G2 Productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems

G2 - Productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems

1

West Bengal, IndiaSW& SC Bangladesh

Patuakhali STU

Polder 43/2/F

Polder 30

Polder 3

North 24 Parganas

South 24 Parganas

Andy Nelson

“LOW SALINITY”• Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm

several weeks in aman• River water fresh year-round• Mild soil salinity in dry season

“MEDIUM SALINITY”• Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm

several weeks in aman• River water saline mid-Feb-

Jun• Medium soil salinity in dry

season

“HIGH SALINITY”• Water “stagnation” 30-50

cm several weeks in aman• River water saline Dec-Jul• High soil salinity in dry

season

Objectives (5+1)1. Rice variety evaluation• aus (early rainy season) - low, medium• aman (main rainy season) - low, medium & high salinity • boro (dry season) - low, medium2. Rice-based cropping system intensification• Rice-rice-rice – low; rice-rice medium• Rice-rice-rabi – low; rice-rabi medium• Rice+fish - brackish water aquaculture - high3. Homestead production systems analysis & options• literature review & surveys - low, medium, high• evaluation of options for increasing productivity, incomes4. Year-round brackish water aquaculture systems - high• Evaluation of improved management options5. Technology & policy recommendations6. Pilot community water management – CPWF Innovation Grant• 6 ha “compartment”

3

CPWF Innovation Project

4Jahangir

Alam

SocioConsult

7

Liz – BgdSukanta - Ind

1. Improving rice–based agricultural cropping systems

Saha – BgdAshutosh - Ind

2. Improving year-round aquaculture & rice-aquaculture systems

Manoranjan 3. Community water management pilotKabir 4. Women-led participatory action research –

homestead production systems

Today’s presentation

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Traditional Rice (2-3.5 t/ha)

Sesame, Keshari0.5-1.0 t/ha)

Traditional Rice (2-3.5 t/ha)

……........Fallow…………………...

....Fallow……

8

Predominant agricultural cropping systems in the low & moderately saline regions of the coastal zone of Bangladesh

9

With improved water management, varieties & intensification we have achieved the following

…..on-farm…..in the polders

Boro (140-145 d)1 May

20 July

1 Aug

25 Nov

5 Dec

5 Apr

T. Aman (130-140 d)

Aus (100-105 d)

M J J A S O N D J F M A M

10

Cropping system intensification for low salinity areas1. Aus-aman-boro (~16 t/ha)

HYVShort durationSalt tolerant

HYVMedium durationSubmergence tolerantWater stagnation tolerant

HYVMedium duration“Early” sowing

Successfully implemented on-farm for 2 years – 7th crop – polder 43/2F

10 Apr 30 June

10 July

15 Nov 1 5AprRabi (130-140 d)

1 Dec T. Aman (130-140 d)

Aus (100-105 d)

A M J J A S O N D J F M A

11

Cropping system intensification for low salinity areas2. Aus-aman-rabi (~10 t/ha rice + 8 t/ha maize OR 3 t/ha sunflower etc)

HYVShort durationSalt tolerant


HYVMaizeSunflower, Water melonChilli etc.

Successfully implemented on-farm for 2 years – 7th crop – polder 43/2F

Boro (140-145 d)

20 July

1 Aug

25 Nov

5 Dec

5 Apr

T. Aman (130-140 d)


12

Cropping system intensification for medium salinity/water short areas1. Aman-boro (~9 t/ha)


HYV“Early” sowingCold tolerant

Successfully implemented on-farm – polder 30

10 July

15 Nov 1 5AprRabi (130-140 d)

1 Dec T. Aman (130-140 d)


13

Cropping system intensification for medium salinity areas2. Aman-rabi (~5 t/ha rice + 7 t/ha maize, 2-3 t/ha sunflower etc)


HYVMaizeSunflower, Water melon etcChilli etc.

Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders

1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)

Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable cultivation of rice/HYV

14

River

Sluicegate

Drainage outlet

Road

Rural road

Canal(khal)

Drainage canal

6 ha pilot water management unit on polder 30

15




2. Strategic drainage during the rainy season

Enables cultivation of HYV & earlier harvest (mid-Nov)

16






3. Drainage shortly before aman harvest (early Nov)

Enables soil to dry for early (timely) establishment of rabi crops

17








4. Intake of water from rivers until they become too saline for irrigation

In some areas lots of fresh water in the rivers almost year-round - untapped

18

27-A

pr-1

1

26-Ju

n-11

25-A

ug-1

1

24-O

ct-1

1

23-D

ec-1

1

21-F

eb-1

2

21-A

pr-1

2

20-Ju

n-12

19-A

ug-1

2

18-O

ct-1

2

17-D

ec-1

2

15-F

eb-1

3

16-A

pr-1

3

15-Ju

n-13

14-A

ug-1

30.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00Polder 30 (Station-2, Pussur river)

Salin

ity (p

pt)

26-F

eb

14-S

ep

1-Ap

r

18-O

ct

6-M

ay

22-N

ov

10-Ju

n0.0

4.0

8.0

12.0

16.0

20.0

24.0 Polder 43-2f (Station-2 (Out Side),Paira River)

Date

Salin

ity (p

pt)










5. De-silting of khals(CPWF phase 1)

..Increases storage capacity for irrigation when river too saline..Facilitates drainage

19

Khals within polders vary greatly in size, can store fresh water during the dry season, but often heavily silted up (some no longer exist), blocked…

20










5. De-silting of khals ..Increases storage capacity for irrigation when river too saline..Facilitates drainage

6. “Early” establishment of boro rice after aman (sow mid-Nov)

Reduces storage requirement for fresh water to finish the crop off after the rivers become too saline

21Polder 30 - sufficient storage for 15-20% of land to grow boro rice

- desilting of khals roughly double the possible boro rice area










5. De-silting of khals(CPWF phase 1)

..Increases storage capacity for irrigation when river too saline..Facilitates drainage

6. “Early” establishment of boro rice after aman (sow mid-Nov – CPWF phase 1)

Reduces storage requirement for fresh water to finish the crop off after the rivers become too saline

7. High yielding/value rabi crops during the dry season in water short areas

Only need 2-3 irrigations

22

Rice variety evaluation for West Bengal

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI)RRS Canning Town

Challenges in Indian Ganges Basin• Rainy season

– Stagnant flooding (0.3-0.5 m for 1+ month)• Dry season

– Soil salinty– Lack of fresh water (some ground water pumping, but is it sustainable? –

salinisation of aquifer)• Variety evaluation

– Rainy season (aman) – land elevation/flooding depth tolerance– Dry season (boro) – salinity tolerance

• Cropping system– Objective – reduce irrigation requirement for boro

• Timely aman establishment-early boro establishment• Shorter duration

Non-availability of adequate number of varieties for different salinity

Delayed in seed bed preparation and planting

Often planting with old seedlings

Labour scarcity during planting

Increasing expenditure on crop management especially water

Shortage of irrigation water during ripening phase

Exposing to hot weather during heading stage

Crop lodging due to high wind during post-flowering period

High cost involvement

Present scenario of boro rice cultivation

Soil: Heavy texture Land type: Mostly ( 84%) low lying & flat topography

Salinity: 5-15 dSm-1

Canning Sandeshkhali I

Gosaba

Study locations:

Basanti

Polder 3, BD

Sandeshkhali II

20 km

Aman Varietal Evaluation

Participatory Varietal Evaluation

Variety/Line

Sandeshkhali II*Highland

Gosaba**Medium land

Basanti***Lowland

Yield (t/ha)

Farmers’ choice

Yield (t/ha)

Farmers’ choice

Yield (t/ha)

Farmers’ choice

Sabita (local) 2.68 3.15 2.60Amal-Mana 3.80

(42%) 2nd 4.55(44%) 1st

4.40(69%) 2nd

CSRC (D) 12-8-12 3.52(31%)

4.15(32%)

4.80(85%) 1st

Swarna sub 1 4.15(55%) 1st 4.38

(39%) 2nd 4.20(61%)

LSD (0.05) 0.38 0.39 0.41

Improved varieties for Aman season in the Coastal West Bengal, India

Sample pH EC Irrigation water 6.77 6.70Field water 6.97 7.70Soil 7.03 6.26

Village: KheriaBlock: BasantiDist. : South 24 Parganas

Ground water use for Boro rice cultivation

Groundwater irrigation at Daudpur

Daudpur (North 24 Parganas) monitoring of tube wells used for irrigation

500 m

Class EC (dS m-1) Quality characteristicsC1 <1.5 Normal watersC2 1.5 – 3 Low saline watersC3 3 – 5 Medium saline watersC4 5 – 10 Saline watersC5 >10 High saline waters

January February March April01234567

Change in Ground Water Salinity dur-ing dry season

Salin

ity d

S m

-1

07.01.12 02.02.12 16.03.12 20.04.120123456789

Changes in soil salinity during boro rice

SandeshkhaliGosaba

Soil

salin

ity E

Ce (d

Sm-1

)

Rice varietal trial during 2013 Boro seasonFARMERS’ FIELDS (low to high salinity)

1 BRRI dhan 47

2 BRRI dhan 55

3 BINA dhan 84 Parijat5 Bidhan-2

6 N. Sankar

7 S. Sankar8 WGL-20471

9 Local 110 Local 2

Parijat

BRRI dhan 55

Super S

ankar

Bidhan 2

Annada

IET 4786

N. Sanka

r

BINA dhan 8

WGL 20471

BRRI dhan 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 Soil Salinity 3.10 dS/m

Soil Salinity 7.15 dS/mGr

ain

yiel

d (t

ha-1

)155 d

145 d155 d

145 d

On-station experiment for evaluation of effect of duration & sowing date

on water use & water productivity

• BRRI dhan 47• BRRI dhan 53• BRRI dhan 55 • BINA dhan 8• CSR 34, CSR 22• IR 10206-29-2-1-1• CSRC (S) 50-2-1-1-4-B• Dates of sowing:

06.11.12 & 28.11.12

Grain yield & Duration of Boro Rice Varieties (on-station boro trial 2013, low salinity)

BRRI dhan 47

BRRI dhan 53

BRRI dhan 55

BINA dhan 8

CSR 34

CSR 22

IR 10206-29-2-1-1

CSRC (S

) 50-2-1-1-4-B

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Grai

n yi

eld

(t h

a-1)

BRRI dhan 47

BRRI dhan 53

BRRI dhan 55

BINA dhan 8

CSR 34

CSR 22

IR 10206-29-2-1-1

CSRC (S

) 50-2-1-1-4-B

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Days

to m

atur

ity

Water use & WUE of Boro rice Varieties

BRRI dhan 47

BRRI dhan 53

BRRI dhan 55

BINA dhan 8

CSR 34

CSR 22

IR 10206-29-2-1-1

CSRC (S

) 50-2-1-1-4-B

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Irrig

ation

wat

er u

sed

(cm

)

BRRI dhan 47

BRRI dhan 53

BRRI dhan 55

BINA dhan 8

CSR 34

CSR 22

IR 10206-29-2-1-1

CSRC (S

) 50-2-1-1-4-B

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

WUE

(kg/

ha-c

m)

17% Less irrigation water required by early sowing crop due to utilization of residual soil moisture & earlier maturity in cooler

weather

04080

120160

06.11.12 28.11.12

Average of 8 varieties

Thank U All

Resilient Intensified and Diversified Agriculture and

Aquaculture SystemBangladesh

Output 2: Rice-aquaculture for high salinity zone

Output 4: Aquaculture for high salinity zone

BANGLADESH

Aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to medium in rainy season

Rice-aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to low in rainy season

Research Objective

Improved management for enhanced productivity, profitability & resilience in rice-aquaculture & aquaculture systems

24 mini-ghers for rice-aquaculture 12 mini-ghers for aquaculture

407-870 m2866-1463 m2

47

BeforeConstruction

Drain/Intake canalAround every gher Ponds

Aquaculture Treatments in 20133 aquaculture treatments in BOTH systems (4 reps) :

1. Farmers’ mgt : Polyculture Shrimp+ several fish spp, multiple stockings & harvests

2. Improved mgt 1: Rotational monoculture Dry season - shrimp (2 short crops)

Wet season - monoculture tilapia; monoculture cat fish

3. Improved mgt 2: Rotational polycultureDry season - shrimp+tilapia (2 short crops)

Wet season - polyculture tilapia + carp + catfish

Carp

Singh & Magur

Shrimp

Nona tengra

Tilapia

……………Dry season…………………………………….Wet

season……………………………………………………………

Catfish (3 spp)

Rice-aquaculture systemTherefore 2 water depth treatments (50 cm, 70 cm) in rice-aquaculture system, both seasons

Saline water needs to be drained in July to allow leaching of salt by rainfall prior to rice transplantingHigher brackish water aquaculture production if saline water is kept for longer

Need shallow water after transplanting rice (<20 cm)This is very shallow for aquaculture (importance of trenches)

Better rice productivity with shallower waterBetter aquaculture productivity with deeper water

Some tradeoffs for rice & aquaculture system

Management

Practice Farmer’s Practice Improved 1 & 2Liming 200 kg ha-1 200 kg ha-1

Water filtering Unfiltered FilteredWater depth Lower HigherPredatory Fish Not eradicated EradicatedFertilization No fertilizer Fertilizer & dolomiteShrimp seed Not PCR tested PCR testedFeed No feed Feeding Water replenishment When needed When neededPost stocking fertilization

Very insufficient When primary production is low

Fish seed Some wild All from hatcheries

Timeline (Output 2 & 4)

Shrimp& fishStocking 1

Rice harvest

AprilMarch Aug. Dec.

Harvest 2Stocking - WS

Fish harvestComplete draining

Sept.

Harvest 1Stocking 2

May July Nov.

Rice transplanting

Dry season (DS) Wet season (WS)

05

1015202530 FP(50 cm) FP(70 cm)

Mono(50 cm) Mono(70 cm)Poly(50 cm) Poly(70 cm)

Days of Culture

Salin

ity (p

pt)

1 7 15

21

28

35

42

49

56

63

70

77

84

91

98

105

112

119

05

1015202530

FP (50cm) Mono (50 cm)Poly (50 cm) FP (70 cm)Mono (70 cm) Poly (70 cm)

Days of culture

Salin

ity (p

pt)

Rice-aquaculture AquacultureWater salinity (2012 versus 2013)

1 7 15

21

28

35

42

49

56

63

70

77

84

91

98

105

112

119

05

1015202530

FPMonoPoly

Days of culture

Salin

ity (p

pt)

1 14 28 42 56 70 84 98112

0

5

10

15

20

25

30 FPMonoPoly

Days of Culture

Salin

ity (p

pt)

2012

2013

2012

2013

Findings – Rice-aquaculture

Depth of water during dry season

1 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 1051121190

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

FP(50 cm) FP(70 cm)Mono(50 cm) Mono(70 cm)Poly(50 cm) Poly(70 cm)

Days of Culture

Wat

er D

epth

(cm

)2013

Dry season 2013 production (kg/ha) rice-aquaculture

Culture pattern

1st crop(Shrimp 70 days,

Fish 55 days)

2nd crop(Shrimp 52 days,

Fish 41days)Total DS

(March-July)

Shrimp Tilapia Shrimp* Tilapia* Shrimp Tilapia

Farmer’s practice

135 kg/ha shrimp165 kg/ha fish to September

(complete harvest December)

Mono(50 cm)

388 ±22 - 271 ±52 - 659 -

Poly(50 cm)

361 ±60 1625 ±56 255 ±67 775 ±23 616 2400

Mono(70 cm)

501 ±132 - 309 ±17 - 810 -

Poly(70 cm)

381 ±57 1624 ±62 255 ±75 652 ±61 636 2276* 2nd stocking delayed 15 days due to unavailability of quality seed shrimp & tilapia

Economics of dry season rice- aquaculture production

Culture pattern

Total Variable

costTotal

ReturnGross margin

Mono(50 cm)

175 277 102

Poly(50 cm)

320 475 155

Mono(70 cm)

178 340 162

Poly(70 cm)

296 472 176

Tk X 1000/ha

Progress of wet season production

Water drained out for rice transplantation

T-aman was affected by salinity from seepage from adjacent ghers & groundwater influx

Tilapia harvesting

Transplantation of rice

Findings - aquaculture

Depth of water during dry (March-July) season

0

20

40

60

80

100FPMonoPoly

Days of culture

Wat

er d

epth

(cm

)2013

Dry season 2013 production (kg/ha) aquaculture

Culture pattern

1st crop(Shrimp 70 days,

Fish 55 days)

2nd crop(Shrimp 52 days,

Fish 41days)Total DS

Shrimp Tilapia Shrimp* Tilapia* Shrimp Tilapia

Farmer’s practice

73.19 kg/ha bagda, 13 kg/ha harina, 144 kg tilapia and 8.61 kg/ha to September. (complete harvest

December)

Mono-culture 565±31 - 291±124 - 856 -

Poly-culture 373±27 1744 ±212 193±64 777±47 566 2521

* 2nd stocking delayed 15 days due to unavailability of quality seed shrimp & tilapia

Economics of dry season aquaculture production

Culture pattern

Total variable

costTotal

ReturnGross margin

Monoculture180 359 179

Polyculture 293 464 171

Tk X 1000/ha

Progress of wet season production

Partitioning of 4 ponds Stocking of new cat fish

Tilapia disease due to lack of water exchange Tilapia harvesting

Knowledge Sharing

Labor group meeting

Participation in seminar/workshops

Farmer group meeting

Key challengesMarkets• Scarcity of quality shrimp and fish seed• Lack of quality feed in local marketAquaculture management• Prevention of escaping cat fish through dikes• Aquatic weed controlCommunity• Poor feeder canal for gravitational water

exchange (need community system)• Poaching risk increases (need to increase

productivity of all ghers to lessen predation of individual gher – share the predation more evenly!)

Lessons Learned

• Short duration shrimp production appeared as less risky.

• High demand for big size fingerlings in the locality – an expanding industry

Other improvements

You can make your saline gher dike green and environment friendly by adding trees

Other improvements

Vegetable can be grown on saline gher dikes during wet season

Other improvements

Local variety of grass grows very well on saline gher dikes which can be used as fodder

Paddy- Fish Culture in South 24 Paraganas, West Bengal, India

Output 2: More productive, profitable, resilient & diversified rice-based cropping systems

In collaboration with CSSRI ,Canning

Dr.Sunder Ray

please change the new logo

How India and Bangladesh work is different ?

IndiaDeep pond at one endRainy season – fish in pond & rice cropDry season – fish in pond only; rice irrigated from pond

BangladeshRice and fish in the same gher (large, shallow “pond” e.g. 0.5-5 ha)

Paddy-Fish calendarJul Aug Sept Oct Nov DEC Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Bangladesh[

India

Wet season Dry season

Rice+fish+prawnDry seasonShrimp+fish

Wet

Rice Boro rice

Fish in field & pond Fish in pond

Objectives

1. to evaluate pond area/agricultural land area ratio(what size pond is large enough to grow boro rice in Dry Seasons ?)

2 treatments - 20% (current practice; not enough for boro rice)- 30% (enough for boro rice?)

2. to evaluate harvesting method

2 treatments – single harvest in Mar- phased harvesting (monthly, Dec- Mar)

Kakdwip Block: Vill – ShibkalinagarNamkhana Block: Vill- Madanganj,

2 Experimental sites

Locations 1 & 2

2 pond areas(20%, 30% of total field)

2 harvesting treatments (single, phased)

3 replicates

Experimental location and treatment

Before excavation of pond

After excavation of pond

DESIGN LAYOUT OF PADDY CUM FISH CULTURE (KHARIF)

Padd

y

V

arie

ty-1

(Am

alm

ana)

Partition of pond and paddy field by Net

Fish Culture without phase harvest

Fish Culture with phase harvest

Earthen Embankment

TrenchPond area Paddy Cultivation Area

Dyke cropping with horticultural crops

Catla Scampi

Catla ,Rohu ,Mrigala and ScampiCatla,Rohu,Mrigala and Scampi

• Inputs (Lime, Feed, Fertiliser, advance fingerlings)

• Water quality fortnightly - Temperature, pH, dissolved

Oxygen, salinity, total alkalinity, ammoniacal–N, nitrate–N, phosphate

• Growth & survival fortnightly• Feed intake weekly• Production

Monitoring of pond water and fish

Sampling

Plankton sampling

Weighing of fish Weighing of prawn

Taking length of fish

• Inputs e.g. Fertiliser• Growth, development• Grain & straw yield• Yield components

Monitoring of rice

October rainfall 538 mm – long time average 130mm

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Rainfall (mm) 2013

Present stage

At the time of paddy plantationMid way stage

• All parameters similar except salinity• Conditions were within the optimum range for fish growth at all

sites

Growth of fish in different pond area

Future PlanWill continue for 2014 dry & rainy seasons & 2015 dry season if possible• Harvesting rainy season rice• Start fish harvesting in December.• Nursery raising for boro rice December• Transplant boro rice Feb 14• Final fish harvest March 2014.• Restocking of pond• Water budgeting

THANK YOU

Implementing community level water management in coastal Bangladesh

Manoranjan Mondal, Elizabeth HumphreysT P Tuong and Alamgir Chowdhury

SCL

Boro Aman

Aus


Low Saline Area: Aus-Aman-Boro

IrrigationRainfall-River Water w/Suppl Irrigation

Rabi Aman

Aus Aus


Low Saline Area: Aus-Aman-Rabi

Aman

Residual Moisture

Terminal Drainage

Rainfall-River Water w/Suppl Irrigation

15 July

15 Nov 30 AprRabi (120-140 d)

Dec/Jan Aman (140 d)


Terminal Drainage

Moderate Saline Area: Aman-Rabi

Rainfall-River Water Residual Soil Moisture

15 July

15 Nov 30 AprBoro (150 d)

10 Dec Aman (140 d)


Rainfall-River Water Irrigation

Moderate Saline Area: Aman-Boro

J F M A M J J A S O N D J

High Saline Area: Shrimp-[Aman+Fish]

Shrimp+Tilapia Rice+Fish

M J J A S O N D J F M A M J

T. Aman (140-160 d)

Rabi (130-140 d)

1. Prolonged water logging -~ 30 cm water depth at the beginning of aman season prevents adoption of HYV rice cultivation

2. Delayed establishment of rabi crops3. Pre-monsoon rainfall

Main causes of low productivity

YES – by• Systematic operation of the sluice

gates (open at low tide, close at high tide)

• Separation of lands of different elevation with small levees

• Strategic investments in infrastructure e.g. culverts under polder roads blocking natural drainage lines

• Desilting drainage canals (khals)BUT• Need community participation

Can the problem of water too deep for HYV rice solved?

Elevation (above mean sea level, m) %

<0. 2 0<0.6 15<1.0 61<1.2 80<1.6 95<1.8 98

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0 20 40 60 80 100

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Area (sqkm)

Land

leve

l (m

PWD)

Area (Percent)

Area-Elevation curve

Average water level 1.3 m

Kazibacha river

Low tide water level 0.0 m

High tide water level 2.9 m

Average water level 1.0 m

Lower-Shalta river

Low tide water level -0.50 m

High tide water level 2.7 m

Gravity drainage - an example of polder 30

• Obtain the agreement of a group of farmers to create a hydrologically separate pilot watershed area on polder 30 and operate the sluice gate systematically

What we have done to improve productivity of coastal BD?

97

River

Sluicegate

Road

Rural road

Canal(khal)

Drainage canal

Outlet

6 ha pilot water management unit on polder 30

98

• Obtained the agreement of the farmers to grow– HYV rice – High value and

traditional rabi cropsin the watershed area

• Provided seed & training in recommended management for rice and rabi crops

• Provided year-round coaching

What we have done to improve productivity of coastal BD?

99

July

Nov AprHYV Rabi

Dec/Jan HYV Aman


River water EC 1-4 dSm-1

Residual soil water

Terminal Drainage

What we wanted to achieve?

What We Achieved & Lesson Learned

• Only about 50% farmer cultivated HYV

• Reasons– ~50% leasing land: tenant

has to bear all expenses, crop share is only 1/3rd; pressure from land owners for traditional rice

– Lower price of HYV in local market at that time

– Need cash to buy inputs: fertilizer, pesticide

– Higher cost of transplanting HYV due to closer spacing.

HYV Local0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Farm

er cu

ltiva

ted

rice

(%)

Lesson 1: HYV rice cultivation

• Constructed internal drains/bunds to separate high and low land & outlet

• Installed drainage outlet• The crop was submerged twice

• 8-14 August 2012: 264 mm rainfall, drained out within 4 days.

• 3-5 September 2012: 246 mm rainfall, drained out within 3 days.

• With this drainage network, watershed farmers successfully drained excess water.

Lesson 2: Drainage during aman season

• Farmers operated the sluice gate systematically to quickly drain out excess water during the rainy season

• BUT couldn’t drain on time for rabi establishment because of late maturing traditional varieties

Drainage during aman season

1-Jul-1

2

14-Jul-1

2

27-Jul-1

2

9-Aug-12

22-Aug-12

4-Sep-12

17-Sep-12

30-Sep-12

13-Oct-

12

26-Oct-

12

8-Nov-1

2

21-Nov-1

2

4-Dec-1

2

17-Dec-1

2

30-Dec-1

2

12-Jan-13

25-Jan-13

7-Feb-13

20-Feb-13

5-Mar-

13

18-Mar-

130

20406080

100120140160180200220240

Rain

fall

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ater

dep

th (m

m) Target drainage time – but irrigation!

because local variety late maturing

Transplanting

Surface water gone but weather cold, foggy, soil too wet for tillage

Lesson 3: Late drainage at the end of wet season- soil too wet for early rabi crop establishment

• Early establishment of rabi crops possible by dibbling– 2 farmers established sunflower by dibbling on 1 January

2013, harvested before the cyclone.– BUT dibbling cultivation requires more labour to spade

the land, increasing production cost. (if not cultivated, how to apply fertilizer? soil cracks leading to root breakage, irrigation water loss down cracks-need small scale mechanization)

Lesson 4: Rabi crop establishment

Effect of LATE establishment of rabi crops

Sesame seeds were broadcast during 14-28 February 2013

Mungbean and sesame in pilot watershed on 18 May 2013

264 mm rain (19-31May 2013) flooded the crop field

Flooded (0.3 m deep) sesame field on 23 May 2013

Damaged sesame field in pilot watershed on 25 May 2013

Damaged mungbean field in pilot watershed on 31 May 2013

Effect of EARLY established rabi crops

Sunflower established on 1st January 2013, harvested before cyclone (yield = 1.5 t/ha, well-irrigated, no

fertiliser)

Maize established on 24 February 2013 was in late grain filling at time of rains & farmer harvested 5 t/ha (~ 1/2

fertiliser )

HYV Rice (Re commended mngt)

Traditional + HYV Rice (Farmers’ mngt)

Stocked FISH in 6 ha –both areas

(Tilapia, Mola)

Aman 2013: Rice-Fish

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Aman Rice in 2013: ~ 5-6 t/ha from HYV

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p

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Rain

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Paddy water depth in 2013 aman season

• Community water management is the key to outscaling improved agricultural technologies for food security of the communities living in coastal polders of BD.

• Productivity & income could be increased integrating small indigenous fish with rice in the watershed area.

• This will– Improve food & nutrition– More home consumption

by children & women.– Increase aquatic

agricultural diversity.

Future potentials of community water management

THANK YOU

SCL

Women led participatory action research on

homestead challenged pond aquaculture

Objectiveto increase productivity, improve nutrition & income and empowerment of women

Specific research questions:

1. How to increase productivity, income and household consumption of fish from small shaded ponds without hampering regular household pond water uses ?

2. How women’s capacity of decision making and control of resources can be improved through their involvement in shaded pond fish farming?

Objectives and research questions

Locations & new partners – under umbrella of G2

Polder 3: G2, AAS

Polder 30: G2, AAS

Polder 43: G2, FtF-Aq

Polder 5: SmartFarm

Polder 39: SmartFarm

P3P30

P43

P39

P5

Barisal: CSISA

Faridpur: CSISA

Jessore: CSISA

Barisal

Jessore

Faridpur

Region 2: Non Saline

Region 1:Saline

PAR Process & team building

Research team (RT): experts under different themes from participating projectsImplementation monitoring team (IMT): Respective PO/TS/ADO of concerned project at each siteWomen’s groups: <1 ha land and pond with >60% shade throughout the day

Designing the research: Community consultation

Identifying resources and opportunitiesPrioritizing farmers preferenceUnderstanding gender and nutrition statusDefining women role in participatory technology development

Participatory Mapping of HFS

Water availability in homestead ponds, use pattern and preference

Women are Interested in Aquaculture research

Fish Preference by Women

Fish Feed Preference by Women

Commercial Feed

Home made feed

Kitchen waste

Insects & other naturally available feed

Women Preference for Participating Different

Activities of Aquaculture

Fish sale Fish harvest

Fish feeding monitoring

Fish stocking

Summary of community consultation output and individual farmer interview result were considered in designing the research

Experimental Design

Region: Two regions (saline & non saline)Treatments: Polyculture with 3 different species composition for each region focused on regular fish consumption and increased incomeReplication: 4 replicationsControl: Monitoring of 10 shaded pond in each areaManagement: Low cost feeding & managementMonitoring:

• Baseline & impact survey• Record keeping in WF record book• FARMER GROUP MEETING TWICE IN A MONTH• Collecting WQ & BW sampling data monthly

Empowering women by building awareness & research Capacity

Women farmers have improved

research interest & capacity and

more empowered in decision making & accessing resources

Gender & nutrition

awareness

Technical

Support

Empowering women by building awareness & research Capacity

Current status: – Tilapia started breeding in ponds– Fish growth & survival satisfactory

Lessons learned: – Timely implementation of planned activities depends on

national political stability– Need to develop local quality input suppliers– Success depends much on field staff motivation &

sincerity

Outcomes so far: – Farmers started regular harvesting & consumption– To date no problems regarding pond water use in other

household activities.– Women farmers are highly motivated for action research

(solving their problems: e.g. less or no productivity from shaded ponds)

– Women farmer researchers already getting more importance in their families and communities

Future plans: Continue for next couple of years focusing on total pond ecosystem, natural recruitment, connectivity with open water, monoculture/commercial aquaculture culture

Thanks

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Plans to closure late 20141. Research activities• 2014 boro & aus variety trials in farmers fields (polders 30, 43/2/F)• continue cropping system demos to end of boro/rabi (30), aus (43/2/F)• continue pilot watershed to end of rabi 2014• participatory adaptive trial of brackish water aquaculture technologies in• women-led participatory action research in 2014

• data analysis & writing

2. Outscaling activities - partnership with BRAC in • community watershed pilots• brackish water aquaculture outscaling• outscaling of agricultural cropping system intensification

3. Dissemination materials• scientific papers• brochures, videos for farmers & extensionists• presentations to high level officials, policy makers, donors

4. Seek opportunities/develop proposals for funding to build on achievements

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Research questions for the future (many)

Common across aquatic-agriculture systems: 1. How can we implement improved community management to demonstrate

the benefits of improved production systems? (about water & much more; agricultural cropping systems, aquaculture systems)

2. Is implementation of improved drainage/water management systems in polders economic?

3. Nutrient cycling in rice-shrimp systems

Many others specific to:• rice varietal improvement (e.g. short duration, cold tolerant boro)• homestead production systems (e.g. pond-ecosystem approach)• sustainability of groundwater pumping for boro rice• establishment of rabi crops • aquaculture in saline areas

G2 Productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems

Technology

Transcript of G2 Productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems