinistryofNaturalResources&Environment(MNRE) thatisresponsibleforensuringtheongoingcoordination,developmentandimplementationofDisasterRiskManagementprogrammesandactivitiesinSamoa.


• DisasterAdvisoryCouncil(DAC)throughDMOactasoperationalbasisofinter‐agencycoordination,theoverarchinggovernancebodyistheNationalDisasterCouncil(NDC).

• NEOCactasoperationalbasisofinter‐agencycoordinationintheeventofdisaster.Indailyoperationaltask,theDMOstaffsissituatedintheNEOCandintheSMDforeasiercoordinationbetweenbothagencies.Intheeventofdisaster,NEOCactasoperationalbasisofinter‐agencycoordinationwhichinvolvesSamoaDMO,SMD,Police,FireEmergencyServiceAuthority(FESA)andotherrelatedministries.

• Intheeventoftropicalcyclone,aDisasterandAdvisoryCommittee(DAC)consistsofPrimeMinisterandhiscabinetisresponsiblewithfinaldecisionsofevacuation,whichisconsideringonSMDwarning.DMOthenwillleadimmediateresponseactivities.


• NDMOhasafullyfunctionalofficewith10staffmemberswhoworkduringnon‐disastertime.ThistechnicalstaffsabletouseGIStoolstoconductbasictointermediateanalysesfordisasterriskreductionandmanagementactivities.Theyhavecomparativelyweaktechnicalskillsto useremotesensingdataandtechnologyapplicationsforsimilaractivities[ibid].

• Duringdisaster,morepublicservantsandvolunteersaresecondedtoworkintheNEOC.SamoaNDMOapplyforvolunteersthroughtheAustralianvolunteerprogramandAustralianciviliancorpsprogramtofillinanycapacitygapsidentifiedfromtimetotime.

• Expertsfromprivatesectorandinternationalorganizationsareengagedtosupporttheimplementationofriskresilienceinfrastructurerelatedprograms/activities.

• ThereisnosurveyonpublicawarenessinSamoa.

Immediateresponse

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Samoa

Budget

• OperationalbudgetforSMDinthelastfourfinancialyearsare:

• $SAT319,530in2014‐15;

• $SAT355,536in2015‐16;

• $SAT412,920in2016‐17;and

• $SAT412,920in2017‐2018.


• SupportingregulationsinconductingearlywarningsysteminSamoainclude:

• SamoaNationDisasterandEmergencyManagementAct2007

• Samoa'sNationalDisasterManagementPlan2011–2014

• SMDStrategyPlaniscurrentlyindraftformandpassedintoparliamentforendorsementeither2017or2018.

• DraftofSMDMeteorologicalBillcompletedhopefullytobetabledinJune2018

• SMDStrategicObjectivesKeyOutcomeandPlanisincludedintheNationalEnvironmentSectorPlan2017‐2021oftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment

Solomon Islands

• Leading Agency: Solomon Islands Disaster Management Office (SIDMO) acted as the Chair of the Hazard Committee in the Solomon Islands National Disaster Council structure. NDMO main function is to coordination, development and implementation of DRM in the Solomon Islands. While in the operation of risks identification, potential risks were identified by different agencies under the National Emergency Operating Center (NEOC) arrangement.

• Equipment/ Facility: Basic equipment for conducting risk assessment is already available in Solomon Islands, including computers, GIS application software and proper internet connection. Desktop GIS tools, Web GIS applications, and Global Positioning Systems are all used by the NDMO. But a nationwide risk assessment is not yet carried out.

• Data/ Information Management: There is an operational geo‐portal at NDMO, called SolGeo, but it is only accessible within the intranet without public access. Currently, Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster management and Meteorology (MECDM), is working with Governments’ Information, Communication and Technology Support Unit (ICTSU) to get a virtual server space to implement a centralized geo‐portal with disaster risk database.

Riskidentification

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Solomon Islands

• LeadingAgency:SolomonIslandsMeteorologicalService(SIMS),adivisionwithintheMinistryfortheEnvironment,ClimateChange,DisasterManagement,andMeteorology,wasmandatedunderthe1985MeteorologyActastheleadingagencyinMeteorologicalhazarddetection,monitoringandforecasting.SIMSoperates24/7toprovideforpublicweatherforecast,marineforecasts,aviationforecasts,earlywarningsofnon‐TCsevereweatherevents(heavyrain,strongwindsandhighwaves),andtropicalcyclones.SIMSalsoactasnationalfocalpointfortsunamiwarnings.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:SIMSobtainsspecialadvisoriesfromTCWCBrisbanewheneverthereisanytropicalenterSolomonIslandswaterorlandarea.TropicalcyclonewarningprocedurestatedthatanytropicallowintheareaismonitoredbySIMS.Butassoonasthereisasignificantpossibilityofwindsassociatedwithatropicaldisturbanceortropicalcyclonemayreachgaleforceorstrongerwithinthenext48hoursintheislandcommunityconcerned,thenaSpecialAdvisorywillbereceivedfromBOMforSIMStodevelopitswarnings.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:Only9%oftotalstaffinSIMShasuniversitydegree.


• ObservationsectionoftheSIMSoperatessevenmannedMetStations,8AutomaticWeatherStations(AWS)and9AutomaticRainfallGauges(ARG)stations[ReportoftheSixteenthSessionoftheWMORAVTropicalCycloneCommitteefortheSouthPacificandSouth‐ EastIndianOcean,Honiara,SolomonIslands,29August‐ 02September2016].

• Himawari‐castinstalledforreceivingsatellitedata.

• SmartMetusedfordisplayingwarningandforecastinthewebsiteandwarningdissemination.

• MetConnectprovidemodelsandguidanceforweatherforecast.

• ThereisnohighresolutionNWPavailable.

• Data/InformationManagement:Thereisnodataandinformationmanagementinplaceinregardstohazardforecastandassessment.WeatherdataobtainedfromtheAutomaticWeatherStations(AWSs)isstoredintheAWSserver.MeteorologicaldataobtainedfromothersourcesstoredinaMetDatabase.


ent

Solomon Islands

• LeadingAgency:SIMSandSIDMOistheleadingagencyforwarningandcommunicationinSolomonIslands.

• oordination/CommunicationMechanism:Intheeventofdisaster,SIMSwillprovidewarningandSIDMOthroughNEOCwillprovidewhattodoinformation.Bothmessagessentto:1)SolomonIslandsMaritimeSafetyAdministration(SIMSA)whichthenforwardthemessagestoships;2)SolomonIslandsBroadcastingCorporation(SIBC)andFMRadio;3)ProvincialEmergencyOperationsCentres(PEOCs)whichthenforwardthemtocommunityleadersandcommunity;4)Telekomwhichthenforwardthemtocommunityleadersandcommunitythroughmobilesubscriber/SMS,5)RoyalSolomonIslandPoloceForce(RSIPF);6)Healthradiowhichthenforwardittohealthcenters;and7)SIGagencies,externalstakeholdersandpartners.

• ●HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:Thereisonly9%oftotalstaffinSIMShasuniversitydegree..

• Equipment/Facility:HazardwarningandtodomessagedisseminatedthroughSMS,FMRadio,television,website,phone,andemail.

• Data/InformationManagement:Thereisnodataandinformationmanagementinplaceforwarningrecordingwarnings.Warningissavedintheoperationalstaff’sworkstations,forexampleSITREParchivedatNDMO,weatherwarningarchievedintheSIBCdatabase.

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Solomon Islands

• LeadingAgency:SolomonIslandsDisasterManagementOffice(SIDMO)istheleadingagencyforimmediateresponseactivities.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:SolomonIslandsGovernmentmanagesandcoordinatesthenationalresponsetodisasterwarningsanddisastereventsthroughNEOC.ThesearrangementsaresetoutintheSolomonIslandsNationalDisasterManagementPlan2017whichhasbeenendorsedbytheNationalDisasterCommittee(NDC)andapprovedbyCabinet.

• Data/InformationManagement:ThereisasoftwareinNDMOfordatacataloguingcalledDisInvent.

Immediateresponse

Solomon Islands

Budget

• RapporteursdonothaveenoughinformationinregardstohistoricaldataoffundallocationorfundingpatterninSIMSorSIDMO.


• SupportingregulationsinconductingearlywarningsysteminSolomonIslandsinclude:• SolomonIslandsMeteorologicalAct1985

• SolomonIslandsNationalDisasterCouncilAct1989

• SolomonIslandsDisasterManagementAct2009

• SolomonIslandsNationalDisasterRiskManagementPlan,2010

• HeavyrainSOP

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Tonga

• Leading Agency: National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) is the lead agency for risk identification, assessment and coordination of emergency management.

• Coordination/ Communication Mechanism: Most NGO’s in Tonga has incorporated disaster management into their programs and projects. All their disaster management activities must be reported to the NEMO, including their risk identification and assessments and projects building resilience in the communities. It is as stated in the Emergency Management Act that NEMO will be the focal point for emergency management activities.

• Human Resources ‐ Training/ Awareness: NEMO office has 10 staffs, but unfortunately, they lack technical skills for remote sensing data analysis and geo‐portal operation[ Gaps and needs analysis report: geo‐portal and geo‐database for multi‐hazard early warning and disaster risk reduction in the Pacific Island Countries].

• Equipment/ Facility: NEMO office use mobile phone apps called Kobo Toolbox, Camera, Drone, and CHARM guidelines (a guideline where risk related to sustainable development were prioritized) to conduct risk identification activity. There is a need for a better data collection tool since the KoBo Toolbox’s GPS component is inaccurate.

Riskidentification

Tonga

• LeadingAgency:TheTongaMeteorologicalServiceistheleadingagencyespeciallyfortsunamiwarningandtropicalcyclonewarning.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:RSMCNadiissuestropicalcyclonewarningtoTMSwheneverthereisanytropicalcycloneapproachingorintheareaofTonga.TMSthenissuesforecastsandwarningsforpublic,forTongaareasbasedonthetropicalcycloneforecastsandwarningsissuedbyRSMCNadi.CoordinationbetweentheRSMCNadiandTMScarriedoutmostlybyemail,andphonecallonlyifurgentlyrequired.WhileinifthereisanypossibletreatoftsunamiforTongaregion,PacificTsunamiWarningCenter(PTWC)senttsunamiwarningtoTMS.TMSverifythewarningwithSolomonIslandsGeologicalServiceUnit(GSU),coordinatewithNEMO,whichthenactivateNEOCascoordinationresponsecenter.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:TMShas5divisionswithintheoffice;1)Forecasting;2)Climate;3)Coastalradio;4)Weatherobservation;and5)Technicalsupport.Intotal,TMShasonly8%oftotalstaffwhichhasuniversitydegree.Inforecastingdivision,TMShas7forecasters,and4outofthat7forecastersarequalifiedasWMOclass1meteorologists.


• TMShasnoweathersurveillanceradarwhichcouldbeusedformoreaccuratemonitoringonrainfallandtropicalcyclone.

• TMShasnohighresolutionNWPavailable.


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• LeadingAgency:TMSleadsindisseminatingwarningtothepublic.NEMOthenfollowsupwithcontinuousadviceandwarningsforpublicsafetywithsupportfromradiostationsandphonecompanies(TCC&Digicel).

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:Intheeventoftropicalcyclone,wheneverthereistropicalcycloneidentifiedmoving toTongaareainthenext48hours,TMSwarningsdisseminatedtotheirusersandTongaresidentthroughFMandAMradio,television(TBNTV),communicationbroadcastcompany(Digicel&TCC),newswebsite(MatangiTonga),VHF/HFradiofrequencyandEMWIN.NEMOthenactivateNEOCforevacuation.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:TMShas5divisionswithintheoffice;1)Forecasting;2)Climate;3)Coastalradio;4)Weatherobservation;and5)Technicalsupport.Intotal,TMShasonly8%oftotalstaffwhichhasuniversitydegree.Inforecastingdivision,TMShas7forecasters,and4outofthat7forecastersarequalifiedasWMOclass1meteorologists.


• ThewarningswillbedisseminatedtothecommunitybyTMS/NEMOthroughrelevantmediaandavailabletelecommunicationnetworks,including:

• VHF/HFradiolink,facsimile,phone,email,websites(oftheTMS&MinistryofInformation),chattybeetle(aportableIridiumsatelliteterminalthatpermitstext‐basedalertsandmessaginginremotelocations,wherecommunicationoptionsarelimited);

• MatangiTonganewswebsiteandTrinityBroadcastingNetwork(TBN)networkincludingTBNTV

• ShortTextMessage(SMS)byUCALLandDIGICELtopre‐selecteddisasterrepresentativesaswellasthekeypersonnelofrespondingagenciesandmembersoftheNEMC,

• AMRadioA3ZandAllFMRADIOtoreachaswideapublicaspossible

• Tsunamisirenactivationwhereavailable.

• ThewarningsdisseminatedtorelatedministriesthroughSMS,VHF/HFradiolink(limited,availablebutnotinallouterisland), EMWINandchattybeetle.

• ThereisaneedforanalternativeforAMradiotoreachouterisolatedislands,forexampletoprovidemoreHFradiolinksforouterislandsbecausecontingencycommunicationplansifphonenetworksareoutisthisHFradio.

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Tonga

• LeadingAgency:NationalEmergencyManagementOffice(NEMO)istheleadingagencyiscoordinatingemergencymanagementactivities.AsasecretariatforNationalEmergencyManagementCommittee(NEMC)theyareresponsibleformaintaining“operationalfunctioningofnationalemergencymanagementsystem”,accordingtoNationalEmergencyManagementPlan(NEMP),NEMOisresponsibleforcoordinatingwithalllineministriesincoordinatingemergencyresponse.


• NationalEmergencyOperationsCentre(NEOC)willbesetupduringemergencyoperationsbyNEMOtocoordinatetheactivitiesofdisastermonitoring,warningandimmediatepost‐disasterresponseincludingdisasterreliefwork.NEOCadvicespubliconnecessaryactionstobetakenfortheirsafetyandalsocollateinformationfrom publicforplanning.NEOCconsistofTongapolice,TongaFireservice,MinistryofeducationandTongaDefenseservices(Firstresponders).EmergencyResponseteamarebeingdeployedbyNEOC.NEOCadvisesthe publicusingthelikelyimpactoftheeventontheirlivelihoodandlives.NEOCisequippedwithtelephones,fax,computer(e‐mail),TVset,telecommunicationsystem(radiotelephones&handsetphone)satphoneandEMWINmachineandstandbypowersystem,status‐boardsandmap‐boards.

• Whenthereisdisasterwarning,NEMOwhichwillensureactivationofsirensystemswhereavailableandcoordinategovernmentand publicresponse.Furthermore,uponreceiptofwarning:

• GovernorsandGovernmentrepresentativesarerequiredtoactivatetheirIslandEmergencyManagementCommittee.

• TownOfficersarerequiredtoactivatetheirCommunityDisasterPlans.

• HeadsofGovernmentMinistriesarerequiredtoactivatetheirAgencyResponsePlans.

• SchoolPrincipalsarerequiredtoactivatetheirSchoolEvacuationPlans.

• PrivateSectorsarerequiredtoactivatetheirBusinessContinuityPlans.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:Warningsareconsideredtootechnicalforthecommunitytobeeasilyunderstood.Efforttochangeinthewarninglanguagetoincorporatemoreplainlanguageisneeded.


• Currentlythereisonly4telephonesintheNEOCandsevenpersonnelrunningtheNEOCeveryshift.

• Thereisaneedforabackupcommunicationnetworkifcommunicationbreakdown.CurrentlythereisnomobileHF/VHFradioinstalledtoNEMOvehicleandfirstresponder’svehicle.Thisradiocouldbethebackuptocommunicationbreakdowntocommunitylevel.NEOCcouldcommunicatethroughthisradiotodisseminatewarningsifmaincommunicationnetworkgoesdown.

• AtthemomentNEMOonlyhavetsunamiinundationmaps.Thereisaneedtohavecensusdata,evacuationcentersandroutesandotherrelateddatatobemappedoutandsharedamongstakeholders.

• Warehouse,NavyShips,ReliefItems/SuppliesandTrucksisavailablefordisasterrelief.WhileAMandFMradio,HF&VHFradiolinks,satellitephones,andphonesusedforcommunicationduringdisasterevent.

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Budget

• RapporteursdonothaveenoughinformationinregardstohistoricaldataoffundallocationorfundingpatterninSIMSorSIDMO.


• TongaEmergencyManagementAct2007

• TongaEmergencyFundAct2008

• TongaNationalEmergencyManagementPlan2009

• TongaJointNationalActionPlan(JNAP)onClimateChangeAdaptationandDisasterRiskManagement2010‐2015(thesecondJNAPtoupdatethisfirstversioniscurrentlyinthefinaldraft)

• TongaNationalTsunamiPlan2012

• TongaNationalDroughtPlan

• TongaMeteorologicalAct2017

Vanuatu

• Leading Agency: National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) is the national government department mandated with the authority to oversee the preparedness, response and recovery of both natural disasters and manmade disasters.

• Human Resources ‐ Training/ Awareness: The NDMO has 8 full time staff, 3 volunteers and works with the VHT 2 staff members, who will be assigned in the operations center during disaster event. Further assistance can be sourced from other government departments, Cluster leaders and VHT members.

• Equipment/ Facility: Vanuatu has necessary infrastructural requirements to support risk identification activities, including GIS analysis tools, Google Earth, web GIS applications, and global positioning systems used by NDMO, but country wide risk identification analysis has yet been conducted.

• Data/ Information Management: ORSNETis used for earthquake data management in the VMGD, while Geo‐portal recently introduced in NDMO. There is no other data and information management available. Data stored mostly in the computer’s hard drive and/or flash drive.

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• LeadingAgency:VanuatuMeteorologyandGeo‐HazardsDepartment(VMGD)isaDepartmentwithintheMinistryofClimateChangeAdaptation,Meteorology,Geo‐Hazards,Energy,EnvironmentandDisasterManagement,actastheleadingagencyforforecastingandassessmentactivities.


• VMGDreceivewarningfromPacificTsunamiWarningCenter(PTWC)fordistanttsunamievents.Whilefortheeventoflocaltsunamievents,Geo‐hazarddivisionofVMGDmaketheirowntsunamiwarning.

• VMGDdoesnotmakenewwarningproductsafterreceivingtropicalcycloneforecastsandwarningsissuedbyRSMCNadi.IttranslatesthewarningsintoFrenchandlocallanguageandsendthemtorelevantinstitutions(NDMO,policeforce,andotherlineministries)andthecommunity.

• CoordinationbetweenVMGDandRSMCNadimostlybyemail.Phonecallonlyforemergencysituation.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:In2015,VMGDhastotal72staffs,includingninestaffswhoresponsibleforweatherforecasting[VMGDAnnualReport2015].Only39%oftotalstaffinVMGDhasuniversitybackgroundeduation.


• Vanuatuhasatotalofsevenweatherobservationstationsthroughoutthecountry,twotidegaugeslocatedinPortVilaandLuganvilleandsixpermanentseismicstations.

• VMGDhasnohighresolutionNWPproducts.

• Data/InformationManagement:Thereisnodataandinformationmanagementavailable.Datastoredmostlyinthecomputer’sharddriveand/orflashdrive.


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Vanuatu

• LeadingAgency:VanuatuMeteorologyandGeo‐HazardsDepartment(VMGD)isaDepartmentwithintheMinistryofClimateChangeAdaptation,Meteorology,Geo‐Hazards,Energy,EnvironmentandDisasterManagement,actastheleadingagencyforwarningandcommunicationactivities.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:NDMOandVMGDhavecloseworkingrelationshiponad‐hocbasisintheeventofdisaster.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:In2015,VMGDhastotal72staffs,includingninestaffswhoresponsibleforweatherforecasting[VMGDAnnualReport2015].Only39%oftotalstaffinVMGDhasuniversitybackgroundeduation.

• Equipment/Facility:TropicalcyclonewarningsdisseminatedviaSNS(Facebook),radio,websiteandSMStoallcommunitymember.Tsunamiwarningdisseminatedviasirentam‐tam(installedintwomainislands),emailandSMS.


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Vanuatu

• LeadingAgency:TheNDMOresponsibleforimplementingNationalDisasterCommittee(NDC)strategies,policiesanddecisions.TheNDMOisalsoresponsibleforthecoordinationofdisasterresponse,thisincludescoordinationofpreparedness,pre‐disastersandpostdisasterscycleactivities.

• Coordination/CommunicationMechanism:NEOCisthefocalpointforthecontrolandcoordinationoftheimmediateresponseduringemergenciesanddisasters.

• HumanResources‐ Training/Awareness:TheNDMOhas8fulltimestaff,3volunteersandworkswiththeVHT2staffmembers,whowillbeassignedintheoperationscenterduringdisasterevent.Furtherassistancecanbesourcedfromothergovernmentdepartments,ClusterleadersandVHTmembers.


• CommunicationsystemusedinNDMOforinter‐agencycommunicationisincludesShort‐CodePhoneSystem,SMS,landlineandVOIPphone,HFradio,FMradio,satellitephone,messenger.

• KoBoToolboxusedforimmediateresponse,astoolsfordatacollectionandanalysisinhumanitarianemergenciesandotherchallengingenvironmentsthatwasbuilttoaddressthelackofquickmeanstogatherandanalyzeinformationinahumanitariancrisis.

• ForotherlogisticsthatisbeyondtheNDMOcapacity,theInter‐clusteragencystepintoassist.


Immediateresponse

Vanuatu

Budget• RapporteursdonothaveenoughinformationinregardstohistoricaldataoffundallocationorfundingpatterninSIMSorSIDMO.SupportingPolicy/Legislation• VanuatuLogisticContingencyPlan2011• VanuatuMeteorological,GeologicalHazardandClimateChangeAct2016

• TheVanuatuNationalDisasterManagementOfficeSOP2013

• TsunamiDirective(currentlyindraftversion).

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