Fungi

General Characteristics •  Primarily

terrestrial •  Filamentous

– __________ •  Coenocytic

(aseptate) •  septate

– mycelium – Haustoria –

specialized parasitic hyphae

Hyphae

Fungal Hyphae

General Characteristics (animal-like)

•  Heterotrophic – absorption

(saprobes) – parasitic – mutualistic

•  Cell Wall:______ •  Store sugar as

glycogen

Chitin

Fungal Reproduction • Asexual

– haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) • Sexual

– hyphae (haploid) – Syngamy (diploid) – (like us)

• ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon)

• karyogamy (diploid)

Plasmogamy

Fugal Reproduction

Fungal Classification

Division: Chytridiomycota

•  Have _______ (rare in fungi) •  Coenocytic hyphae or

unicellular •  Cell wall: chitin •  Saprobes or parasites •  May be most primitive fungi

Flagella

Division: Zygomycota

Division: Zygomycota

•  Coenocytic Fungi •  Mostly terrestrial

(live on decaying material)

•  Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold)

•  Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring

(enzymes)

Fig. 31-13-4

Rhizopus growing on bread

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic)

Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating

type (–)

Mating type (+)

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n)

PLASMOGAMY

Key

Diploid nuclei

Zygosporangium

100 µm

KARYOGAMY

MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Spores

Dispersal and germination

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Dispersal and germination

Sporangia

Mycelium 50 µm

Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!

Division: Zygomycota

• Microsporidia – Parasitic

• Loss of organelles – Cause disease in

people with immune deficiency

– Used as pest control

Division: Glomeromycota

•  Arbuscular mycorrhizae – Coenocytic Fungi – ________ - associated

with plant roots –  increases surface area

for the absorption of water and nutrients

Mutualistic

Division: Ascomycota

Divison: ________ •  Septate fungi (sac

fungi) •  Saprobes,

mutualistic •  Examples: Dutch

Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds

•  Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)

Ascomycota

Fig. 31-17-4

Key Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n) Dikaryotic (n + n)

Conidiophore

Mycelium

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Germination

Hypha PLASMOGAMY

Haploid spores (conidia)

Conidia; mating type (–)

Mating type (+)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Dikaryotic hyphae

Ascus (dikaryotic)

Mycelia

KARYOGAMY

Diploid nucleus (zygote)

Germination

Asci

Dispersal

Dispersal

Ascocarp Eight ascospores

Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

Division: Basidiomycota

Division: Basidiomycota

•  Septate Fungi (Club fungi)

•  Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic

•  Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi

•  Uses: Food

Division: Basidiomycota •  Fairy Rings

Basidium

Fig. 31-19-4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n)

Key

PLASMOGAMY

Mating type (+)

Haploid mycelia Dikaryotic mycelium

Mating type (–)

Basidia (n+n)

Gills lined with basidia

Basidiocarp (n+n)

KARYOGAMY

Diploid nuclei

MEIOSIS

Basidium containing four haploid nuclei

Dispersal and germination

Basidiospores (n)

Basidium with four basidiospores

Basidiospore 1 µm

Haploid mycelia

Division: Deuteromycota •  _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae •  Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi •  Stachybotrys chartarum

Imperfect

Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

__ •  Mutualistic -

association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota

•  Pioneer organisms

Lichen_____

Ecological Impacts •  Decomposers •  Pathogens (30% of

species…most plant pathogens).

•  10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi

•  Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD)

•  Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles

•  Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

•  Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline

•  60% human diseases originate from animals 3/3/14 24

Plant Diversity I

Highlights of Plant Evolution

Gymnosperms

Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles.

Multicellular

Multicellular

Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) •  Nonvascular

Seedless plants – _____________

• Mosses – Hepatophyta

• Liverworts – Anthocerophyta

• Hornworts

•  Vascular Seedless plants – Lycophyta

•  Club mosses

– Psilophyta • Whiskferns

– Spenophyta • Horsetails

– _____________ •  Ferns

Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos)

Bryophyta

Pterophyta

We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants

• Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) – no true leaves, roots, stems

• __________/_________: – Gametophyte

• (antheridium and archegonium) – sporangium (produces spores)

Gametophyte Sporophyte

Hepatophyta •  Liverworts

– Two forms •  __________ (80%) •  __________ (20%)

Leafy Thalloid

Hepatophyta

•  Liverworts – Reproduction

•  Asexual (_______________) •  sexual

Gemma Cups

Anthocerophyta •  Hornworts

– Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes

– Most closely related to higher plants

____________ Sporophyte

Bryophyta Mosses

Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally

Bryophyta

Essay!

Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants

• Formation of vascular tissue – __________ (water) – __________ (food) – True leaves, roots, and stems

• Lignin (chemical in cell wall) • Sporophyte generation

dominate • Sperm with flagella

Xylem Phloem

Lycophyta

•  Lycophytes –  true leaves

•  Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein.

–  true stems –  true roots –  ____________

•  leaves that produce spores

Sporophylls

Psilophyta

•  Whisk Ferns – True stems – no true leaves – no true roots

Sphenophyta

•  Horsetails –  true leaves

• microphylls –  true stems

•  silica

–  true roots

Division: Pterophyta

Division: Pterophyta

Fern Life Cycle

Essay!