FUNGAL FLORA OF CEREALS (CERTAIN VARIETIES OF WHEA T AND

BARLEY)

THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE

OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN

SYED ISLAM AHMAD

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY.

ALIGARH

1974

T1426

Y\-\^G

- 1 JUL 1375

. A\ in Coil. ^ ' . tcj

jy^OOft

^ \ ^ L ^

ACSyilACT

For tho study of cood xayco-Hoira of olovcn var ie t ies

of wheat ond Ztour variottoa of barley, h lo t tor and a a l t

extract agar tochjiiquca havo been caployod. Blotter

tec^mque bao been proved to bo be t te r l^aa malt extract

agar tedinlcuo as 29 genera of fungi have been Isolated

while ualnc former technique aiid only 2h genera ^ l l e using

the l a t e r technique. In a l l 31 gcinQTn of fUncl have been

isolated, out of i^ich J^tsTQT^XnlQJ^Pr^nt Aphf\msmMt MSXIS-

SiQM^f 9^m}^£im^nt <^^m\^^W\^llnf !RftT>a.1rPtotnaif Mosis. sUUum BmmmiMlBt §£^2£in]xiS£M$ apjjg d B and ^j^mx^JjiL

are new r<^orts»

UacroGcoplc ojKjsinatlon of v*ieat seels rcveala tha t

tije Beeds of a l l the elovcai variotios of ylier.t possess

injurleo to o varyinc extent. Detailed cxmlnation of the

seeds hafl chown that the seeds cptt be elnsEifled on the

basis of extent of ipjuiy into three CGtegoriee v i s , , seeds

having minor cracliCj cradta without exposed eeibryo and

crr.cKG with esgsor-od eaibryo. A now tedijnlque for detecting

tl-v© injui7 of the seeds has been devised.

Mill© using malt ©alt agar technlQUo 17 species of

Aspercllll t:\VQ b^en isolnted frs^ ^«^eat v i r lo t ina out of

which /mwT^l^Mn yartgcgXQrt ii* iMiilamiQt l - mJMS and J . qu9rclmi§ are now reports .

Cracked ceods harbour tiom i\mgt ttian In tac t seeds.

A direct corrclatlon has been oboorvcd bctTioen tii© tot»X

porcentac© of AsperglXll end tota l porcontace of cracHs in

non-surface disinfected seeds,

Uurfaco dictnfoctlon of seeds wlt^ sodlua hypochlorite

reduces the nyco-florn In jjenoral b o ^ In In tac t and cracked

seodo. But the reducttor. to a greater extent has boon recorded

In cracked seods thcam In i n t ac t aeode.

Porccntace ceiolnation in in tnc t non-surface dis in­

fected seeds has been hlfjaor than cracked non-surface d i s ­

infected seeds. freataentBof seeds wltia Cerosan diy* and

Cercsan wet* Inprovo the gennination both in In tac t and

cracked seeds. Coreocn wot i s aore effective tfaon Cot^san

dry.

^ o soodlinoo raised froa in t ac t i^eat seeds by

treating \5rtLth Cerosan wet and Coresan dfy shov/ be t te r growth

than the control. However, the differences are not so

significant as a z^sult of treatment as in cracked seeds.

The t\?o itingicides have been equally effective,

Eighteen cenertL of fUnsi have been isolnted froa four

varietloo of br>rlc7f out of ^4iich i a a l l s t 'g* »»MRUF!T

riaLLflneonis^ ^tn^7lSQ%iyp, ana Sr ic r r la arr new rr^rorto.

• Ethyl mercury d i lor ide .

To,

My Parents,

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ABRAR M. KHAN Hl^'^WA ALIGARH (IND.A) PROFESSOR

Dated Marcli 10,197!*»

Ih ls I s to certify that Mr. S, Islaja Ahaad

h<i8 wozkod in this Departmtmt aii a Hoseareh scholar

under my supervision and guidance. His woik on the

"Fungal flora of cereals ( certain var ie t ies of

vheat and barley )*• i s uptodate and or ig ina l . He

I s alloved to mitolt h is thesis fbr the consideration

of the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy,

( ABEAR M. Mm ) M.Sc, Ph»D. (MinnO,

F.B.Ot, F .P .8 . I . , Professor of Botany.

AGKHoWl^BUGEt-iENT

The author expresses his deep sense of gratitude to Professor Abrar M. Khaxi, Oepartaent of Botany, Allgaiti Husliia Univ,»r3lty| ^ligaxhi for auggesUng the prolilem, constant i^courageaent, guidojnce, keen Intereot and geai^rous g i f t of time throu^out the course of Investigations and In the preparation of t^ is manuscript.

Itko author i s hi^Xy thankAil to Dr* S.K. 3axona, Reader, Department of Botany, Alicaih liuslim Onivera!ty, Aligaih, for encouragcffiient, keen in te res t and helpful a t t i tude .

IRianks are due to Professor Eeayat Khan, Head, Department of Botany, Aligazh Muslim University, Aligazh, for providing research fac i l i t ies*

The author i s grateful to llirza ^ a u k a t Sultan, Principal, Sbibli National College, Azajagarh, and to Mr. Instiaz Ahmad, Secretary, Shibli Hationol College, Azaiagaxti, for motivating him to undertake the research and for granting study leave for this purpose*

Sincere thanks are also due to his friends especially Or. H. Wajid Khan, Dr. Fasahat All Khan, Mr. Mashkoor Alam, Mr. Ahmad JaBal and Mr. Anwar liasood for sincere help and cooperation extended by then.

^ e fellowship financed by the University Grants Coomission, Hew Delhi, i s also gratelUlly acknowledged.

COMTEI TS

iKfHODUCTIOil

REVIE»i/ OF L1TI3ATUHB

MATEBIALS mO HEffiOUO

EXPimHEKTiU- BEiJULTSi

1, Frequ^icy of different categories of cracked seeda In different var ie t ies of wheat,

2« Genera of fUngl associated vlth ttie seeds of different var ie t ies of wheat

3. Frequency of fungi isolated from In tac t surface disinfected seeds

h. Frequency of fUngl isolated from cracked surface disinfected seeds

5* Frequency of fUngi isolated from in tac t non-surface disinfected seeds

6. Frequency of fUngi isolated from cracked non*surface disinfected seeds

7* Aspergilli associated, with the seeds of different var iet ies of wheat

8. Genera of lUngi isolated from the seeds of dlffsTent var ie t ies of Barley

9« Effect of fungicidal treatments on the gemination and mortality of the wheat seeds

10. Bffect of fungicidal treatm«nts on the growth of wheat seedlings

REFEBiaiCKS

1

9

39

52

57

63

70

81

87

89

98

113

kU% fff tt Q Iffi ftff

Table 1* Percentage of oradked seeds vlth minor ••• oraciESy cracks vlthout exposed iKiibrsro, cracks with exposed eobxyo and totgpL percentage of cracked seeds In it different i<*ieat Yarietlea ••• Wl

Table 2* Genera of fungi isolated fron surface and non*8urface disinfected, intact and cracked seeds of 11 different ubeat varietiesi i^i le using blotter and malt extract agar tediisdque ••• ^3

Table 5A, Frequency of fUngi isolated flora intact surface disinfected seeds of 11 varieties of ^e&t uiiile using blotter and malt extract agar ••« kB

Table 3B. Frequency of fungi from cracked surface disinfected seeds of 11 varieties of \iheat ^ i l e using blotter and malt extract agar . . . 53

Table 3C5. Frequenter of fUngl from intact non-surface disinfected s«eds of 11 varieties of ^ e a t i*iile using blotter and malt extract agar . , • 58

Table y^. Frequency of fungi fzosi cradted non* surface disinfected seeds of 11 varieties of ^ e a t t^ile using blotter and malt extract agar. «. , 6h

Table k. Species of jjBSXgUlUa isolated frcMa surface and non*8urface disinfected seeds of ^ e a t varieties^ ^ i l e using malt salt agar containing ?•$ and 15% sodium dbloride , . . 72

Table ?. Species of AaPgriaUUi isolated and their percentage frequency from surface and non-surface disinfected \4heat seedSi \ibile using malt sal t agar containing 7.5 and l5Ji sodium chloride . . . 7^

fablo 6* QtmrA of fungi isolated froa surface and non-8urfao« disinfected seeds of h diffexvnt barley^ var ie t ies , \dhile using Isdotter and laalt ext rac t agur

table 7 . Frequency of fungi isolated froxa surface and non*surface disinfected seeds of four var ie t ies of barXey-^ i l e using b lo t t e r and malt extract agar

Table 8. Percentage gemination and oor ta l i ty of 11 Varieties of t^beat seeds having different types of cracks and vithout cracks ( in t ac t seeds)* <Jien treated with Ceresan dxy and deresan vet

Table 9* Effect of fungicides on the growth of seedlings raised frcm in t ac t and cracked seeds

82

Bh

88

96

hXa% Qf mttatr/itiQBff

Flguro 1 ( A& 3 )»

Figure 2 (A).

(B).

Plguro 3 .

Wheat s«ed9 shoving Qinor oiraeks a t certain angles

yheat seeds shoving omcHs without eipoaed @i»biyo

Wheat seeds sl^ioving eracdts vlth exposed eobr^fo

Per cent frequency of A^BftfgXtolg spp. recorded on surface disinfected and non-surface disinfected vheat seeds plated on malt s a l t agar (HSA)

Efficacy of Cerssan dry and Ceresan vet on per cent geimina'elon and per cent mortality of 11 var ie t ies of cracked and in t ac t %*ioat seeds

Figure 5 (A,B a C)» Shoving ttie growth of the seedlings raised from cracked and in tac t 11 seeds of 11 var ie t ies of ' ^ ea t

Figure ^ C A a B )

Figure 6 Groups of 10 seedlings raised from in tac t and cracked seeds of vheat var ie t ies t reated vlth Ceresan diy and Ceresan vet

33

71

90

91

92

The pathogons that are associated with the aeeds are

ealled • 8e0dUl}oxn@* • Pathogens present Inside the seed are

eaXled HnteznaS^y seed-boxne* t^ile t^ose iJildi are present

on the surface are knoim as * extemallsr seed home* • FungL

m^ he present in tine tissues of the seed in doxraant

oonditlon as t^lc^ vaXXed zayo^iiMi chXssmrdospores, res ting

spores or spores adhering to the surfaoe of the seed

(Siethasraeri t939| Marous, 19^1 Headf 19^at Oad^ and

Jonesi 19M*| Sctiwarta-Rra^paLlni 19M7| Hydef 19$bf Hyde

and 6aXlymore» 19 11 Chrlstensen, 19511 Hio^ll£» 1969t and

Waxnoeic and Freeeot 1971)*

Seeds heoome infected and oontsninated hy spores

produced on Infected plant parts* AgrlculturoX operations

sudh as harvesting^ stalcing and thrashing not c aly pro'vlde

anpXe opportunity for seeds to bec sie oontaialnated but

also Ibr causing injuries of imrioua types to the seeds.

Hoist weather at the time of these operations enhances the

contanination of the seeds*

Seeds renain freci as long as they are in the fields

against the rafages of certain fUngi ^tdk always becoae

predoainant on the stored grains, specially % on tsmperatare

and hunldity get ht^* Sudi a group of fungi usually I

ineludas apeoles of ^^BSXSUHUt PfflftiLgmiint UttfiaCUf ibfiiA$ia

etc. Prairailing elimatlo eondtttonsy partlculazly aspl*

ffioisturo at the tlae of emergence of ears and ripening of

tbe seedSi greatly lAfluenoe ttie Incidence of soed-bome

fUngl* That i s why Inddenoe of seed-borne Hingi shovs

annual and regional fluctuations (Byde 195 $ Gordon, 19 21

Bovettt 196 1 end BhovnllCi 1969)* Knowledge of this aspect

can be helplUl in predicting ^ e possibilily of a fUngus

becoBlng seod-bome to a crop and locating a region viheze

tho crop can be grovn safely to produce seeds free or alaost

freo tSKm certain seed^bome palhogen*

Seed-bome Atngi are important from econooic point of

<vlev as they render losses In a number of ways* Some of

the fUngi infect the seed and cause discolouration of the

seed (Chrlstensen and Stalcman, 193S 1935t Hachacek and

Creaniy, 1938$ Hanson and Qiristenseni 195 1 Hasina, 19 31

Ventexpooly 19 31 lAitey, 1963$ Parashar and Faracer, 1965t

Prabhu and Prasad, 1967$ Bhramvir jii ^ « 19681 and Bhovmik,

1969)* Bibrjros of Ihe seeds may turn blade during storage*

8udi discoloured and damaged gexms In grain trade are

referred to as *8id(* and are always associated with hea'vy

invasion of storage fUngi* Discoloured and side grains are

9

treated Infoxtor In qualltgr«

S t o ^ lUngl are responsible Tor spoiling the grains

during storage due to heating (I«anour ji^i3l«i 193 1 Mllner

and Oeddesy 19V t Chrlstensen end Gordon t9Ud) and the

Itomatlon of fattsr adds (2elei]gr and Ck>Xf»any 19381

Chrlstensen^ j l .y 19if9 and Qoodaan and Chrlstensen, 1952)*

Infection of seed tiS a lUngus may result in the

shrivelling of the seed CBodonanny 1963f 196U>t Frabhu and

Prasad, 19671 Millar and Colhoun, 1969) and loss In gemina­

tion, vigour and stand to the field oto-^s (Bennett, 1928t

Chrlstensen and Staltman, 193S 1935l Maehacek and Greaney,

1938f 19 11 Greanejr and Wallace, 19 3$ Wilson jtj ^ « , 19^5{

Noble and Montgomerle, 195 t Banson and Chrlstensen 1955l

De Teupe, 195B{ Wallace, 1959| Lutegr, 19631 Lutey and

Chrlstensen, 1963$ and Colhoun and Taylor, 1963) • Aaqargillug

end Piinieii L Mp are also responsible for the loss of gemina­

tion (Lauaont and Hurat, 193*4-1 Xto and Iwadare, 193* 1

Thonas, 1937t Tulte and Chrlstensen, 1952$ Qasisi and

Chrlstensen, 1958| Papavisas and Chrlstensen, 196O1 Fields

and King, 1962; and Chrlstensen, 1967)* Ihus in nost cases

the seed Infection with lUngl reduces the yield of the crop

and 8996. value of the grain*

4

Some of the 8«ed-bome lUngl produee substanoas \ihlcih

ar» toxlo to aiHaaXs (Chrlstensen and Kortikafspt 193 1 Bunw

sldejl^jil*, 19^} SpensX Tf 1963).

Mai of the Simgi that havft boen responsible to cause

diseases such as black point or kernel ssudge and discoloura­

tion of seeds (Madhacek and Qrean^, 1938) Sprague, 195bf

Qhav and Veldar* 19^3) Hanson and Chnstensen« ^9$$% Farrar

and StacT, 1958| Hasija, 19 31 Venterpool, 19 31 Parashar

and Praeer, 196 1 Prabhu and Prasadi 1967| Dhrasa Vir jajj iQ.*,

1968) Bhoi«aik| 1969 and Joshi ^ j ^ . y 1970)} foot.rot and

root^rot (Broadfooti 193**af 193^1 Gordon, 1933| Machac^

and GreanesTf 19M| Gordon and Spra^e, I9M) Johnston and

Oreaneor, 19^1 Fellows, 19Mf| Sprague, 195b | Ibbls and

Mountgoaerle, 195 1 Futrell and Atkins, 19$ } Farrar and

Gore, 19571 Butler, 196l| Ladoowa, 19631 Ohurde, 1967|

Hisra and Singh, 1967{ Shipton and Tweedle, 19681 and

Joshi^jJ i* , 1970)1 seedling b l l ^ t , proband post^efiergence

death of seedling (Chrlstensen and Stakaon, 193 1 Mead,

19U2a, 19^b| Greanigr and Wallace, 19^3) Greaney and Machacek,

19^ { Sprague, 195b | Bingo rani and Prasad, 1951 { Futrell

and Atkins, 195 1 Farrar and Stacgr, 1958f Chung j j j j l * , 196 t

Colhoun and Taylor, 19^3) Colhoun and Paife, 19 } and

Millar and Colhoun, 1969)1 leaf spot and leaf blotbh

(Greanegr and Wallace, 19^3) l^itrell and Atkins, 195* 1

d

CappftUlnl and lAind, 1957$ Fariur and Oor«| 19571 Farrar

and 6tac(jr« 1958 f Buchannon and Wallaee* 19621 Chanulu and

8ing^, 196U { McDonald and Buchannon, 196^ Prabhu and Praaad,

1966} James jij^jl«y 19681 sniptx>n and Tveadla, 1968} DhanraJ,

1970 { JOSHI MJiJBll*t 1970)} and snuts (Coapton and Caldvell,

19^$ Vasudeva and Seahadrl J^enger, ^99>l %trolX and Atkinsf

195 1 Cappenim and Iiund, 19571 Farrar and Oor©, 1957;

Farrar and Stacjr, 195B and Jo^t ^ ^ . i 1970} in ooreaXa

have alao haen raportad to t>e aaed-bofna lay Hohle and

Eichardson (1968).

Mihou(^ Altfifwarla 8pe<^es esdsted in India since

long, however, because of the intvoduotion of nev dwarf

•arleties of i^eat, this disease has der^oped in an

epidonio fbra and i s widely prevalent in different states*

Joshi iBJ JB1»I(1970) have reported the existence of

leaf spot diseases of wheat froxa India caused by ftitmiflltlg-

MssixXm wreKinlfflttBf fi- ss^GiS^tmt E« t i l t i o i xmmDiXat

! • mM^QWM var. jixiUfil , fi. fttnaicMi» PlpXgpnQryt s p , ,

£liissilaiL& suDLtsM* SikOBA sp*, ^tngpggpom h,BMiftteti:iU and

root-rot and seedling b l i ^ t caused by l.ffi3Uitot>l9iPfflrttt

J lfifilAXt 1* hfttoflffigf 1* flo.wKlniiinwit E* Vatrygmrai SoMXi^

ssHmnmt fi&lgiPtttBittn s p . , Ostiiotegtea sp. and £« jsxsaalslM* The question about thoir seed^bome nature i s s t i l l unescplored

6

ttiou^ majority of these have also been considered ty Nol>Xe

and Biehardson (19^8) as eeed-bome.

Since ve have tnbaxked on pzogramme of oiop inpvoTe*

ment in a t}ig wsOTf i t has necessitated the introduction of

varieties of crop plants fioia all over the world and along

with thea we night ho introducing nev seed-home pathogens*

The Plant Quarantine See^on of the Division of tocology"

and Plant FatbologsTi Indian Agricultural Research Xnstitutet

Nev Delhi, has intercepted different pathogens on cereal

grains such as ^Ui t l f l JSoiiM* 1* JSallfifit MflftT&agill JUiSXS&t

Fuflnrium gcandLofiaiUBt M* uTOytflggwat M* cwZaorwBt SlasXssoiB

mXmXSJif afitelt tt QgPOdim JaS LSUSt on lAieat; flftlwlJ^tihQr

JfifiXiSffi jyailSUB on barley and Vat4XaglnPt<llftft .Xl£fflim« XHsiiStr

js^fiQia KaiMidEUt HfdatnthoflpgrtttB axmaa and Piggpapora jojxsas on paddy, imported fxoa different countries*. The developaent

of new varieties may also alter the disease situation, as

i s evident with respect to Altem«rta species yfcXtti seldom

cfiUseoLany damage bat have become a. limiting factor for

wheat production in recent years* Althoug)i the study on

seed-borne pathog^s of rice, millets, vegetables etc* had

been commenced in India (Gangully, 19V7| Padmanabhan, 19^;

Hingorani and Prasad, 19511 Rao and Salam, 195 $ Ahmad, 1960$

Suxyanaxyana and Ehombe, 19 11 Suzyanaxyena and Hath, 19 31

Quryanaryena jLJb JBul*t 19 31 Veez ragjtiavan and Padmanabhan,

19631 Mathur and Sehgal, 196^ Oreval and M«hendrapal, 1965f

hmh&t and Asharasit 19691 hmbB.% 3i MX* « 19 91 HaraslBhan

and Bangaawani, 1969| Jain and Pat«l, 1969a» 1969b| Mlsra

0t aX.| 19691 Hatfo et al«t 19701 Oupta and Choban« 1970}

Oi>Dvor and BansaXf 1970| Kadian and Suxyanais ana 1971) # but

barley and lAiaat hnvB not been studied tliio3!t>u 3ly» I t %raSy

thereforoy daemed dtslrabla to study tiie fXora of i^dat

and barley seeds, The preset i«>rk Ineludest

1« Studies on the Incidence of seed-bo me fUngal flora

ofi

a) t\io local varieties of Wheatf

b) nine improved varieties of yiieaty and

c) four varieties of barley*

2* Frequency of different lUngi on tiie above eereale

while usingI

1) blotter tedinique}

i i ) malt extraot agar technique*

3* Studies on liie incldenee of different species of

,Agpem^?.Ui o« the seeds of eleven varieties of i*»eat.

h* Studies on the frequency of AapergpJLua species on

^eat seeds of eleven varieties \iihile usingt

1) Malt salt agar containing 7,^ per cent sodiUBi

chloride! t

11) malt salt agar containing 15 per cent sodium

chloride.

s

$• studies on ir&Tlouft types of or&d&s mA tlieir frequencif

on the seeds of eleven vaxletles of iibeat*

6» Studies on liie effect of fungicides on the gezmlnatlon

of eXeiren viiilotios of i^eat ha^ng,

1) intact seeds I

i i ) minor oracks}

iii> eraciks without ei posed emhiyo and

iv) cracks vitl& eiposed eabxyo*

7, Studies on the effect of fungicides on the gioxrth of

seedlings of eleven rariotles of t^eet haiding$

i ) intact seeds} and

i i ) Kiaor cracks.

RSVIEW OF U7SR&TUBB

Aocofding to Gxosler (1958) tlie first psoof of a

lUngua-sMd assodatlon VBS presented by WaA* KelXtxnan

and W«T. Swingle In l890t %iblX« %foxlting wltii oat* Hanrey

(1893) pzovldod ovldonee atxmt tiie ««ed»l)ofn» nattivtt of

antl)fa<»)08e of tomatof Halstad (189^ about pod spot of

p«aa| Stowart (I897) about baoterlaX vlXt of svoet oomt

Clinton (1900) about ti«ad arait of alUotf BoUoy (1901)

about Fusaitum \dlt of fXaxf Ganaan (1901) about anthTaonoto

of oueuiibert Fi«eaan (190^ aXtout damal aautf Harding

(190U-) about bla<d£ xot of cabbagei BunlXl and Burrott

(1909) about oar xot of ooxni SoXby and Haims (1909) about

antbraenose and scab of eoroalsi Barro (I910) about

antliracnos* of cotton; Cbapnan (1910) about downgr Bildov

of oabbagaj Bolli«r (1912) about il^ttmafla V^TBSS. mold and

xootozot of whaatf nd woif (191^) about blotdi and

•oXaiotlal rot of 2>oanttt««

Voxgr l l t t la attention vas paid to this aspsot t i l l

ths ond of the second decade of the current centuxgr.

Morganthaler (1918) estinated the nuaber of bacteria

end Amgi on vheat seeds and found that they ranged froa

80tOOO-S5fOOO|000 and U,000»7f200 per gran of seeds

respectively* He dalned that healthy kernels vere

free fnw fUngi and that the injuiy to the seed coat

H

Of aoQO k«xnel8 vas msponslhXo for the anaXl Itmgal

population. ai«n (1920) aado a eompr^ensiTt s tu^ of

the Internal lUngus paFasltes of l^e eeede of evop planta

and gavd an extenslire rerlev of the literature. Munn (1921)

found aporee of Aitomftrtft imgmfbitfli on vatoxsielon seeds.

Sa»e year attempt was nade to apply ph9rtopathologlcal

techniques to seed lots for the detection of seed^bome

organisias in Xova. Porter (1923) detexmined the percentage

of aaize ears infected with JgislAdiAJBtaSf ^ich causes

the drr rot of oozn. More than hundred lots were collected

from the faaaers and seed saiBples of neaxOly disease free

and diseased seeds were prepared for each lot . third

saoplo was oolleoted hgr eadh fanner heing prepared

independently* Ihe three stjpiples were planted and the

stand and yield data were obtained* the results showed

that saoples of diseased seeds ga re the lowest stand and

the lowest yield» the neaily disease free gate the h i^es t

stand and yield, and the seeds prepared by famers Showed

intemediate btbairiour. Bennett (1928)| while woxlcint on

cereal 8eeds» obserted that seeds with sunken bzown sBbzyos

gaTe no seedlings but beeapie covered with fiiaariua ff^^;f,|ffiffnB

or J . iiwinaef^ and grains with discolouration on sides or

apex gave seedlings which in most cases were attadced by

fungus, ^bina (1929) exanined 300 saeples of flax seeds

collected froia all parts of the world and found that seed

'\ \

infection T&rled ffom ti* to 38 per oentf and In tiie field

the degree of seedling stortaXity natehed with seed infeo*

tion. On one of the vasleties tested, he found that 75

per cent of the infection was caused hgr fiiaitgl^ ^1?^ and

37 v^T cent \sy goUfitiQtrtCftBl 2iMsSiim*

Orton (1931) listed appzoidaately 250 different seed-

home fungi and haoteria on neaA r 150 cuXtlYated plants*

I>oyer (1930, 193**' and 1938), in Holland, exanined

oosmereial seed lots of Has, peas, heet, heans, wheat and

haxley. She found that 7^ par cent of the Has samples

were infected in irafying degrees with gplyyUa JBlII£JC&a and

in one year 8^ per cent of the staples were infected with

ggllatQlfridiw IXfsL^lm* AacQchYto pia^ was detected on pea, tfnerosporiffla sp. and bacterial infections on beans,

Items JbftSiafi on beets, i asUllfiB «P* on lAieat, ^rtaifithoaTiOrtffll

ffttltfuaty |[« g3 &aiaeUB and &» Jmst& on barley and Botwti^a

islotzfiftf £• JiZUGoUJit Biflnilw sp. , riafiggapQilUB SPM IXBtU4la tCUQalU and Sc lg lgUi^ irtfOlionia on dover seeds.

In 1938 a useAil handbook was publlahed by her t^ich gave

a l i s t of cxY}p seeds with organisBis carried by then, the

general classification of seod-bome organisms, methods

of their detection and suggestions for their control by

dealing and treating the seeds.

1 5

Omafr (1935f 1936f 1938f 19* 3 and 1962) otitaiiwd

the methods of deteoUng orgards&ff on the S9«d9 axid reported

the resuXts of tiielr pathogenielt^r* Be deaorlbed spooles

of guaftrliia oeeurrliig on pea seeds and ohserved that the

fungus caasM decay ot seed end root xot only ^en the

ayceXlun was extreraeSy concentrated. He also investigated

Amgus flora of 176 ssaples of oats end baxlogr eoUeotad

from fanners* drills and granaries and Ibund sotut spores

on the seeds of all the sanples and root xot and seedling

hlig^t orgamems on nearly half of the saaaples* He reported

species of MJittmaX&f ^Bflrtttit RfiliBinttigmmrtiMn on jusaiia lUflialaj a ftoim of pipJLgflin on cottonf species of

iSUUUii JhiaPOtenint §QlgroUUB on peanutsi species of

/AtttiUftirilat jSlntii08i^il\Bif iffttnttlfUdLat Myilglfaf fii nULUt p^phvl^uM on pumpkin and species of Jg anrlun and Coprinu^

on peas and spinacfti respectively. SWigi isolated frtja

seeds of saiall grains« grasses and other groups of plants

vers cultivated on malt-dextrose agar aedluia, the spores

and nycelia of different fUngi were pressed into eaturing

spikelets of harleyf oatSy fye and vheat* Ftoigi established

tbsaselves into the seeds were MXSaSiSXtiiJLM AltSttt MXSh

ffflnlftUw 8p,« Aitinmrtft ItxaaAlfilfl-'.sslAf M* JasuUi Miax-iUUdA sp*, Aacocterts plnodrtlHt AioQcfaYtii 8p«« osa^naAsf Mmxxm Asxmaaimf ^* gnaintHiat Chnfttiflii\a Jla&nt

13

(^mnmiarift jAatattAUiAt Cttrfulftrtft 8PM PtttfnrpMfln vanish*

l ^aiaifti Piptoittfi jBfiajBt Mfioccva MHXaaimt SpifigocMi SPM £* maiajaasmif MMaUm ^asmsssmt £• smXaaSlt M*

sxaBdJUaJQi&f M» mxaSUlSstms^ 1* JSlXQlst 1» fliyaBoniif 1*

Kl,«anlii9Mflf a* BrflfflliiflHat E« Jdiala&aat I* iloiPBttgf E« asaasszait E* apliOQami E* jA^t^syst 1* Msjssmt E* iajixssifis&i E» i n * MsmJ^aSmf E* JtH&Lfilf E* jzoga&at E* tlcteilnQ» EfOffiiadl iS-

li» ^nuQfirtflt MlRrasimam SPPM gncAftrtia j^Raraap^gmt rgpninaOTaffl 8p*f Buana lisxiiAaffif rfaqaftsaaiS pEsAsslif l^cappaia sp,« foflaiip9ilf}IIft TOfttfiUJjil^ llfeAapoloiAn ss2iaBlf r>r^ggpttittn nn3ifirftUonBBf Efi»Ji(UdU saSsmsn* M d a z l s

JorgeMWi (193^) ©xaiftlMd 89 8««l lots of celeisy fxc«

DoDDartCf Otzmany and France and r«portod mat 88 of thtn

earned infection of gTtj yiw. jkStUL*

Tunis (193^) exaplned rice seeds and reported the

genera jairtn>ftrtftf MmTfiUM9, faiaatflttlait ClftdflBPOrtUat

jSttxaQOAXlAi EaJLcagfiUBf i^ikiliQaf BigfirtiWf EsX&fiSfiiz&at BrtrtntfiQgportyiy HQnQMflMat Hlgroapftrftt Butta» fiodgwnlg end triiitni^atAn ^tdti were considered of some laporliance

1- ^i

in rcXatloQ to disoolouraUon and vltalitsr of the steds.

Portor jji jil« (1938) noted the relationship of eertaln

seed*t)omG organlsias to semination In laboratoiisr and Held*

An exaainatlon of 129 s»od lota of bas^eyi 123 of com, 75 of

flaxy 110 of oata and 21 of uheat was aade tor the presence

of seedohome organisms that affects gemination, Ihe

principal organlsias detected on cereals were O H ^ r ^ a

Aflttteinattlf HftiffilX tt ftTOOUlIB Jfltli rMB and g\|grill\ai BPP*

Porter C1938. and 19Mf) listed the mlcroorgamans carried

\s$ the seeds cpod -vegetative reproduotlve organs and

provided Inforotatlon about the mode of transmission and the,

way the r Influenced tlie gemination* Be also descflbed

techniques Ihat were being eaployed In detecting a large

number of saprophytic and parasitic Atngl on seeds*

Heorgnard (19U0) made an extensive survey of seed^bome

fungus flora of hortleultursl crops and published a l i s t

of s large number of plants wllii the organlaBs l^at fiiSQr be

carried \s$ the seeds together with Infomatlon as to the

frequency of seed Infectloni baMd largely on his own

experience with seed testing In Demaric* Bussell end

Lendlnghsff (19VI) used routine laboratory tests of wheat

seeds to date mine the presence of covered snnt and root

rot organisms* Embryo exposure Otloh permits entrance of

fungi was also detemlned*

1.-

Seed production and testing received a g^at Impetus

In Canada during vjorld var XX« Scientists engaged at ^Q

91 vis ton of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of

Agriculture, Otta%rat eicpended their activities and Groves

and Skolko (19^a, b, 19**5 and 19 6) end Skolko and aroves

(19^ and 1953) Isolated fungi from agrlcultai^ seeds.

The ftingl include 3 epedea of EfeaspbXliHB VIK,, 2, botryoaifi

and Its perfect stage UmssQIH hflrl?aWlf &* sareii iiff and

§* wmQTtlklm 7 apeoles of UtnmnlJR vlss.9 ^« JtEaSfilfSas*

A* ftlfliaaftat A* Msi^jss^i A* J3msSL§ A* iaSlsim% A* JJji Ls&iat

and 1 . JtfiimlB} 5 species of fittCTttlftgln viz. , £. jsssXssiLaMt

Si* iMamaSLkSt ^* iimaJc&ffi. pfOlgaofiffig and si* trifioiiiy

2 species of AgraBonltMin vlz^ A* aJtie and A* MSXSismiai

1 species of jMagy,dflBYai8 vlz.y X2« pcOffiASSit t spedes

of ,Xrtflll9BladlHB vlz«, 1* jLapftSISI 16 species of QhftatopiUB

viz*, &• MleiSm$ Si* gQllflfafltrtchMii js« iUittcglflt ii* lodliasat

£ • MSfiJaut £• JE)StUflaaia» £• A&msssuauBf n* mxsmt J2*

.^tryriaodggf i<* jsubU&AftSt £ • aisJififfiffif iSt muooiUBif JS*

OfihrBcwBf i2« gflnudnatJa* ftttxaam and Si* mas^nsm*

StqwphylliM lioiisftiUffl from lye and vheat, ^t«martfi J^smlM

from oats, barley and wheat; fiurnAftrlR ln»t<igu« ff from xyei

•ffnnfltealUB JttUOBfflf Si* achnfiMm and JS. eochllQAaiji froB oats^

C* fdobosum from vheit and oats and Ct sucdncun from

crested lAieat were Isolated along \ilth other agrlctatural

\p

seeds. Cain and 0»>ve9 (19^)« iihUe exeplning agricultural

seeds for oeed^borne lUngl, oa»e across vltb ^ species of

and jg* finieelyi. Hone of the species except the last one

was Isolated froa t2ie cereal seeds*

Greaney and Hachacek (19^ aind 19^) at ]>o]Blnlan

laboratory of Plant Pathologyt Winnipeg, Han, Investigated

the prsTal^oe of seed-boime lUngl on cereals in certain

seed inspection districts of Canada, they Isolated species

of fungi belonging to more than ^ genera from tSie seeds,

iBportent genera and species reported vers Mi^MaXkit

Msmsssiia$ guntOiftrtflt Mma^mOimf SplcoogHBt SsmisaXaf

gCThntotftggtyiBf UsojsiassuEimt BotorilnthattwilttB joaSlsm*

I* Ifixaflf ! • jQXfiaa&t l^aartw POM*, f • iuoaiaafiiit £• fldxpi

^^^» .nfiwinaftatf £• cawlattlt PtfUttXnrtnt iUiadoiiBSUtliBii

6tfliT}faYll1«B» I fitAcUAlUBf Ifglffrmiaimi and MUfiCUT* ^03^ also

listed Important seed^bome diseases of vheatf oats, barlsgr

and zye In Manitoba and their causal organlsas* fh«Qr

reported bunt or covered snutf loose snut, seedling blli^t|

spot blotdiy glune blotch, speckled leaf blottih and ergot

of wheat as seed»bonie and to be caused by i H ftUfi t>ity.c|

and J* JLaiilSf Vatilinra SxUlsXt HnlilnlhaaportMB MSSJM*

PfPtQrtff ixus&attf &* t r t t tc i and fiiftijQffpa puxmuouL respectlTelyi eoTored aauti loose sanit, seedling blight.

1 ?

leaf blotch In oats to be caus«d t^ Oatilitgo ^MSi&t H* «aXA&aSi

idfflinttoareQrtm jaUzua and jsumtxim spp. an^ aflialntte* gporlma avenae rospeotlYaljri oo^red aauti loose saut|

false loose smuti seedling b l l # t | spot blotetVy net blottih,

leaf blotch and ergot In case of barley to be caused by

pectively$ and seedling bligbt, ergot and speckled leaf

blotch in oase of lye to be caused by H0liainlh9»poniai

Mi^kSmf QlfiSlxma mmiXaa and SiPtartft JS&al&A respeetiTely«

Gordon (t9M» and 19^2),vhile i«orking on the identity and

prevalence of guf rimtt spp* in cereal seeds at Manitobat

reported 23 specieSf varieties and fonas of gUanriaa in

seed samples. Most frequently isolated species vas

! • jomassm* other species were M* fjCVBalnntWIf 1- iiEiaUB*

jMilgiaegf M* mlmvmt £• sssmssOaXf !• Mmmiki 1* MuUmX^f M* jaamimaxm% !• laiaxLim$ !• jsmAiliBim$ £* Mttrtflioldtgt 1* jJdJCBlfit !• oanrapQiva ^ar* jrfidtta>9Mi £• mtttclMB •an aaiu8« £• aBomtrtchtoiflMt 1* aaitfflfllffla foms 1 wr 6 wr, £. jfiUSii var. ncuMlnfttiaat I* JfiZisit

£• JfiXifil van ffiMpufltyi and I . jS2layiod»« Hadhacek (19^5)

isolated .gjBtelli MliUDm ^n» t^oat grains gxovn in

Manitoba and also fras vheat, barley and oats collected fstai

al l the provinces of Canada*

Jmes jij J3I« (19^) Isolftted lUngl and bacteria tvm

vashlngs of stored tiheat passing ttizou^ tbie Hinnlpeg

wartset during 19**3-*«5# 5R»«7 isolated AOIVfltflX BBHg Jlizmas

azaxlauif jUttrRftrtu JiamiXs$ AffptrgllXtta .fiflndiaaat ^« Msax^ A* iuacMs* 1* jaxalfiSlfljTt Botyytta Qiiniiftf gwhnloawrtOT fittrtti>fl8f CaphilfttliftfllMii jDiMssM% CXatteawrtiai hti1?agMit j^aartttB .ailrnftTimt 1» pfiast I - .afiUsS •&'• jumXmSm*

imxiioiaif i« jLEUf» utmyift spp«« Buiisx qa>rointitoiatfft

£« JUasXsdisussm^ Z* fraottttitfitiai <£« pmyurogflowat £ • fflmriLQawst £• apinuloawBt ^« JftxcaaJtSa* JElisaa spp^t FfalaQPia 8pp*» §copwXailogal8 >gaTlcBMil8f igptertn JfiMafiSt JEsuoOd sppf and irtdwdftaan 21SBSLSM»

KachaceK jij jilL* (19^1) Inirestieated tbe eeed-bome

Aingl of surface*8tezlllzed seeds of ^eatf oats and barXegr

produced in Canada* ^ejr isolated ^3 seno^a and 102 species

of aingl \ 10ki indttde iltaldlA BBftidiBt ^« llftttfiai ACgar

agniftXlii a lxs i Alttraartfi jaaasii AaparidUiia sXaiusySt J« Jlamat A* anYtpaat j&» itiUftrt ^« jQUzaXt J* olMfeyisi Botrytta jcdLiuucaat ffaaftBgarortua wlamaJuai iia&sSjL^ iftriabUia} jaftteaaffirtttB mrtlpttai £ • hai1i>an«m i«iBiial<s* .^juBittft jBuuuBi gn.\atQiiw Itettoalfft i<« ataw9m»f £ • ffioaiuai girfllBaUift ,aa»fiXBi ffftUatotilflhua ( a cHance

a980clat« of the 8«ed){ Sonatonttn«3Uift app*$ SiUSBiiAXlA

purmirnaeimin ©ightaon different speeloa, varieties and

fonas of Fii ftiliBa of i hldi the most oomBon iiore J « liftafiA

!• .flffliAaflUf * flfirtPt vft r. i^cBainateia, ^. .milacrTim and ^« scmlnfiaEUQi ffAagtRQgporB tK?togi?giafl} l?giifitiol?ol;iyff jlfiffilflxi a,eteintfag8P0il» ssMsMf H* Jtsfiaa* l « sssm&%

gpfragypsronrnt ! • gyJLTnttcttgf H* rroaKtffmBflf u« jfiiasftsfisti lifiEBSPpra gi^flftilQBi XflflflUoaYflgg lartftttt JjnarnXfiirJiift spt^aortogggiafti I'fjmnt.miaa nXUtteif Z» auucusast £• eitnmmy ! • fflatilgiBfaft» £• XiiiattgntiBiig» £• RlaMcaresauBt J * J a s t e t £• ibsBUt £• jufiul&fiua* £ • iluQCgsuuswt £• isafigfifiSBit £• aygfittif ! • KfTOttgotngmi £• aaYl^Oogattat £• anntntiltiMBt £• jsoJ^atuBf £• JUEsaaauBi Z» mBmaMmm% X« i^Uifi-nlAxuBt ISiSBA siauaxOatXai £iaAttlnrt« fiuUulaiuii XadbUliia «pp«f IUilaQQteBl» jaXaoli PblMPttg algrtoiing» £ • jlftxaos* £ • AFiftlagf £ • .tirtUflLt SfJLgPQtti^ iudsntUsowii SdgrattoM jAtotOnUf ScQPtflartoBgig JucaslsaidJiAt agaterta JDodoAiBf £ • josmai Jg&zAazla ribiflo^Lat flIignDnYUMi Itotrrogw SSWHA

antgnnatat IrtrJUoagnia Jltiuaat 1* teiAngit ! • jdJldi i and Vaytiftiiiiiai «p,

Moore (19^) exgained about 30,000 aanples of Tarlout

crop seeds for seed-borne fVmgl and obserted that nangr

f}

samples v9m contacdnated vlth Aacodiytilf gsptertftt JidJiB-

£SM& flBttrattoruB and x&sia iudtas*

HMban (19^7) made a s tu^ of seed saspXes received

by the seed laboratoxy to detemine the organisms carried

by seeds of grasses^ oatst barley, ^eat , clover and soybean.

She observed the synptoa of infection on tiie seeds and

seedlings In the gemlnator, Isolated the organlgms«

IdontiHed thsD and tested their pathogenicity* She reported

MfitikfiiXn^w^ gmcfayaportiW flboTfttyai fiflplifttoapQrtiim^,

cnrwiiaTin ggaiiailfitftf &• In/jflfloaaXlat JZ« InttnatifllBf it*

luoaj^i £ • AfifiUla&Sff £* paUsafisim» i2* aplcifflrBf i<« trtfaXiit

l ftiiainthftiyp»iAuBi .flft.tgRartiiiBf ! • iSifiis&iJlast I* suama* I*

jaalgftlMat ^» MXlsm* £« trtnrolfttun and l i , jraictertftc <^»

grasses and other erop seeds*

Shaw and Velder (1953) Isolated species of Altemarla.

•CXftttOapOimBf JBiSBfifiUBt gtttroftyllUBf uredospores and hyphall

fragments as surface flora and Aitgmfftrtftf HnlBliBtftflaPQrtm

JUdLilfil-jcs&tfUitat i * ja2il3Qiii gpptertft usul&joai and AassxidL-llng 8pp« as internal Aingal flora of liheat grain from Hev South Wales*

ManAiall (1960at b) woxked on the Incidence of seed*

borne diseases of cereals at Official Seed Testing Station,

Cwbxldge* He examined vAieat, barlty, oats and zye froa

1918 to 1957 for the presence of JfUlattft cartftB on vheat

^1

and Clft^ea^a pufpur^^ on \«ieat» barley ry9 and oats« E«

observed that hiehest proportion of ! • jsaxlufi was in 1921

(33 per cent) \^loh gradually decreased to m i . Rye sanples

were oore frequently contaminated with glaTlfigpfl mZSttCfift

than vheat and barley* Ho cereal ergots were recorded on

oats. Hevett (196^t 196?) detected fcftpteBPftfttrtft SSOSUm

and grlphoailhaqrtft JOiXaUS on i*ieat seeds harvested during

195>1963 in England, the incidence of Ifflpteap la^rili mHajOm

was higher In winter yarleties thanthose of spring and

the airerage infection level was about Um times greater in

samples from vest and soulh than in those fxom east and

north, AS mg««fa Gnphofly>HftQrlft nlvfllis^ there was no

clear distinction between the spring and winter varieties.

Samples from eastern parts were l ess Infected than samples

from other regions. Harked annual and regional fluctuations

in the incidence of the seed-borne phase of tho t<jo fUngi

was attributed to the weather conditions^ specially the

presence of ample moisture at the time of emergence of ears

and the ripening of tho seeds. Be Isolated Rtsar^um

.aXSQafifiUB* X» r ^ iir™* and X, psuui from i4ieat seeds harvested

between 1959«1963 and found £• aimftfiWai and £, vOM "ore

frequently than £• iaillfiJQ»* In general, greater Infection

of 1 , ftvanaeeum vas recorded on spring varieties and J?, vsm

on winter varieties. Above average rainfall in late summer

22

influenced the incidence of £• aTttlftfigm and 1 . jaOlflUDfiB*

%Aierea8 F, poae renpained steady thvoughout the sunregr*

GoFodilova (1961), % ile iiozlcing on black oabxyo

disease of sunraeZ' vheat grain in north Kazakhstant isolated

species of Altflamailnt Oladpgpgilviaf FttaaiAnat Cmrwlailat

fft'^if^liUte ^^ l^^MM^\Sltmitlm MSiSm »xa diseased %feeat

grains* Laeieova (I963 and 1968) investigated the aycoflora

of vinter t d spring vheat harvested in 196o«^1 in the

Lublin district and spring barl«y grown in Lublin province

and found 1» jaSAi ss internal seed^bome in uheat and

Mti&rnfUlft imtulst .clfttegTOrtua J fiJdBiaiafiBf £• aafijcofiaxsusii

gtiaatpiaim slQJbsiaiiat FflnlfillUmB and Hucor species as seed* bozne in barley.

Shipton and Chambers (19^6) voxfced out the internal

Biyco*flora of vheat grain in vestem Australia* They isola*

ted species of Aitttmflylftt HffilwlnthQapftrtim 3aiXsm% XfiOsb

jfTOalgJULn jcueUfiUlaiiftt Ussiiosla, soSiaxm and rittiflgroti

ehartarua froa vheat seeds* Flannigan (I969 and 1970)

incubated barley, oats and wheat seeds on FDA and Malt

salt agar at 2^C and on tzyptone soya agar mediun at 37

and ^*C tenperatures and found that bacteria, yeast,

ftCttnoaycsteiy, iliiidla flPimiblftrrif AgMPgniiJAft 3!!a&% Alttniflrtia JifiQulif Arthrtnma aplifureapiiiunf AapargXMiHff

jaftntimattat A* .ftmlgategf ! • dLaustts group, ^» jolduXa&st j^*

indlsuiB, fiiftteawrtm .clnteapQrtoiaflB, !<• faeifbaiMBt Bpico-jism £Uxu»f l^aaymB nYenafiftiffli !'• nilwftnmt 1* iil3Gil£»

jpi pmartf RXimdiniSf Pewlcillima spp., Mssgima StXnmt

end Y^ft^ffjiiiium spp* V0FO ooimaon in barlojr, oats and i^eat;

AqpergJi^uB fiavttSf phoBa spp., §GamlaiimuXa laimXswMsi and ntumphvlium .gonsprUftlfl in barlay and oats | Mssa

PBfiUlua, litflattoUna l otiYQewa and t^paif^iti^m jQ^mam m barley and lAieat; and l1fll>nnQ8BQra JBaOlaSf ^tltitltfftltflBiim

jButsuSf fittnu3Lftrtfl iu&al(& end fittteintteaBPilyB «rflniRtmt m oats and Oieat* /knpargllliig ^QilfiKUf J* iiM fiTt CttPtlfaotftectMi

fieraponium^ CwnrylartiB jfilsl£fi£s> J^fiftrtM aporptirtchlgiflftgy pordnrift itoaiWliiN QYncgpha3iB8tmB •fftfiflaqamt XomXft httrl?ftnw and yy fl thfteium jQBflflUfi vara Itsolatad only twm barleyt

ffllQeli^dlutt jsmsm and HfltotnttWaPOrtUB avenae only f TOO

oats and irthrgtotrgyg iaiBfti3m» Et YcggYctg &3infefla3l,B anttg only fit}m vhaat»

I t i s only m reoent yoars that interest in saad

pathology has doYelopad in India* Oangully (19V7)t Padmana--

bhan (I9U9) and 8uxyanarayana Jijb ^ * (1963) isolatad

* \ ^ i

Trtflfaqcfaftnla i%|ld3dfildLI» the causal organism of staokbum

dlseaes of rice from diseased rice grains* Hlngoranl and

Prasad (1951)$ Rao and ealam (195^) t Voerara^avan and

Padmanabhan (1963)1 I ath JBJ ^ « (1970) and Agmval £Jb ill*

(1972) reported <aj>t infigl& sp.t h* tollfdaaBftt laxaUDSUlllSt

iKSti3Ul£BJ3^t I* liflBltggtWt !• jMiaazust ! • IssydsfiSt I* .ffflmsftttt illfel?#ggaB j?Vt.Uhttygit MfiMRffcerafi siHsismsm^

jSiotfAflrtiaQf £&SBSa spp*! JgyrenoctiafltR sp*9 JgenlcmittB sp*, incfafficpyilB padwtcKU and Yarttcimwa .fitnRfll?nrtMB on n o e seed*

Ahmad (1960)| Matbur and HehgaX (196V), I»«nbat and

Asharam (1969), Haraslmhan and Bangaswaml (1969) Isolated

Mtgmnrtn SPM AfflBflr^mua .ctg>fli;Xtfgt I* i!&ssji% ^* jcfisf&fit h* jOLams, J* JfixznaAt BQ try t ig sp*i S^p^iilgmagiltiB .cttrtlpggy chftttoBiuB SPM gXfigggpQrtua ep , , ffirgintUn sp»f fimmlf^gnB*: msUft sp*t CHrmlfiiilft t»^ffBtt3ifttfty i3» ganlcttlntiif iUsMliai ftaygponnf HftJalntftngmrt^m BQtim3Log\Mf ^ttarafiPQilm ep*, HQiaQ(lgB<lg\ffl gp»»amaur mcteoBttg, Mfimjssjaiszaf E o n i o U l i w

A./ f..

mimsM rAirtfiftnat YrtatethecliaB sp« and tvit^g^^mn sp* fn»B sori iuB 8«ed8«

Groval and MaiiendrapaX (1965) studied the soedoborna

^^e i of Mt^QXia JUialifia and Jiliuii&fi jofixasaod* ^omer host

iPF lft l^atnUcQtflf Bisaa SPPM Aflpttraixma spp* and ZmnXs^

I U M app** iglalntiftQ8P9ilwa §otflrtafl» fiunidariifl limaifea

and Bhtgnfttonin eausod seedling blight and seed lot, ^Aille

/iaperglllua and fmlCiXUtti reduced gemination, Later hosts

yielded IflteinthQaBOrlW BOdMlOgWlf apeeles of iMsXXm*

iSBfiUUlUfif MtttCTIfllln and ffttrvmartu* I . UPMiftWt caused

seed rot and seedling b l l ^ t , vhlle Puaail m sp* was res-

ponslble fbr seed rot*

Jain and Fatel (1969a) Isolated seed-bome msreoflora

of castor seed* Thejr reported^^tflmartftt flffPflMMMfff BuaHUBf sumtXaxkA* RnXalnthftfipftTliWnt BQaaiaclttai Umm-

DlfiUai BjUSUQBtUCSff 8tftCllYlggtiIT8» gtWPftYmm and unldenU-

fled nmgl vlth septate and unseptate ayoaHum* Kadlan and

Suzyanarjrana (1971) reported Aspergillus n t fy as externally

seed^bome and yttanrtm USl and PhirflCtonlB batfttlcgJLfi as

Internally seed^bome Aingl of linseed** Gupta and Chohan

(1970)t ^ U a investigating the seed layooflora of groundnutt

found j^apargiajma iUalsaiufif * JBSLSUS* J * JOaxuit A i f iffiarift lszi»ifi» CttOttlartift SPPM yttflMlya sMsaoxmf Mna^moawu

TaalnftotBt ^ffioMftgalBn pttfljgplit yfttgllgMy.cflg .Yftglgttt PfntoUXiw and Rniaoatta antttaaig* AiPfggmug iilKSXt ^» PftYUSt HacreiihoatiMi pftftg^aiJn .J^iaBptts anftlzttgf ai^ Fuaarlum oj spomm wort found to cauat aeod tot during

geunlnatlon*

MlsrajElJt^. (1969) > I ombat JJL^* (1969)$ ThapUyal

and Sinclair (1971) $ Agrawal ja% Ak* i 197 ) reeot^rsd MXa^ mmimjt ^t^ggmtilR ap*f J» MmsLBomt AaugrstUBg JOasus* i ftteUg aPM ClnOggrortma ap«, gia tOBAWB ap*f CflJUoteW*

iiliiua ap*t gmyutftrtft ap-« &* iamajbat Biplodlia 8p*t ili&i&-£3Lft£a t^traatBrat BalfioccuB lausuxaiMfiSfigf l^gartm egmggtt» £ • aoBmfonaet £• JsOiuali Haorephoaina ptumistUi* HfifiUla ap*i I^Yawthgclm jEBJdLaffif ^Igragpora iuoLsas* Bisaa app*« i^hoaopgig SPM MXmotoiAn^ Jrtchothgfllya ap« and .ygrt ic imin jolnoas ItaiiUB on soybaan 8e«d«

Suxyanarajrana and Bhombe (1961)1 Suxyanarayana and ^

»ath (1963)» Jain and Patel (1969b), Orover and Banaal (1970),

Khandelval and Praaad (1970) atudiad the lUngal Xlora of

•egatabXe sMda which included cabbage, radish, tinda, guar,

pea, onion, bxlnjal, d i i l l i , bhindi and cucumber. They

recovered species of Aittmailat AflPtrglUittay SiStHsJlit

JiJlZSUliQl&af §temphY3.1iim and VartlclllluiB,

Haslja (1963)* i^ramvtr jti j i l . (1968), Ebouiaik (1969),

Kumar and Ncma (1969)i Mlsra A^ jsi, (1969^5), Agrawal ^ jai.

(1972), While atudying tiie mycoJtlora of vheat seeds, reported the existence of Altemarla tenuis. A, tenulsalana. A, trlt lelna

£• JudiXfiit fifltolntiligsportw joomast E* i^t^zaossat m?1i.wcsm Bun?ttrft8gga8t Fttanxma MmBitt> l * flflaltrgctMBt Bufi&E SPM Flirgfiporft iUXMfit £ay aLflU3Llm sp.» Bifium lfKiifmeMlo» ££um0 spp«» and U^m^YXi»m Bp*

An uptodato annotated l i s t of seed-borne diseases

prepared W Koble and Hichardson has been publlsbed by

CoKionwealth Myoologlcal Institute, Kew, Surrey, England

In 1968.

Seed coat Injury In relation to the damage caused

by ftjngleldes and molds has been studied* fiurd (1921)

conducted a series of Investigations Into the effect of

seed-cont Injury and the danage caused by molds and fungi­

cides. She observed that iiheat seeds %rlth sound seed-coats

vers not hazned by moulds or fungicides under ordinary

conditions, vhlle those with bxoken seed-coat were often

L?

sorlously dadaged*

Hacsbaeek and Oreaney (1933 and 193&) studied the effect

of QGchanleaiL seed Injuiy on the deTelopaient of root^exot

caused l}y ^^ftiium ffltJLfffnamiff In cereals , ^ e y observed that

the use of li^ured seeds promoted root*rot and seedling

bl ight and reduced eraergence and growth of ttie plant , thereby

decreasing the yield of the crop.

vihen oom seeds with broken and In tac t pericarps

were Inoculated with yenlellllum sp . , there was s t r iking

reduction In the stand and the yield of Ihe injured seed as

compared to non-Injured seed of the scene l o t . Induced

Tlrescence of corn seedlings caused by Aapergilius JXaSDiSt and

J« tnnap.1 was dependent on the pericarp Injuries (Meyers, 192ii-t

Koehler and vfoodworth, 1938 and Koohlor, 1958) •

During gemination t e s t of wheat seed. Crosier (193^)

observed ttoat soiae of the seedlings were abnormal with respect

to strength and sprout. Detailed exaulnatlon of the seeds

under stereoscopic cilczx}sc»pe revealed that about $0 per cent

of the seeds were cracked o r dilpped. In many cases cracks

and chipping were located over the embxyo. Apparently,

therefore, such seeds developed sub-normally during the

gemination. Induced abnormal gemination by chipping the

seed-coat and l a t e r dusting wllii ceresan was unsuccessful.

RussoU and Ledln^am (19^) found that emergence of

%4lioat 0dod vas usually adversely affected vhen a large pio*

portLon of the seed had ttielr <3iabiyos e:q7osed« fhey suggest­

ed that the decrease In the emergence vas the result of one

or sore causes sudi as nedhanlcal destmotion of parts of

eabryosi direct poisoning hy the unobstructed penetration

of certain db^alcals, when the seeds vere being treated vlth

funglddesi and the attack of parasltdlc fungf. such as

HalmlntfaospQrlum MMSM on the developing seedling or of

saproi^ytlo XUngl such as penlciHiua spp* on the endospem

of the seed.

Hoppe (19^) reported ttiat pytfaiua sp» injured com

seedlings at 70"F, especially i f the seed had been danaged

mechanically* Kodiler (195^) found that coatmeroially

processed oozn seeds had injured pericarp in about 81 per

cent of the kernels, )Fhy1Axium could be Isolated fxom

scutellum region of some seeds with broken perlcaxp in only

3 days after planting in moist field soil at 5d*'F, Com

seed vlth broken pericarp gave about 10 per cent less stand

and 10 per cent less yield than seed with sound pericarp,

uhen neither of the seeds vere trtated vlth Htnglcides*

Seeds, treated vlth lUngiddes, vlth broken seedocoat,

manifested improvement in gexninatlon and stand, i^ile seeds

vlth sound seed'Coat did not shov any maxked change in

gezminatlon. He concluded that s«edllng b l l ^ t In 0)0m wai

due to the prevalence of the broken 8«ea>-coat« l

Jones ^ j i i . (1955) reported that a h l ^ percentage

of wheat grains had longitudinal cracks In the testin pericarp

tissue directly over the embxyo. Along x / i^ this rendit ion

a number of seeds were dhlpped a t the basal end; often to

such an extent as to expose the parts of radicle, j !Ehe

germination of nomal and Injured seeds vas 95 and 53 per

cent respectively* Forty one per cent of the see illngB

from the damaged se^ds had mercuxy Injury sprouts ^

Kommedahl jBdb jai. (1955) observed that the sioeds of

atme genetic l ines of flax were l i ab l e to autogertous cracking

or sp l i t t i ng . Yellow-seeded l ines of flax had 6 'F15 times

more cracked seeds than brown-seeded lines* Broim-seeded

l ines shoved be t te r stand than yellow-seeded llnffs, Thegr

t h o u ^ t that I t was because of the Injured seedsf which were

invaded by soll-lnhabltlng lUngl.

Rodney and Jones (196I) observed two kind* of ruptures

of the embxyo protecting outer layers In flax seed* The

f i r s t was xnved as " sp l i t seed^coat** v^lch occvirred within

the capsule prior to harvest. This s p l i t was etlways longl-

tudlnal» usually In the middle of one broad s l i e or towards

the sharp edge on the mlcropylar s ide. I t could have

extended only to the pigmented layer or througljii the endotpem*

Tho s p l i t s vore believed to be connected vlth water re la t ion ,

ship in the seed maturation process* The second tn>9 of

damage was fractures on tfoe secfd by mechanical harvesting.

Weakening of t^e outer protective Isyersi pr ior to harvest,

predisposed the seed to mechanical damage* In case of

oaf flower, needs were damaged during mechanical harvesting*

Bruising and breaking of the embzyo may be extensive without

external visible evidonoe* fhey also found tHat symptoms

of toxicity vQto present in case of fungicide treated,

damaged seeds but the symptoms wore absent in ease of i n t ac t

seeds* Oilseed quality, both for o i l and germination, ims

related to in tac t seeds*

:3:>

The mycoflora of some of the local «and dwarf

variet ies of vhnat v i z . , HP-82U., ir* -8U6, IJP-852, Agra

Local* Kani^ad-2^, Kalyan Sona, Lai Bahadur, Local Red,

Sharbatl Sonora, Sonalika and Sonara-6^| and h var iet ies

of barley v iz . , nF-13, m - 2 1 , m-10^ and K-68 giown a t

the University Farm had been studied. For the isolat ion

of fungi, freshly harvested seeds as ve i l as those stored

under laboratory conditions had been used*

For the study of the extent of deoaago to/* the seeds,

thoy Tejoro spread on a glass plate supported on a stand,

in a dark rooo. The l igh t froia a microscope lojnp was

converged on the plate from below throu^ a concave

mirror attached to the stand. When the converged

l i j ^ t f e l l on the seeds, cradcs were easily visible

even with the naked eyes. Each seed was rotated a t a l l

possible angles to ascertain the degree of injury.

Photographs were tolcen under two different positions

Of the ame seed^. They were also examined under a

stereoscopic microscope for the cradcs which might have

escaped detection by ear l ie r tedinique.

Seeds of each variety were token randomly and

were examined for in jur ies . The percentage frequency

Fig. 1 (A & B tiheat seodo showing minor cracks

at certain OI^BB.

o r

FIG. lA

FIG. IB

;.i

of the cracked as well as Intact seeds of a l l the eleven

var ie t ies of vhe^t were calculated.

In the prellmlnaiy work, a number of tedinlques

were enployed for the Isolation of esctoxnmlly and Internally

soed borne fungi froo wheat and barley^ Qxit of them

modified b lo t ter aethod (Llmonard, 1966) and na l t extract

agar aothod (Muskett, 19^) proved to bo suitable and

had been used throughout this study.

In case of b lo t te r isetiiodi the bottwit of eads

petrldlsh (9.0 era) was lined with ^ r o e moist blott ing

papers and autoclaved at 1? lbs pressure for 15 mlnutos;

while using malt extract agar, 1^ nil s te r i l i sed malt

extract agar was poured In each of the s ter i l ized

petrldlsh (9*0 cm), under aseptic conditions end

allowed to solidify.

aeods were surface disinfected by dipping and

shaking the seeds In sodium hypochlorite (HaClO 2.0 per

cent available chlorine) for about 5 to 8 minutes.

Thereafter the seeds were rinsed twice in s te r i l ized

d i s t i l l ed water. Ihe seeds were placed equldistantly

en the surface of the b lo t te r o r malt extract agar

medium, as the case may bo, Inside the petrldishes with

the help of a pair of s tor i l ized forceps, under

aseptic conditions.

(S , • • -

Each of the following sots of different combinations

were plated for ea<4i variety of lAieats

1, Intact seeds, surface disinfected

2. Intact seeds, non-surface disinfected

3» Cracked seeds, surface disinfected

h» Cracked seeds, non.surface disinfected.

In case of barley, only two of seed sets v iz . ,

surface disinfected and non-surface disinfected were

plated*

For both barley and i^eat, ten seeds per plate

and a total of ^ 0 seeds were plated for eadi set .

In case of blotter metiiod, the plates were kept In

the darkness after plating the seeds a t 18<*C, t i l l the

coleoptllos were about half an Inch long. Thereafter

the plates were transferred to deep-freeze iunnlng a t

-10®C and l e f t overnight. The following morning the

plates were transferred to a chaaber f i t t ed with

floreacent llgfht. The c i rcu i t of the e lec t r ic current

was fixed in sudi a manner that there was Illumination

for 12 hrs followed by darkness for another 12 hours.

The plates were arranged on the trays of the chamber

In such a manner that each of them received almost equal

amount ef l igh t . They were Incubated for 7-9 days a t

22*>C temperature. While Isolating fungi by malt extract

<. p

agar tedinlque ttue plates ware placed In an Incubator

nt aS^C for 7-9 days.

Fungal celonieo that developed with ei ther of the

techniques were oacro-and microscopically examined and

identif ied upto generic level iQr using neeessaxy l i t e r a tu r e

(Clements and Shear, 1931? Sprague, 1950$ Oilnan, 19595

Baniett, i960). In cases %^ore colony failed to sporulate,

i t was carefully transferred to potato dextrose agar

s lants and incubated a t different temperatures in

continuous l i ^ t , continuous darkness or al ternate datky^e^s.

and l igh t . Many of the fungi \^en subjected to this

treatment did sporulate.

For the isolat ion of Aspergilli, malt s a l t agar

(7.5 or 15 per c ^ t sodium diloride) as employed by

Christensen (1957) was used. Seeds were surface d is ­

infected as described ear l ie r , except that they were

treated only for half to 1 minute and l a t e r rinsed twice

with s ter i l ized 7.5 per cent sodium chloride solution.

Both surface disinfected and non-surface disinfected

seeds were plated equidistantly on the surface of tiie

s te r i l ized malt sa l t agar medium {7.$ or 15 per cent

sodium Chloride), contained in the s te r i l i zed pe t r i -

dishes under aseptic conditions.

Ten seeds per plate and a to ta l of 500 seeds were

plated for each variety of wheat.

After plating the seedS| petrldlshes vere incubated

a t 28*»C for 10-12 days. Colonics of Asporgllli, of

different colours, texture and morphology, developed on

the seeds were transferred to 3 or 20 per cent s te r i l i zed

Czapek*s agar (Hiom and Rapor, 1951) wntalned in

s t e r i l i sed petrtdishes and Incubated a t 25*0 for 10 days

Or longer duration, \jhen colonics voro fuU^ developed

o r porithecia were fonned and matured, they were identified

upto specific level (fhoa and Raper, 1951)•

For detemining frequency, colonics of fUngi

developtsd «n the seeds were cK>unted and the percentage

of eadi fungus was calculated. In cases, percentage

was a fraction, fractions of loss than 0*5 vere coaitted,

while those of 0*5 ®^ Qore were raised to the higher

whole number*

Fure cultures of the fungi isolated during the

course of the sl^idy were maintained on potato dextrose

agar slants*

In tac t seeds and seeds with miner cracks were treated

%dth ceresan diy* and ceresan wet«, while seeds having

cracks with unexposed and exposed embryo with ceresan diy

and their effect on the percentage «5eiwination and

* Ethyl aercuxy chloride.

mortality of soedlings of a l l the 11 Tailetios of iiiheat

was determined* Oeeds to be treated witti fungicides

were transferred into 150 c»l flasks containing coresan

dry powder with i per cent active ingredient a t the

rate of 0.3 P®^ cent of seed weight, fhe flasks were

shaken for 2Xi Qinutes on the mechanical shaker. In

case of ceresan wet with 2.5 por cent active ingrjadient,

seeds were soaked in 0.2 per cent solution for 15 minutes.

The seeds after fUn{3icidal treatzient were removed from

the flasks and sown in pots containing autodaved s o i l .

Untreated diy and soaked seeds in s t e r i l e d i s t i l l ed

water for 15 minutes served as control. After h days

the number of seeds germinated was counted and Hie

percentage of gemination and mortality were obtained.

After 12 days 10 seedlings were taken by randon selection

each of th© in tac t treated, in tac t untreated, cracked

(minor) treated and cracked (minor) untreated, and

average^of the ten soedlings of each variety was also

noted.

:j9

Frequency of d i f fa ren t eftteizorlos of cmcked seeds i n

I t i s c l ea r fron F igs . lil^^^)andZ^^nt the cracked

seeds could be c l a s s i f i e d in to tiie following ca t ego r i e s : -

( i ) Cracks with exposed cabiyo (CCC)

( i i ) Grades without exposed enbxyo (ClilEB)

Ci i i ) liinor cracks (MC),

She percentage of a i n o r cracks, cradks witt%>ut

exposed embzyo oni cracks with e:qposed esbxyo i n tiie l o c a l

wheat v a r i e t i e s v i s . , A^ra Local, LocaX Red and iaproved

Var ie t i e s v i z . , IlP-S^ie, UF-Baif, W-852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonalika, Oonara-6^, Kanphad-25, Sharbi t i Sonora and

Kalyan Sona i s given i n table 1.

Respective percentage of the above crack types i n

v a r i e d Igra Local wis J?, 9» 11; i n Local Red 32, 10, ^h\

i n IJI--8V46 29, 8, 13; i n mr-82»f 27, 11, 8; i n in-852 2 1 ,

\ 10; i n Lai Bahadur 16, % 9; i n Donalika I5f 5t 13;

i n Conara-6»f 17, 5, 9; i n Kanphad-25 16, 6 , 8; in ^ a x b a t i

Sonora lU , 3t 7 ; and i n Kalyan 2ona 15» 3» 6 . Thus the

t o t a l percentage of cracked seeds i n v a r i e t i e s ^gra Local,

Local Red, Ili-8U6, ia-82»», ia -852 , Lai Bahadur, Gonalika,

£ionar3-6lf, Kaiq5had-25, Tharbat i Gonora and Kalyan Sona was

57, 56, 50, ^46, 35, 3lf, 33, 31, 30, 2h and 2^. respecUvely.

glg> a (A) yhoat seeds showing cracka without exposed eabxyo*

Fig. ^ fB) i^eat seeds lowing cracka with e:^posed €sabxyo«

•i

FIG. 2 A

FIG. 2B

li

Tablo 1

P«ro«ntag«*of eraekad soeds vlth minor eraoks« cracks without •xpos«d cabiyoi cracks with exposed smbzyo and total peronntag* or cracked seeds In^^dlfferent vheat Tarletles*

Wheat Tarletles

Minor Cracks Cracks Total Total cracks without with percent^ percent*

eaposed eagpos^ age of age of emoxyo embxyos cracked Intact

seeds seeds

1 . Agra XK>cal

2. Local Red

3. HP.8U6

\* lIP-SaM'

5. IiP.852

6« Lai Bahadur

7. Sonallka

8* Sonara»6U>

9« KQnphad»25

10* Shaibatl Sonera

11. Kalyan Bona

37

32

29

27

21

16

1$

17

16

1»f

15

9

10

8

11

9

5

6

3

3

11

1»f

13

8

10

9

13

9

8

7

6

57

56

5b

U6

35

3^

33

31

30

Z\

2V

^3

Mf

56

5»^

65

66

67

69

70

76

76

« Calculated on the basis of 5bO seeds of eadi variety.

^iinftri, of fUngl aaaoglnteA t^th seeds of <11fferent varlatlefl

of Oteat;.

I t i s evident from table 2 that the seeds of a l l the

var ie t ies tested barbDured a large number of fungi. In all«

thirty one genera of fungi vore recovered from vheat seeds

i n the present study and they included ia temarla s p , ,

ftspergjllus spp., AcrPP^tnlOP^orfl s p . , Al aPflS.gR? s p . ,

j3ftlrytt§ SPM BotryQcgnts sp-* gUngtooim spp., curvuifti^A Ji££.« CJLaaQSPOrtym s p . , CgrtlfaoapOrtUa sp.« Cunnlnehamnllii

sp.t figrfitiogteaelAfl sp*t .l^lcoccvm sp . , fi\ii3,ail"p spp*t

HgltlWdgftaPa s p . , r^gT?gctmffl> sp«t HycOgpPg sp-» Mennonlelln

sp . , Mufisx sp . , ^tsrespgrfi sp*, p.fiPtcmiva s^p., i^i^smx sp. , R lggpVta s p . , StCTttTiYUMff s p . , |rf n,dlYl?Otnr§ s p . , Splggrla

s p . , riBhftgrUlifift sp*, and l2l£|iatj£LSfilM s p . .

Altgyiinxlftt AgperKlJUttSt ficraphinlophorfit chaetoaiua. £]i£sulacla, Clflteaportm, g.fiphfaoaporttiB» Igplcoccw, Bifiaxluis, gQnrilplwtrYa, gUogXadlmt fifitotT^tih9?T?9rt«ff»» HomoflgMiW) liQTOcimwffl, Mifio^oos, iiusfii, ^?lgr?§pgrft* f ^ n l c i m y a , ilmiat B^izoiaiSt li£lfiiaJdLii ana Irt.cn9tf^pcmi were i so lated both on blotter and malt extract nigar medium.

ip^nmactta, Botrytta, SotryocgnaLa, Cttyminj^m^Unt MiSQSIllsila, ^ t«MirliYlium and vtachY]?0^nj vere i so lated

only on blotter and ' nmtOfftinifilialn and JiAaerulli^^ only

on malt agar medium. Thus 29 and 2h genera o f fungi were

i so la ted on blotter and malt agar medium respectively.

^i3

TabX« 2

Genera of fUngl isolated fion eurface and xion»surface disinfected. 41 '

intact ond cracked seeds ofAdifferent ^ e a t Tarletles, if^ile using blotter and sialt extract agar techniques.

13 M B M B M B M

fUngl isolated

2« Aspftrgm\lg ap. • • • • • • • 4.

3- Acrai^tfllotihigifl sp. . - - • • • • •

+ - 4 **• Aphnnfygcufl «p. - . - * 5. Botrytia sp. • - • - • . •

6 . ^tyyofigfA^ sp. • - • - • . •

7vCnMtQBlim «PP» • • • • • • • •

8. QttnmliiTta spp. • • • • • • + •

9* glffdQaportna sp* • • • • • • ^ • 10. figp&fllQgpgrtiiP s p * ^ * * * * ^ * -*•

12. CtratpatcBtdJLfl s p . - . . • • ^ . ^

13* BPXCQOClffl sp. • • • • • • • •

1U-. PuSRrlUn s p p . * 4 4 4 ' 4 > ^ * *

15* riiiiimti>te>lirya sp. » ^ ^ ^ ^ 4- * • 16. gxioflladim sp. * ^ ^ ^ - f f ' T 4. 17. iitninttoiiTOTtm spp* * 4 > 4 ^ 4 - < f 4 . 4 • 18. ff^lff»«<*»^»^ sp. * 4 - . . 4 - > < * > 4

19* tli^m?rf''^^^ sp. • • . . 4 • * - •» • 4

Tabl« 2 (Contd.)

•14

Fungi i solatad

2 0 . ^Vfioimi^f a p -

22* Mttcor sp«

2^* MlgmSSQXA «P*

»u, PfH^cllliiyn **TTt

25« ^ s a s ap* 26• |iht2fiia», ap.

27* St«aiphylltim sp»

29» SplfioJln sp*

"^^ ^plt&QiniUna «p-

ISD a Intact , CSD u Craektd XNSD s Intact, CUSD 8 Cracked

B H

• <¥

• •

4» «W

-• •

4- •

13

•

•>

•>

«f

<•

-

•

•

«•

•

as

4

B

•

•

•

«•

•

1

•

an

•

•

-

•

surface dlsinTeoted seeds , surface disinfected seeds

r

•

•

•

•

non»surfaee disinfected seeds , non-surface disinfected seeds*

•f B Fungus prastnt s Fungus aibssnt

B s Blotter ' technique H a Halt extrac^lsc !hnS .que

SH^P^.,

•

•

•

•

4

•

•

«»

^

•

•

•

'i 0

^MXgmlmt garmlartfif Clftaogwrtw^ CCTbalQffTOrtwit

Mywroff^t MsSiSt FflRicmiWt BlSBa> StaAvbotTy and

TriehotfaeeiuM were Isolated fxxjQ intact surface disinfected,

cracked surface disinfected, intact non-surface disinfected

snd Clicked non-surface disinfected xdheat seeds;

§Qnatelwtn:8f HfiiBsdsQilxyit HamoniftLlftt BUissssiXaf Scicarl JfBjht^B rulina were isolated frraa intact surface

disinfected, intact non-surface disinfected and cracked

non.surface disinfected seeds; Staaphyliun from intact

surface disinfect^l, cracked surface disinfected and

cracked non^surface disinfected seeds; and AcroT laloiafaora^

and Rh^2on|y vere recovered txoa intact and clicked

non-surface disinfected seeds, vhen blotter and nalt extract

agar medium \rais used.

AXtitiniirtn» AgptrgmwBt BotiYttat SsilinsissssLit fihftgtjQBlittt fittmaartBt gladQgportWt icfifibai&iB&JlMf SsXsasssmt fUifirtia» QiioclntUiM» ffftlilnttwnmTlia,

and TrlAottiaMttp vere isolated fron intact as well as

cracked surface disinfected wheat seeds lAien blotter

and aalt extract agar nediua was used. Vlhile Gonatobotrys.

•if^

BQXlQdiBarUMy Mfflftlrtftlln» HtlQVSQrnf Sulear^ft aM

SAitTuH i ft were recoTered only fitxa intact surface

disinfected seeds*

All the 31 genera of fungi isolated from i^eat seeds

were recoyered frc» intact and cracked non-surface i

disinfected seeds, uhen blotter and malt extract agar

was used except for StaBtAvlluaiy ^icti was recovered

f n ^ the later seed condition only,

A^^fimartat Agpgrfrimig» Bgtnrttg* sotrrocpniSf ghagtoBlBBt JSmmlaHa* ClfltegpQrt\ie» £iss^^slasssiiim%

MLsasssMf JUaadUBt Issmaiisazsdbzzst Ct4Qc3indlffiB»

llU&Str* jyLSZBfiSSXat fenlcmiMBt BlSaat StAehVbotrya.

gPlCftrtat gPhafffH ll ft and ?:Tic> ftt ?g|lB vere isolated both

from intact surface disinfected tijad non-surface disinfected

wheat seeds on blotter and nalt extract agar medim.

Acretfiial9tiiorftf Mkanasssa* '^imviinffUmnUnf CcrategtoiflXlaf Monogjlllim and Rhigotaia \nTe recomired froa intact

non-surface disinfected seeds only, vhile Staachrllua could

be recovered from intact surface disinfected seeds only.

iUsxBaHat AssausXHmt JoJuxtUt SaUxsisstjalMf ghflfltwlUMt gttrralartRt fiXaaogporiiat Cgpfanlo8TOrtni»

Mreogonef Mucor,. PanlelllliMiy BUMAt .SJUBSbXUlfli*

i / ^taAvbotrvs and Xrtdiotl^ggtiiff were IsolatedAfraa cracked

surface and non.8urface disinfected >theat seeds, \hen

blo t te r and ©alt extract agar va& used, imile Aerpphialo^

jMssf jmmassaaf Qmdlnttim9lXn* g^rteateatanf oonatobotrya. ^9m9^9MVm9 iifiCSfillliUSt ilaiP0ia<7aifi» MX£ISSmiM$ Bhl«ar.usy

:?p^e«yla and gphaerulina were recovered only fron cracked

non.surface disinfected seeds*

Twenty five genera wore Isolated from surface d is ­

infected seeds, whidi did not include .'Vcrophialorhorrt.

i\pnftf>?l3W3t C¥"?>tn^fliafiliat S^rfttQatQB^URt MonQein^um^ RU^^^

however, in non.surface disinfected seeds, in addition to

the 25 genera, above mentioned fUngl were also isolated.

frenuencv of fUn>d. Isolated iron i n tae t surface d is ­

infected seeds; -

Table 3 (A,B^C^} ^ows the genera of fungi and their

percentage frequency isolated froa surface and non-surface

disinfected Intact and cracked seeds of 11 var ie t ies of viheat

by using b lo t te r and malt extract agar techniques.

IJie frequency of AlteTnti.ria in the in tac t surface

disinfected seeds of var ie t ies Agra loca l . Local Red,

KP-8U6, NF-82if, ilP-852, Lai Bahadur, Gonalika, Gonara-6W,

Kan]jiad.25, Sharbati Gonora, Kalyan Sona, while using

b lo t t e r technique, was 52, 76, U2, 62, 50, 80, 86, 77, 66,

80 and 70 per cent respectively! ^sperallluy in Agra Local

KP-8U6, Sonara-6»f, Kanphad-25, Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona,

was 2, 7, 8, 10, h and 12 per cent respectivelyj Botrytls

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m Lai Bahadur, Sonara«6^, KalyaH Sona was 2» 3 and 11

per c ^ t respectively; Botryoconts in Agx^ LocaX, Local

Red was 5t 2» per cent respectlTeLy; Cteactoaiiia i n Agra

Localf Local Bed, HF.8U6, IIP-852, Raliphad-25» KaJyan Sona

was 5, 3. 7f 12, 2, 2 per cent respectiTelyj CurrolayL^

in Agra Local, Local Red, I^-8U6, Gonara-6U , Kan|^ad->2^,

Kalyan Sona was 3, \ U-, 2 , 2, 8 per ctfit respectiTely;

Cladosporlum in Agra Local, HP-82S !IP->852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonara-6tf, Kanphad-25, Kalyan Sona was 10, 3f 7, 3, 9» 1W,

6 per cent respectivelyi Cephalostx>riua i n riP-852, Sonalika,

Shaitoati Sonora was 3, 8, 8 per cent respeetivelyj Erlcoecua

in Agra Local, HP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6M- was 9« % 8,

3 per cent respectively; Pusaritai in Agra Local, Local R ^ ,

irp.8U6, n i -82^ Lai Bahadur, U>nalika, Sbarbati Sonora was

6, 7, 5» 3» 6, 2, 1 per cent respecUvely; GliodaditCT in

Agra Local, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika was 5» 7, 12 per cent

yft«por.tiTOiv| fift^nii^ainfip^^t^ in Agra Local, Local Red,

1IP-8U6, Hf-82S HF-852, Lai Bahadur, iionara-6V, Sharbati

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 3, 6, 7 , 5» 7, 9, 6, 5, h per c«i t

respectiyely; Hoiaodendrum in Agra Local, Kanphad*25 was

2, h per cent respectively; Mycogone in Agra Local, Local

Red, 1IP-8U6, H:t-82»f, Hr-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6»f,

Kanphad-2!;, Shaibati Sonora rfaa 9» 8t 10, 15, 6, 3, 3f 9,

12, 10 per e&at respectively; f^ynonlall^ in Local Rsd,

NP-8U6 was hf 1 pmr cent respectively; Muoor in Agra Local,

51

Local Red, l P-Sa f, nP-852, Lai Bahadur, ShaAatl Sonora

waa 11, 3f 2 , If, 6 , 7 per cent respecttrely} Higrogporft

i n Agra Local was 6 per cent; Penjall l luf in Agm Local,

Local Red, BF-8ii6, Kalyan Sona was 1, *f, 2 , 6 per cent

respectively; Fhoma i n Kanphad-25, Kalyan Sona was 9 , 7

per cent respectively; stearhvlliiB i n i^ax^ati Sonora was

1 per cent; SfatfuYTa tTTg m Local Red, HF-8U6, IIP-852,

Sonalik.^, Sonara-6M- was 3f 6, 7t \ 8 per cent respectively;

PJgfiartLB in IIF-8U6, Kani^ad-25 was 1, 2 per cent respectively;

Tridiotfaaelun In Local Bed, m^B2h^ Lai Bahadur was 8 , 3,

6 per cent respectively; ^ i l e using malt extract agar

mediuB Alternnrla i n Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6, SP-82U-,

HP-.852, Lnl Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6»f, Kanphad-25,

Shatfbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 75t 89, 65, 70, 80, 72,

86, 69, 82, 8if, 86 per cent respectively; Aspergillus in

NP-8U6, 3onara-6U-, Kanphad-25» Kalyan tJona was J, 25, 12,

9 per cent respectively; g iaetoa^^ in i«P-8l*6, HP-852,

Kalyan Sona was 2 , 2 , 1 per cent respectively; Cnrvulari^

in Agra Local, Local Red, I1F-8U6, Kalyan Sona was 1, 3, 2 ,

2 per cent respectively; CladoaTxtrlupi i n Agra Local, Hr-82lf,

HP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6^ Kanphad>25,

Kalyan Sona was 7» 2 , 6 , 3, 2 , 5, 11, 8 per c ^ t respectively;

g^tf^algSygriLtiii m KI-852, Sonalika, Sharbati iionora was

5, 7, 11 per c«»it respectively; Spicocaff in Agra Local,

Local Red, IIP.8U6, Hr-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6^ Shaibatl

Sonora was 15, 7» 2 , 9» 11f 5» 6 per cent respeeUvely;

ftiaftrima in Agra Locai, Local Red, NP.8^6, HP-82»*, Lai

Bahadur, Sbarbatl Sonora was 12, U>, 3^ 2, 6, 2 per cant

reapeetlveljri G^nfttotootrva in Sonara-6if was 2 per cent}

^^loolftdiuia in Agra Local, Lai Babadur, Sonalika was 5f

5, 6 per oont respeotiTelyi ^fluHftl^TIPfili^^"! In Agra Local,

Local Red, HP-8I46, Sr-82S NP.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6if,

Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 10, 13f 8, 9, 9t 12| 13f

11, 8 per cent respectively 1 Homodendrum in Agra Local,

Kanphad-25 was 3» 3 per cent respectively; Mycogone in

Agra Local, Local «ed, NP*8»*6, 1C82S i«'-852, Sonalika,

Sonara^eU-, Ka»pbad-25, Sharbati Sonora was 7» ?# '•t 8, 3,

2 , 8, 6, 9 per cent respectivelyi JiMflSlS *>» Agra Local, Local

Red, NP«82S NP-852, Lai Bahadur, Kanphad*25, Sharbati

Sonora was 17» U-, 3, 6, 7f 3» 9 per cent respectively;

liligrPflWyft m Agra Local was h per cent; ^^eUlgUllVf m

Agra Local, Local Red, NP.BU6, ^P-82S Sonalika, Kalyan Sona

was 2, 6, \ 11, 5t 5 per cent respectively{ Pftona in

Agra Local, HP-82^, HF.852, Kanphad-25, Kalyan Sona was 3,

5» 7f 7, 9 per cent respectlvalyj Splcarla In NP-8^,

Kanphad«-25 was 6, 3 per cent respectively; Sphfteyulina in

Sharbati Sonora was 3 per cent and frlchotfaetsium in Local Red,

NP-82U-, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6M- was 7» 3» 9t 2 per cent

rssptct ively,

?able 3 (B) shows that the frequency of

AX^grftartft i n the cracked surface disinfected

seeds of variet ies Agra Local, Local Red,

o3

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HP.8U6, IiF.82>f, ap.852« LaL Babadur, SoxiaXlka, Sonara-6tf,

Kaiiphad-25f Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona, ^ l l e using

b lo t t er technique,%}a8 56t 6o, 62, U8, 5iO, 58, 6o, 5**-, 6o,

>#6, 5d per cent respecUTeiy; AgP9rBa.JUliWff in Agra I.ocal,

HP-8M6, Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 6, U-, 7% 8 per

cent respectively; Bo try t i e in Sonara-6U>, Kalyan Sona was

t , 7 per cent respectively! Botryoeonia in Agra Local was

2 per cent} ChaetoiBiuia i n Agra Local, NP-8U6, lJF-852,

Kanphad-25, Kalyan Sona was 3t S ^ 3f 2 per cent

respectively; Currolarlft i n Sonara-6i», Kalyan Sona was

1, 3 per cent respecttvely? Gladostx>rium In Lai Bahadur,

Sonara-6U., Kanphad-25, Kalyan Sona was 2 , 1, 12, 2 per

cent respectively; CeTfAialosporluai i n HF-852, Sonalika

was 7, 5 per cent respectively; fiptcPCCMffi In Agra loca l ,

IlF-852, Lai B^adur was 2 , i*, 2 per cent respectively;

Fusarluff in Agra Local, Local Red, BP-8ii6, NF-821*-, Lai

Bahadur was 3f If 2, 2 , 5 per cent respectively; Gliodadiun

i n Agra Local, Sonalika was 1, 3 per cent respectively;

Halminthoaporium i n Local Red, HF-8U6, IIP-82S NP.852,

Sharbati Sonora was U-, 2 , 1, ^ 2 per cent respectively;

HycQp>ne in Agra Local, Local Red, HF.8U6, MF.82W, Hp.852,

Lai Bc^adur, Sonara-6^ Kanphado25, Shaxbati Sonora was

6 , 2 , 6 , 12, ^ U-, 2 , 8, 7 per cent respectively; Mueor i n

Agra Local, NF-852, Lai Bahadur, ^axt>ati Sonora was 6,

2 , 2 , 3 P*'* cent respectively; Pf«y*:y^^*m i n Agra Local,

Local Red, MF*8U6, Kalyan Sona was 2 , 3, 2 , 3 per cent

, ) 0

respectively; £^SSA 1" Kalyan Sona vas 6 per cent;

Gt«t3favlHga m Lai Benadur was 2 per cent; Stadnrhotryg

m IIF.8U6, Ht-852» Sonallka, Sonara-6U- was 2, 3, 2, 2

per cent respectlTely; t^Ue using s a l t extract agar raedliaa;

Altemaria In Agra lK>cal, Local Bed, IIP-8U69 IIP-82>f, HP-8529

LaX Be^adar, Sonalikay Sottara-6^ Sal^ad-25» Sharbatl

Gonora, Kalyan Sona was 63, 60, 62, 70, 76, 56, 75, 60, 70,

77, 72 per cent respectively; ^aparglllu^ in Agra Local,

NF«8U6, Sonara-^U-, Kanp|iad->25, Kalyan Sona was 5f \ It

5, 5 per cent respectively; Chaetoalum in HF-8^ was h per

con^i CurvolfirLft in Agra Local, Local Red was 2, 1 per

cent respecUvely; (^ladosporlim in HF-852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonara-6if, Kanphad-2$ was \ 2, 2, 13 per cent respectively;

9gli4lllQ81?QrtyM in Bhartati Sonora was h per cent; Epleoeeum

m Agra Local, Hp-852, Lai Bahadur was 7, 13t 5 pe r c^nt

respectively. FUsariun in Agra Local, HP^S^, NP.82lf,

Lai B^adur, Sbarbati Sonora was >f, 2, 1, 1, 1 per cent

respectively. ?TnMP* ' «r?r**lf in Agra Local, Local Red,

]rF-8W6, HP^2lf, liP.852, %al4)aU Sonora was 2, 2, 2, 2,

3, 1 per cent respectively; Hvcogone in Agra Local, Local

Bed, HP-S^, BP^2^ lfF.852, Lai Bahadur, Kanphad.25,

Sbarbati Sonora was M-, U-, 6, >f, if, 1, 8, 1 per cent

respectively; JSufi&X in Agra Local, HP-852, Lai Bt^adur,

Shaxbati Sonora was 11, 2, 5f 5 psx* cent respectiveCLy;

• 1 '

panieil i iua in lfp-8i«6, NP-SaM- waa 2, 7 per cant r«ap«cttv«ly}

fhoaa in Agra Local, Kalyan Sona was % 7 per cent raspactlva-

ly? PtB<^yl?g1iia8 m HF-8»46 was 2 per cant and Trighothee^uy in

Local Red, HP-82U-, Lai Bahadur, Sonara*6U> waa 2, 2, 3, U> per

cent respectively.

frgflttgncy 9i £\mfsk trnXnt^i ftvn intact tWRrmirfacg

Table 3(C) shows that the frequency of Alternaryf^ in the

in t ac t non*8urfaco disinfected seeds of variet ies Agra Local,

i-ocal Hed, lfF*8U6, Sp.82i*, HP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika,

Sonaipa-6M', Kanphad«25, Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona, while using

b lo t t e r technique was 68, 92, 8o, 66, 60, 90, 90, 86, 88, 86,

8»* per cent respectively! Aaperid.llua in Agra Local, Local tted,

NP-8U6, HP-82S Sonara-6^., Kanphad-25, Shal*bati Sonora, Kalyan

Sona was 10, U-, 1U-, 3, 19, 22, 8, 18 per cent respectively;

AcrpT?hialoi:^orft in Local Red, Kalyan Sona was 15. 11 per

cent respectively; Achanaseua in UP-SaU-, Kanphad-25 was ^, 5

per cent respectively; Botrvtia in MP-82 ', Lai Bahadur,

Sonara-6U., Kalyan Sona was 8, 3f7, 20 per cent respectively;

Botryoeonip in Agra Local, Local Red, Sonara-6»f was 3, 3»

7 per cent respectively; Chaetonium in Agra Local, Local Red,

HP-8U6, KP-852, Kanphad-25, SharbaU Sonora, Kalyan Sona

was 9» 1. 13, 16, 8, 3f 12 per cent respectively? ff\tyyulfirti

i n Agra Local, Local Red, NP*8^, Sonara^U>, Kanphad.25,

Kalyan Bona was 11, 11, ^f % 1*f, 15 per cent respectively;

g^ndoaporiUM in Agra Local, Local Red, NP.82U>, NP.852,

i )8

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Lai Baliadur, SonaXllta« Sonara-6^ Kanphad-25« Shar%}atl

Sonoraf KaXyan Sona was 18, 9, 12, I6, 11, 6 , 26, 22, 2,

10 per cent respecttrely; gfftf^iggaTOIim In NF-852,

Sonalika, Kanphad-25t ShaAatl Sonora was 5» 1 ^ 10, 5

per cent resp«cttTe3y| gttffnima^fliBgUa i n HP-8»46 was 3

per cent; Eptcoegua i n Agra Local, Local Bed, BF-8U6, KP.852,

Lai Bahadur, SonirE-6V was % 6 , 8, 3, U-, 2 per cent

respectively; Fuaariua in Agra Local, Local Bed, l iP-8^,

HP-82»f, HP.852, Lai B^adur, Sonalika, Sonara-6»f, Kanphad-25,

Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 6, 11, 10, 8, 12, 15, 10, 5,

6 , 11, 2 ^QT ceaat respectlTely; Gonatobotrya in Local Bed,

Sonara-61*, Kanpliad-25 was 8, 7, 12 per c « i t respectiTely;

GlloelftdluB i n Agra Local, Local Bed, IIP-82S I'al BaJiadur,

Sonalika was 13, 3f 6, 13, 19 per c^it respectively;

HftLHlnttQaTOrtiW in Agra Local, LocaO. Bed, HF-8J46, HF-82if,

HP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-61f, Kanptiad-25,

ShaTtoati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 12, 13f 9» 7t 8, 11, 9f

8 , 6 , 9, 8 per cent respectively | f ^ fflift«i|f» ,CTg i n Agra Local,

Hp-852, Kanphad-25 was 5f 9 , 6 per cent respectively;

Mono«tllliai i n Agra Local, Local Bed, HP-81*6, Np-82i*, Lai

Bahadur, Sonalika, Kanphad-25, was 22, 12, 8, 11, % 12,

9 per cent respectively; Mvooapne i n Agra Local, Local Bed,

BP.8U6, llF^2lf, HP-852, Lai B^adur, Sonalika, Sonara-6U^,

Kanphad.25, Shax^t i Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 23, 26, 16,

21 , 32, 11, 8, 15, 3hf 29, 3 P« ' cent respectively;

G?

y<—noniallft in Local R«d, Nt-8U6, HP.82^ Sonara.6U , was

11, 6, 7f 7 per cant respectlwly; Mucoy in Agra Localt

Local Ked, HF.8U6, »F.82^ liF.852, LaX Bahadur, SonalUca,

Kani^ad.25t Sharbati Sonora was lU , 3» 5» 3» 6, 9, 3, 11,

9 per cent raspocUvely. Higroataora in Agra Local was 3

per cent; PanicUliun in Agra Local, Local Red^ »P-8»*6,

HP-82»f, Kanphad-25, ^laitoati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 3, 7f

8, \ 1^, V, h per cent respectively; Phoaa in Local Red,

I'P-852, Ka3ttphad-25, Kalyan Sona was 12, 8, 7, 5 per cent

respectively; Rhizopua in Agra Local, Local J ed, HP-8U6,

HP-82^ fJP-.852 was 2 , 5, 5f 5t 9 per cent respectively;

Stachybotrvp in Local Red, SP-8U6, HP.852, Lai Bsftiadiir,

Sonalika* Sonara-6»f, Kanphad-25 was 8, % 11, 2, 13, 11,

13 per cent respectiveOy; Spiearift in Agra Local, NP-8i»6,

Kanphad-25 was 2, 2, 7 per cent respectively; Trichotiieeiua

in Agra Local, Local Red, np-82U-, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6>f,

was 13« 17» 9f 1S ^^ V^^ cent respectively; while using

aalt extract agar medium; Altemarln in Agra Local, Local

Red, RP.8U6, NP.82lf, Hp.852, Lai Bahadur, SonaHka* Sonara-6^

Kanphad-25, Shaxl>ati Sonora, Kalyan Sona %fa8 911 99, 9O9 78,

58, 80, 80, 89, 90, 85, 89 per cent respecUvely; ^mergilltta

in Agra Local, Local Red, IiP^U6, Sonar».6^ Kanphad-25,

Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 7, 2 , 12, 18, 20, 10, 21

per cent respectively; AcrenhatlOPilPrft in I-ocal Red, Sonalika,

: 9

Kalyan Sona vas 8, 6, 8 p«r cent respoctlvsly; Chaatoalum

m Agra Local, HP-8U6, HP-852, Kalyan Sona was 2, \ 3, 3

per cent rcspectlTslyi purwulnrlj^ In Agra Local, Local Red,

IIP.8M6, Sonara«6U-, Kanphad-25, ShaAati Sonora, Kalyan Sona

was 7, 7, 2 , if, 2, 3, 10 per cent respectively; CladosTJorlim

m Agra Local, Local Bed, KP.8U6, NP-82lf, NP-852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonalika, Sonara-6M-, Kanpbad-25, Kalian Sona was 21, 2, h^

15, 12, 6, 7, 16, 15, 32 per c«it respectively? Cetafaaloaporliai

m IiF.852, Sonalika, Kanptiad^25, Shaibatl Sonora was 3, 3,

2 , 7 per cent respectively; Ceratoatomell^ In Lai ^hadur

was 5 P©*" cent; Splcoceum In Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8*46,

IIP-852,Lal Bahadur, Sonara-6^, Sharbatl Sonora was 12, 2,

11t 7f 9t 3f 3 per ctfit respectively; Ftiaflrlum In Agra Local,

Local Red, BI.8U6, HF-82^ NF.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika,

Sonai^i-6^ Kani:liad->25, Sha]i>atl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 15,

9t 8» 5f 10, iJf, 6, 3» ^ 1 ^ 3 P«3f cent respectively;

Gonatobotrys in Local Red, Sonara^U , Kanphad-25 was 6, 6,

9 per cent respectively; QlloeladluBi in Agra Local, Lai

Bahadur, Sonalika was 3* 2, 3 pe r cent respectively;

H«l«lntfao«T>Qr iHi in Agra Local, Local Red, m^Qke^ Hr-82if,

IfP-'852, Lai Bi^adur, Sonalika, Sonara-6M-, Kanphad-25, Sharlsatl

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 9, 8, 7, 5t 6, h per

cent respectively; por«o<^endnai In Agra Local, BF-852,

Kanpliad-25 was 5f 3t ^ P*!* cant respectively; M9"VI;UA^1I

V C

m Agra liOcaX, Local Bad, HP*S^, KF.82V, Sonalika,

Kaii|:aind*25 vas 20» 8, 7 , 6, 8p 6 par oimt resptoUv^yj

Mvoog^na in Agra Local, Local Bad, MP-8i|6, NP.82Jf, HP.852,

Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, aonara>6^ Kaiiphad-25, Sharbati sonora,

Kalyan Sona was 19, 15, 8, l8 , 12, 7, 6, 12, 19, 16, 5 P«y

cent respaetivelyi ^uc^r in Agra Local, Local Bed, MP*8W6

KP-82Jf, HP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Knaphad-25f 8harbati

Sonora vas 21, 6, 5, 6, 9, 11, 6, 12, 11 per cent respactiv«ly|

rgnjtg^j^i^ll m Agra Local, Local Bed, »i'.8M6, !IP-82»*,

Sonalika, Kdns^ad«25, Bhaxbati Sonora, Kalyan Bona was 1,

9, 11, 17, 6, 10, 5, ^ per omt respeotlTelyi £^m» ^ As 'a

Local, Local Bed, KP»82^ llP-852, Kanphad-25, Kalyan Bona

was 7, 12, 3, 6, % 1«* per cent respeotiveiyj Bhi apipuQ in

Agra Local, Local Bed, 1IP-8M6, HP-82^ HP«852, Sonara-6»*.

was 3, 2, 3» 7, 3, ^ V*>r cent respectively! .SptgaUft in Agra

Local, HP-8^, Kanphad-25, ^artoat l Sonora was \ 2, 11,

11 per cent respectively} g^phnagullnft in Sharbati Sonora

was 5 per cent and yrlchotfaeeiua in Agra Local, Local Bed,

HP-82W., Lai Bahadur, 6onara-6if was 8, 15, 7, 16, 16 per

cent respectively*

/gtamncY of fungi iioXatittfi froa cradttA npn*wrfaci

Table 3(B) shows that the frequency of Altem*riit in

the cracked non»surfaoe disinfected seeds of variet ies Agra

Local, Local Bed, NP.8U6, Mp.82)f, NF.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika,

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Sonara-6>f, Kanphad-2$« Sbarbati Sonora, Kalyait Sona «hll«

using blotter tedmlque was 70, 8**, 88, 6if, 92, 70, 93, 90,

71, 82, 90 per cent respectively| ftffpffia^^lvg in Agra Local,

I*ocal Bed, l!iF>8U6, SF-82)f, Sonara>6lf, Kaiiphad-25, Sharbatl

Qonora, Kalyan Sona waa 22, 12, 10, 12, 13, 28, 8, 2h per

cent respectively. Acrorfiiftlophora In Local Red, Kalyan Sona

was 21, 7 per cent respectively; Arhanascus in IIP-82U",

Kanphad-25 was 8, h per cent respectively; Botrytla in

^-82)f, IIP.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonara^SV, Kalyan Sona was

16, 6, 8, 11, ^h per cent respecttvely; Botiyoeonia in

Agra Local, Local Red, Sonara<-6^ was 6, h^ 11 per cent

respectively; Chaetcwaiua in Agra Local, Local Red, HP.8H6,

Kr-852, Sonalika, Sonara-6lf, Kanp|iad-25, Shartati Sonora,

Kalyan Sona was 9, ^, 10, 12, 7, 3, 10, U-, 1? per cent

respectively; Curvulftria in Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6,

Sonara-6i«-, Kani^ad-25i Kalyan Sona was 12, 10, 7, 8, 12, 1 -

per cent respectively; Cladoaporlim in Agra Local, Local Red,

liP.8^, IiP-82>f, HF-852, Lai Dabadur, Sonalika, Sonara-^^,

Kanphad-25, Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 21, 11, 13, 29,

lif, 1^, 12, 2^, 38, 5, 12 per cent respectively;

CatihalosDoriiai in Mt-852, Sonalika, Kanphad-25, Shait>ati

Sonora was 8, 16, IM-, 16 per cent respectively; Cyfiwiingh—all»

in HP-8W6, was 2 per cent; gpieoecuMi in Agra Local, Local

Bed, NP-8M6, Iip.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonara'-6)f, Sharbatl Sonora

was 8, 5, 5?, 2^ 7% ^ 5 per c«nt respectlTsly; Fusariua in

Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8^, HP«82if, HP-852, Lai Bjshadur,

Soxialika, Sonara-feU-, Kan0iad-25, Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan

Sona was 19, 9, 9, 1 ^ 13, 15, 1^, ^ 7, 13, 3 per cent

respectively; Ck>natol)otry8 In Local Red, KP-82^, Sonara-6^

KaniAiad-25, was 6, U-, 13, ^h per cent respectively;

^rft^gclnaiM in Agra Local, Local Red, UP-82^ Lai Bahadur,

Sonallka was 9, 5, 11, 10,10 per cent respectively;

EeliBlnthQSPorUm in Agra Local, Local Red, Iip-8li6, l!P-82»f,

IJP-852, Lai Bahadur, SonallKa, Sonara-6»i>, Kanphad-25, Sharbatl

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 15, 18, 12, 12, 12, 16, 13, 11, 10,

12, 8 per cent respectively; Hormodendruai in Agra Local,

IIF-852, Sanpbad-25 was 6, 11, 7 per cent respectively;

M Ti f; ; H|»m in Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6, HP-82lf, Lai

Bahadur, Sonalika, Kar^had-25 was 19, 9f 1S 13f 7, 20, 11

per cent respectively. Mvaogone in Agra Local, Local Red,

»F-8i*6, m^B2kf m.852, Lai Bahadur, SonaUka, Sonara-6if,

Kai^ad-25, Shaxbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 28, 31, 23,

28, 36, 15, 18, 13f ^» 30, 8 per cent respectively;

Mmnonlellii in Agra Local, Local Red, HF-8J»6, HP-82»f,

Sonara-6^ was 3, 13, 9, 9, 12 per cent respectirely; ^ucor

in Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6, Hp.82»f, NP-852, L a

Bahadur, Sonalika, Kanphad»25, Shaxbati Sonora %ras 15, 7,

6, 5, 9, 6, 5, 13, 12 per cent respectively; HigTOatx>ra In

Agra Local was 5 per contf PeniclllHap In Agra Local, Local

Red, HF-8U6, HP-82lf, Kanphad-25, Shartatl Sonora, Malayan

Sona was k-, % 6, 9, 13» 9» 8 per cent xespectively; Phoaa

in Local Bed, Kanpbad^25, Kalyan Sona was U>, 3, h per cent

respectively; Bhir20pua In Local Eed, HP-8J*6, HP-82U., HP-852,

Sonara-6»f was 7, 2, ^ 6, h per cent respectively; Stemchyllun

In Lai Bsbadur, Sharbatl Sonora was 3» ^ per cent respectively;

Stftchvbotrvg In Agra Local, Local Red, IiF-8>46, Iip-852, Lai

Bahadur, Sonallka, Sonara-6V, Kanphad.25, Sbar^atl Sonora

was 21, 20, 12, 1 ^ 8, 15, 16, 10, 13 per cent respectively;

Splearift In Agra Local, KP-.8»»6, Kanphad-25 was 8, % 3 per

cent respectively; Trlchotfaeclum In Agra Local, Local Red,

IlP-82if, Lai Bahadur, Sona^a-6l^ was 6, 20, 18, 3, 21* per

cent respectively; viille using aalt extract agar aedlua;

Altemarift In Agra Local, Local Red, KP-8»«6, HP«82»f, NP«852,

Lai Bahadur, Sonallka, 8onara-6U-, Kanphad>25, Sharbatl Sonora,

Kalyan Sona was 88, 87, 72, 80, 92, 72, 79, 92, 92, 8 l , 92

per cent respectively; ftaoerglllus In Agra Local, Local Red,

NP.8I46, HP.82if, Sonara-6^, Kanpbad-2^, Shax^atl Sonora,

Kalyan Sona was 17t 12, 8, 8, 7v 20, 11, 26 per cent respective-

ly ; AcreittlfaOBhPra m Local Red, Sonallka, Kalyan Sona

was 12, 13, 6 per cent respectively; cametoaiim in Agra Local,

NP-8i46, llP-852, Kalyan Sona was 3, 5» % 5 per cent

respectively; Curvularlifc in Agra Local, Local Red, NF-8U6,

XJ w'

Sonira-6U-y Kanphad-25> Shai^atl Sonora» Kalyan Sona vas

5f 8, If, 6 , h^ \ 8 per cent reapecUTrelyj Cta40iB9llVI^

m Agra Local, Local Hed, BP-8U6, HP-82if, HP.852, Lai

Bahadur, Sonallka, Sonara-6^-, Kaiiphad*25, Sharbatl Sonora,

Kalyan Sona was 18, 6, 6 , 2U-, ^% 12, 13, 28,20, 3, 22

per cent respectively; Cephaloapoyluff in IIP-852, SonalDca,

Kanpliad-25f Sharbatl Sonora was 5? 19» 8 , 11 i^r cent

respectively; Cera to^e l l f t In Lai Bahadur was 2 per cent;

Eplftoeeum In Agra Local, Local Red, BP-8U6, lIP-852, Lai

Bahadur, Sonara~6^, Sharbatl Sonora was 13, 9$ 13» 11* 15«

8 , 9 per cent respectively; Fuaarlun in Agra Local, lK>cal

Hed, HP-8U6, £Ip.82^ HP.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonallka, Sonara-6^,

Kanpbad-25, Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 16, 9, 9» 8, 8,

18, 12, 5» 8, 10, V per cent respectively; Gonatp^trv^ In

Local Red, HP-82U., Sonara-6U., Kaiqphad-25 was % U>, 12, 13

per cent respectively; GlloRlftdlua in Agra Local, Lai Bahadur,

Sonallka was 7, ^ 5 per cent respectively; lalaiaJbaaBaiiia

m Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6, NP-82if, HP-852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonallka, Sonara-6^ Kani^ad-25, Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona

was 12, 11, 9 , 8 , 10, 11, 16, 9» 8, 8 , 5 per cent respectively;

HoModendru|a In Agra Local, llF-852, Kanphad-25 was 7, 9* 7

per cent respectively; . *<?"9gtLilli*m In Agra Local, Local Red,

KP-8U6, Hl».82if, Sonallka, Kai^ad-25 was 17, 11, 11, 9 , 15»

10 per cent respectively; Mvcogone In Agra Local, Local Red,

HP-8U6, HP.82W, HP.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonallka, 8onara-6U^,

7

Kanphad-25t Sharbati Sonora, KaXyan ^ona vas 23, 28, 11,

^^* 15» 9f 13f 10, 28, 25, 9 per cent respectively; Kucor

in Agra Local, Loca Red, 2IP-8»«6, HF-82U, HI-852, Lai

Bahadur, Sonallka, Kaiiphad-25, Sbarbati Sonora vas 23, 12,

8 . 7, 7, 10, 9, 11, 1^ per cent respectively} Hlgrosijora in

Agra Local was *• per cent; yenieil l imn in Agra Local, Local

Eed, Ili-8**6, i»F-82if, Sonalika, Kanphad-25, Sharbati Sonora,

Knlyan Sona was 5, 5, 9, 19, 3, 11, 7, 10 per cent respect-

iva ly; Fhoma in Agra Local, Local Red, llF-82if, JJP-852,

Gonara-6if, Kan0iad-25, Kalyan Sona was 1U-, 9, 2, 2 , 5, 9,

20 per cent respectively; Rhiaopus in Agra Local, Local Red,

Kr'-8i46, I}F-82»f, nF-852, Sonara-6i*, was 5, 8, 3, 9, 2, 3 per

cent respectively; Spiearia in Agra Local, NP-8U6, Kanphad-25,

Shaxbati Sonora was 7, 5, 9, 13 per cent respectively;

Stfaaerulina in Sharbati Sonora was 8 per cent and Tricholfae-

eium in Agra Local, Local Red, r«'-82»f, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6M'

was 9 , 22, 9, l 8 , 19 per cent respectively.

aapftrgllll asfjodnted vi th seeds of different var ie t ies

Table Uvstiows that in a l l , the surface disinfected

and non-surface disinfected seeds of %^eat yielded 17 species

o f AflpergiHua v i z . , AapergJllug jaUZfiX, A* CfttTftllgrt, 1-

P««itaio(i«Mi. ^. rgstricfaa. A' nJHtelnns, !• jaUasstXait 1* rueulQSUa. J . MJOi&t A» JlCSifiClSX, A» AIXMS,^* fltttrclnug

and Jk* ochrafiwis. When i so lated on s a l t s a l t agar with 7*5 and

15 per cent sodlus chloride. A-featylotu« vas i so lated from

Fig. ^ . Per cent frequencjr of AWbUffXUm sp* recorded on surface disinfected and non-9urface disinfected vheat seeds, plated on Malt-salt Agar (HSA) .

BD {?•%) Surface disinfected seeds on MSA having 7,3% HaCl.

SD {^f^) Surface disinfected seeds on MSA having 15#1 HaCl.

USD (7•5^) Hon.surface disinfected seeds on liSA having 7»f^ HaCl.

USD (15/J) Hon-surface disinfected seeds on &ISA having 155* HaCl,

y 1

SD 75V. SD 15'/. NSD 7.57. NSD 157.

A B C D E F G H I J K

A b C D C F G H A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H I J K

AsAGRA U)CAL BcLOCAL RED C=>IP«46 D3NP024 EsNP8S2 F« LAL BAHADUR G.SONAUKA H .S0H0HA64 I.KANPHAD2S

K.KALYAN SOMA

A B C D E F G H I J K

J.8HARBATI 80NARA

FIG. 3

7/

8p«clet of ftip^rf^^^"** Isolated fit» surface and noiusttrfae* dlsinfeotsd seeds of %iheat Tartetlesy %AiiXe using aaXt saXt agar containing ?•$ and 15 per cent sodium diloride.

Isolated

^* A» IlfltyigtiB 5* jl* nlAtilana

8* A» uatua

10* A» terrwia 11* A* .emiWiSt 1 2 * ^ . jBdUfiir 13« 2^m *—«*|l(^

1^* ik« jCXaaui 15* j^» iuCLSit

SD 7.5 % NaCX

+ •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

^5% IlaOX

•

•

«»

•

•

«fr

«•

-

-

•f

NOD

HaCl

•

•

•f

4-

•

•

•

•

•

•

NaCl

4

4

•

• *

*

•

•

•

«

-

tm

«•

4-

SD MSD

•

Surface disinfected Kon.surfaee disinfected

Species of AiptrrtlJlMI present Species of AntmMLUI absent

y,^

surface disinfected seeds and not from non-surface

disinfected seeds.

Soae of the species sudi as A» Magtalodf^f^

A* nicer and J . ochraceua vers Isolated on maXt salt agar

Containing 7*5 and 15 per cent sodium dilorlde; j^,

niguiomiSf AM, Msimf A* 3axsXssQ>QX9 A* .iaiailiif A* IXasM* A. orygae and J . ouerelnu^ vere Isolated on malt salt agar,

vhen containing 7*5 per cent and j^. juljsr, ^. chevnlle?^ and

A» reatrietusy \ihen containing 1? per cent sodium chloride.

Tat^e 5 shows tbe percentage frequency of

Aspergillus species isolated from surface and non-surface

disinfected seeds of vheat •arletles on malt salt agar

containing 7»5 and 15 per cent sodium diloride.

The frequency of Aflp^rfflllya anatflloaall in the

surface disinfected seeds of the Tarletles Lai Bahadur,

Sonalika, Kalyan Sona, vhlle using malt salt agar medium

containing 7m5 per cent sodium chloride, was 1, 2, 3 per

cent respectively; ^. nidulana in Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6

NP-82^ NF-852, Lai BiOiadur, Sonara-6lf, Kanphad-25« Sharbatl

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 1, 1f 3t ^t 5f 5f 7» 9» 10, 11 per

cent respectively; ^. ynr^eeolor in Local Red, NP-BUS,

Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6U-, Kanphad.25, 3harbati

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 2, 3f 2, 5t 6, if, 7t 9 per cent

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resjwctlTeln A^ nitmloatua In Agra local . Local Bed, MP.8^,

NF.82U^, Sonallka, Sonara-6U , Kanpha(l»2 , ^arbatl Sonora was

1f 2, 3, 3, ^i 5t ^ 7 per cent resp^ctl-velyj ^. joS^ji in

Local Red, NF-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonallka, Sonara-6U , Kanpiaad-25,

was 2, If, 3, 5» 6, 7 per cent respectively; j | . veraicoloi' In

Agra Local, Local Red, HP-852, Lai Bahadur, 8onara-6V,

Kanphad-25, Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyitfi Sona was 2, 3, if, 5, 6, 5,

7, 8 per cent respectively; J . terreu^ in Local Red, BP.8^,

llP-852, Soaslllca, Sonara-6Jf, Kanphad-25, Shartoatl Sonora,

Kalyan Gona was 2, 3, 3, 5f *••» 6, 7, 6 per cent respectively;

A» g?tPdidus in Agra Local, HP-821*, Lai Bahadur, Sonara«6U>,

Shartatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 1, 2, 3, 5t 6, 7 per cent

respectively; A' nicer in Local Red, NF-8U6, Sonallka,

Sonara-6lf, Kalyan Sona was 1, 2, 3, 2 , U- per cent respectively;

A* tamarll in Agra Local, Local Red, Lai Bahadur, Sonara»6U ,

Kani^ad«25, Kalyan Sona was 2, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 per cent

respectively; A^ fla'ros in Local Red, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6l»-,

Kanphad-25, Sharbati Sonora was 7, 6, 8, 9f 10 per cent

respectively; A* XUZiaft In Agra Local, Local Red, NP.8U6,

HF.82^ ]IF.852t Lai Bahadur, Sonallka, Sonara-6lf, Kanphad.25,

Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona wss 2, 2, 3, M-, 3, 6, 5$ 6, 7,

8, 9 per cent respecttvely; A. <mgrgireiJ m HP.8U6, Lai Bahadur,

Kalyan Sona vas 2, 3, U per cent respectively; A» oghr»fteu«

/?

m Agra Local, HP.8»i6, !iP-82^ Ht-852, Sonalika, Soaara-6»t,

Kanphad-25y Sharbati Sonora, KaXyan Sona vas 1, 3, 2 , U-, 5,

7, 6, 8y 9 per c«nt zespeetlveXy; and liblle using malt sal t

agar aedltm containing 15 per cent soditM dilondei J^, ruber

in Agra Local, Local Bed, RP'8U6, i;F.82lf, Lai Bahadur,

Sonalika, Sonara-6^, Kanphad-25, ^axbati Sonora, Kalyan

Sona was 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6, 9 per cent respectively;

A* ehevftlieri in Agra Local, 1IF-8M6, Kanphad-25, Shartati

Sonora, Kalyan Sona vas 1, 2, ^ , 6 , 8 per cent respectlTely;

A* naatalodami in Agra Local, Local Bed, HP-SUd, 1^-82^

HF.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6U-, Kanphad-25,

Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 3, 2 , 3, 3, ^ 5, 8, 7,

9, 8, 9 per cent respectivelyi A* reatrictua in Agra Local,

Local Bed, iiF-8U6, ^^-82^, HF-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika,

Sonara~6lf, Kanphad-25, Sharbati £k>nora, Kalyan Sona was 2, 3,

5t 5» 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 11 per cent respectively; J .

nldulans in Agra Local, Local Bed, lIF-852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonara«6U-, Kalyan Sona vas 1, 1, 2 , 3, h^ $ per cent

respectively; A* van«oolor in Kalyan Sona was 3 P«r cent;

A* JanaUM m Kanphad.25 was 2 per cent; A* Calltt«3Mf in

IfP-82^, 8onara-6lf was 2, 3 per cent respectively; A»

ochrmeeus in Agra Local, HP.82V, m^S^^, Sonara-6U- was 1,

1, 2, 2 per cent respectively.

T\'=^^^

'/ 3

The frequency of AffPftrfflllua aaataloflfflat m ihB

nozwsurface disinfected seeds of YarletLes I}F'>8U6, Sonalika,

K^iphad-2$, Kalysun Sona, vhlle using s a l t salt agar trndlvm

containing 7*5 V^r cent sodium <^lorlde, vas 20, t)f, 13, 12

per cent rospectlvelyi J . nldulans in Agra X«ocal, Local Bed,

HP-8**6, KP-82 , I ^ Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6U-, Kanphad-25,

Sharbatl 8onora, Kalyan Sona was I5t 1 ^ 13t 12, 12, 10, 10,

9, 5, ^ per cent respectively} ^. vftriecQlnr in Agra Local,

Local Red, !IF«8U6, !3P.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6U-,

Kai^ad-25, Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 15, 13, 13, 12,

10, 11, 10, 9t 8, 5 per cent respectively; ^, ruguloana in

Agra Local, Local Bed, SP-8U6, IIP-82lf, lIP-852, Sonalika,

Sonara-6U-, Kanphad-25, ^azbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was

17, 13» 12, 13t 12, 10, 9» 10, 8, 7 per cent respectively}

A* ustaa in Local Bed, IiP-82>f, IiP-852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonalika, Sonara-Sl*, Kanphad-25, Kaly-m Sona was 17, I5t 1 »

12, 10, 8, 8, €pT cent respectively; A» l^TalQOlQT in

Agra Local, Local Bod, HF-8U6, HP-82U , HP-852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonalika, Sonara-6U>, Kanpbad.25, Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan

Sona was 21, I8, 16, 15, 16, 11, 11, 10, 9, 8, 9 per cent

respectively; J^m terreua in Agra Local, Local Bed, NP-8^,

B(-82U-, HF-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6U>, Kaziphad-25,

Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 19, 16, I5f 12, 1U-, 13, 12,

12, 10, 7, 3 per cent respectively; A. caftttdtta m Agra

Local, Local Red, HF.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6U-, Shaxa>atl

;/ 0

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 12, 11, 10, 9f 8, 7, 7 p«r cent

rdspeetlvely; ^ . JDl£SX ^ Agra Local, Local Red, HF«8U6,

KF-82if, NP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6lf, KaQpbad.25,

Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 19$ 17» 13» 1**-. 8, 7 , 6 ,

6 , 5« 3» ^ per cent respectively; A* ^ aoy * In Agra Local,

Local Red, Lai Bs^adur, Sonara-6M>, Kanpliad-25, Kalyan Sona,

was 2 ^ lif, 12, 9f 7» 6 per cent respectlvely-f j ^ , j;La-q f

i n Local Red, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6U>, Kanphad-25, Sharbati

Sonora vas 20, 16, 15, 1 ^ 12 per cent respectively; J .

.aXXaaft in Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8I46, SF-82»f, HP-852,

Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6^ Kan|^ad-25, ShaxbatL

Sonora, ^alyan Sona vas 29, ^ , 27, 23 , 22, 22, 21 , 18,

3ff 7* 6 per cent respectively; Jj^, aueTglnn^ i n I3P.8>46,

Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Kanphad.25, Shaxbati Sonora, Kalyan

Sona was 10, 8, 9f 7» 6, 5 per cent respectively; A,

ochraecus in Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6, HP-82**-, NF-852,

Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-61f, Kanphad«25, Shaxbati

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was I8, I6, l5f 1^, 1*f, 8, 7 , 8, 6 ,

5, 5 per cent respectively and t4sile using na l t s a l t agar

•ediuB containing 15 per cent sodiua chlorite; J^m JOUZSX i

Agra Local, Local Red, KF.8U6, BF^2^-, NI.852, Lai Bahadur,

Sonalika, Sonara-6U>, Kani^ad-25f Shaxbati Sonora, Kalyan

Sona was lU-, 1»f, 13f 12, 13f 10, % 8 , 8, 5, 6 per cent

respectively; A. chevl^^rl i n Agra Local, Local Red,

O 1

IJP.8U6, HF-82S Lai Bahadur, Sonolika* Soiiara-6^, Kanphad a5v

Shait)atl Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 12, 11, 9, 8, 6, % 3, 2, 3, 1

1 per cent respecttvolyj ^. BMat»lA<?flflat In Agra Local, Local

Red, HF-8M6, HF-82»f,IiP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonallka, Sonara-6»».,

Kanphad-25t ^arbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 35t 32, 30, 26,

21, 21, 17t 18, 15» 15» 1» per cent respectlfelyj i . jj^dalaBl

m Agra Local, Local Red, HP-8U6, KP-82^, BP-852, Lai B^adur,

Sonallka, Sonara-6lf, Kanphad-2^, Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sona

uas 12, 10, 9f 8, 7t **•»*•» 3f 3» If 2 per cent respectively;

i » •arleeolor In i3r«8U6, llF-8$2, Lai Bahadur, Sonallka,

Kanphad-25, Sharbatl sonora, Kalyan Sona was 8, 7, 6, 5, 5,

3, 3 per cent respectively| ^. terreus in Agra Local, Local

Red, HP-82Jf, Sonallka, Sonara-6^, Kanphad- 25, Sharbatl

Sonora, Kalyan Sona was 9$ ^ 5t 3f 3» 2, 2, 2 per cent

respectively; j^, cnndldua in Agra Local, Local Red, !iF.82lf,

Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6U-, Shaxbati Sonora was 3, 2, 2, 2, 3,

1 per cent respectively; A» MfiiX in local Red, NP-8I46,

IIP.82^ Lai Bahadur, Sonallka, Kanphad-25, Shaxbatl Sonora,

Kalyan Sona was 10, 7f W-, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 per cent respectively;

and 1 . ochraeeuB In Local Red, SF.8^, IiiF-82^ Lai Bahadur,

Sonallka, Sonara-6»f, Kanphad^25, was 7, U-, 5$ 3f3t 2, 2 per

ctint respectively.

Total percentage of different JUCJfiXfiUii in the

surface disinfected seeds of varieties Agra Local, Local Red,

NP-8U6, HF-82S NF.852, Lai Bi^adur, Sonallka, Sonara-61if,

p 1 o

i:aPFhad>25* Sharbati Sonor^, Kalyan Sona» ublle using

malt Salt agar modlum with 7.5 per cent socllua chloride^

was 10, 23, 22, 15, 23, 37, 3^, 67, 6»f, 70, 78 per cent

respectively; and i^en using malt s a l t agar medium with 15

per cent sodium diloride in Agra Local, Local Red, QF.8^,

Kl-82lf, IiP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6»f, Kanphad-25,

Sharbati Sonera, Kalyan Sona was 9, 7, 12, 1U., 15, 21, 22, 31, 3

32, 31, ^ per cent respectively; and in the non-surface

disinfected seeds of var iet ies Agra Local, Local Red,

Iit-8»<6, W'QZh, :JF-852, Lai BsJiadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6l^,

Kan|*iad-25, Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona * i l e using malt

s a l t agar medium with 7*5 per cent sodiim chloride, was

189, 195, 15* , 118, 122, lUO, 121, 123, 110, 76, 79 per

cent respectively and while using malt sa l t agar medium

with 15 per cent sodium (^loride in tiio var ie t ies Agra Local,

Local Red, IH-S^, 1^1.82^, i;p.852, Lai B^adur, Sonalika,

Sonara-6J+, Kanphad-25, Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona was

85, 95, 80, 70, 1*5, 5% »*6, 38, 39, 32 and 30 per cent

respectively.

Ofngrn Qf i^ngi lsQl^%9(i Jna the aegda of {ttffemnt var ie t ies of Barlevt-

I t i s evident from table 6 that UlamsJla% Aspergillus.

ffwnndftrlfi, lanafilOBiUB, £L£ciasi la, CindoaBOrtUM, gusarium. Ri?Afflntng8TOrtw,X8firiB, HfflHP9"t?Ua, SS BSUC, MUa£U2&!^, pBntflimuB, PniaQwa, SticfaY^trvs, SplCBrta, Syncctil^ji-lastrua and ^yiehodeima were i so lated from different

var ie t i es of barley seeds, while using b lot ter and

malt extract agar techniques.

05 ^

0«n«ra of fungi l8olat«d tiam 8urfae« and noiwsurfaoa dlslnfcctad 'feuv

•••ds of;dlffertnt barlear •arletitSi i^i le using blotter and »alt •xtraet agar*

Funai isolated

t« Mlgrofllla sp* - • 4- 4-2 . .AfflPtSiliUittfi »PP» • • • + 3. g^ntfifirtft »pp* - • • • « g^attoalTO 8pp. 4- > 4 4> - eg rfiinfflin «»• -^ ^ ^ *

6* SJ a<lggl?Orttf>l Sp. 4- 4- 4 4-7 . IkiftrtlMi «pp- • + • •

9* I s a ^ sp» - '^ • 4-10. tiqwTK nii3Ulrt gp« • • 4-11, Mueor ap« 4- 4- • 4. 12* HttXunoOiag sp. • • 4' 4 13* FflntnlUiia sp. 4' ^ ^ 4>

15* QtachYteitart sp. • • 4 16. gptflftrtfl ip. . > • • 17* Svnfi«ph«l«i«tgun sp. 4- 4- 4 4 i8« TrtdiQftgnit «p, • • • •

8D s Surfaet disinf«ct«d setds NSD «B Non-iurfac* ditinf«ot«d 8««dt

B s Blotter tacbniqp* M « Malt •jctract agar t«ohni^« 4 s fungus prsssnt • s Tungus abssnt

XsalJLa* M«anonlel3^a and Staghvbotryy could b«

Isolated only on b lo t t e r , wblle the r e s t t5 genera were

recovered botii when b lo t t e r and s a l t extract agar techniques

were used.

Twelve genera of Hingl were Isolated from surface

disinfected barley seeds which did not include Currolarlfty

hovevQrf in non-surface disinfected seeds in addition to

the 12 generat above mentioned ftmgl were also recovered.

Table 0 ^o%fs the fungi and li ieir percentage

frequency isolated from surface md non-surface disinfected

seeds of barley var ie t i es , i * i l e using b lo t t e r and a a l t

extract agar- todwiques.

The frequency of ^ t emar i f t in the surface

disinfected barley seeds of var ie t ies Hi--21, HI-10^ K-68

^ i l e using b lo t t e r techniquG was 16, 3 , 35 per cent

respectively; Asperglllua in Ii|'-.13, Kr-21, Nl-.IOlf, K«68

was 3, 5f 10, 3 per cent respect!velyi ff^aEfllteiJrW !•» KP-13,

Mi-01^, K-68 was 11, 3, 3 per cent respectively; ff<r'*lPtllfl

in »-10lf %fas 5 pey cent; pladostiorlua in Hi-10^ K-68 was

8, 5 per cent respectively; guaariua in lir-13, K-68 was

1 ^ 5 p9T cent respectively; Hel«lnthoaT)orl^ in NP-I3,

HP-#1jJf, K-68 was 8, 15, 27 per cent respectively; Huoor in

HP-21, HF-10^ was 6, 3 per cent respectively; yeniei?J.iu«

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In HP-21, S -IOU-, K-68, vas 2 , 2 , h per cent respecU-vely;

SYnc^PhalagtWm m H P - 1 0 ^ vas 3 per cent; TriehodeM^ in

K~68 vas 2 -per cent and \^en using a a l t extract agar aediua

Altemarift in NP-21, K-68 was 11 and 29 per cent respectiTOly;

Ast3erglllu^ in HP-21, lir-10*f, K-68 was 2 , 3» 1 per cent

respectively} Chfietoiaitim in :3P-13f HT—IOlf was ^ , 2 per cent

rospectiVGlyi Circinel la in np-io** was ^ per centj

CladosTjorima in HP-IOU-, K-68 was % 3 per cent respectively;

I\i8^,riug In Ii?-13» K-68 was % 6 per cent respectively;

HalainthosTOrlum in IiF-13, M^Wh^ K-68 was 6, % 19 per

cent respectively; Hucoy in IJF-21, KI-IOU- was 7» 2 per cent

respecUvely; Fgf4cii;^nTO in HF.13, nF-21, IIP-10l«., K-68 was

1, if, iJf, 3 per cent respectively; gptca,:^^ In HP-13, 1^-21,

was 7, 2 per cent respecttlvely; Syneei±iaLastruia in IIT-IO^

was 2 per cent nxiA Trichodemn in 211-21, K-68 was 5, 5 per

cent respectively.

The frequency of MtfttParta in the non-surface

disinfected barley seeds of var iet ies MF-13, HF-21, NI-10^,

K-68,while using b lot ter techitf.que, was 3 , 25, 15* ^ per

cent respectively; aaperglllna in !IF-13, HI-21, HI-lO»f,

K-68 was 16, 10, 26, 18 per cent respectively; Curvularin

in HI'-21, K-68 was 1, 6 per cent respectively; Chaetoaium

i n llP-13t JIP-21, HP-10^ K-68 was 21 , if, I6, 9 per cent

respectively; CirginellR in HP-13, HP-IO f was 3» 12 per cent

, . 0

rospectlirely; Cladostsorlum in I3P-13» HF-21, Sp-10^ K-68 was

5, 5f 1U-, 22 per cent respectively; Fuaarlnm In !IP-13t »P-21,

KP-10^, K-68 was 17, 11, 9, l8 per cent respectlTelyj

Ualalnthoamnua In HP-t3, I3F-21, HF-IOV, K-68 wa3 3, 9 , 11,

20 per cent respectlTelyj XsaSia in KP-IOU- was 2 per cent;

ll^tanonlallf^ In IIP-13, K-68 was 2 , 3 per cent respectivelyj

Kucor In !Jr-13, NI-21, HF-10U-, K-68 was 9 , 9, 8, 6 per cent

respectively; Kllftneonia in NF-10U- was 3 per cent;

^emctllliB^ m Ht-21, liF-10V, K-68 was 6 , 11, 7 per cent

respectively; Rhl?iOT)U in HP-13, KF-21, K-68 was 2 , 2 , 5

per cent respectively; ntaphvbotrvfl In K-68 was 2 per cent;

Snicaria in IJ'-IS, :iF-21, K-68 was 3 ,9 , 2 per cent res­

pect ively; gYTIC^P^^nlafftyw in BF-10»f was 7 per cent;

Trlefaodemft in 1^-21, IIP-IOU., K-68 was 3, 1, 5 per cent

respectively; and when using malt extract agar medium

Altemaria in i;p-13, HP-21, IIF-IOM-, K-68 was 11, 17, 13,

32 per cent respectively; flffpem,Uuff In HI-13, SP-21,

NP-10M-, K-68 was 8 , 15, 16, 13 per cent respectively;

qurpulftglft In Kl-10^, K-68 was 1, 2 per cent respectively;

C}nttBtam±\m In HF-13, m-^Oh was 6, 6 per cont respectively;

Clrfslnella In !lp-13, HP-21, NI-IOW was 7, 7, 9 per cent

respectively; Qn^ppf^fiun m HFI13, 111-21, HP-10>f, K-68

was 6, U-, 7, 16 per cent respectively; 3yti«anufi i n HP-13,

Ml-21, lff..10*f, K-68 was 16, 7, % 12 per cent respectively;

gflBlnttOIPQrtm itt MP-13, HP-21, HF-10lf, K-68 was 2 , 5, 7,

12 per cent respccUvely; 2lucor in :ip-13i Hi-21, UP-IO f,

K.-68 was 5t '''*» 5i 8 per cent respectively; Iielanconis in

ni--10»f was h per cent? Penieill^un in W-13, HI--21, NP-10>*,

K-68 was 3, 7, 7, 9 per cent respectively; Bhiaoisus in

SI-13, 111-21, K-68 wao 3, 7, 9 per cent respectively;

Scj,cari;i in ra-13f IlJ-21, K-68 was 12,i8, 8 per cent

respectively; ayneophalnstrun in in-13, i:P-10*f, K-68 was

3, % 5 per cent respectively; and Trichodenaa in np-21,

KI-10M-, K-68 was 13, 3, 9 per cent respectively.

Effect of fungJcAdnl trantaientvon the senainntlon qn4

Table 8 shows the percentage gextiination of in tac t

ana cradced treated with Ceresan dry and Ceresan ifst and

untreated seeds. In in tac t seeds oarresponding values for

variety Agrg Local were 88, 92, 75» ^^ Local Red 88, 93t

77 i for m-BUe 92, 95t 85; for ril:-82i* 90, 95t 82; for

m-852 91, 96, Bhi for Lai Bahatiur 89t 9 f 78; for Sonalika

93t 96, 88; for i5onara-6if 9»f, 98, 88; for Kanphad-25 92, 96,

88; for ShaAati sonora 911 95f 82 and for Kalyan Sona 96,

98, 95; in cracked seeds with minor cracks values for Agra

Local were 91» 95t Mf; for Local Hed 911 96, Mf; for IU'-8ii6

95, 98, 61 ; for Ht-82»f 93, 98, 52; for **P-852 9^, 99, 58;

for Lai Bi^adur 92, 97, ^ ; fbr Gonalika 96, 99, 66; for

Sonara-6'f. 96, 100, 69; for Kanphad-25 95, 99, 68; for

Shartoati sonora 9**, 98, 5^ and for Kalyan Sona 100, 100, 85.

Percentage gexnination of clicked, treated with

Ceresan dzy and untreated seeds i s d e a r again froQ table 8.

In craidced seeds without exposed eabxyo the corresponding

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Values for variety Agra Local were ^7, 22} for I*ocal Red

UO, 19; for np.8i*6 52, 3 ^ for UP-.82J* I46, 26| for IIP-852

50, 32; for Lai Baiiadur ^5, 22} for Sonallka 50, 365 for

Sonara-6^ %S^ U2j for KanFhad-25 53» 39? Xbr Sharbatl Sonora

^7, 29 and fbr Kalyan Sona 71, 605 in cracked seeds with

exposed ©abiyo the values for varletiy Agra local \t%T6 63, if5; for Local Red 57, ^5f for IIP.8U6 69, 65| for m>-82if

71 , 615 for irP-852 73f 62$ for Lai BahaciUir 63, 5 8 for

Sonallka 71, 70| for Sonara-6i* 73, 68 | for KQnphad-25 69,

6 3 | for Sharbatl Oonora 72, 60 and for Kalyan Sona 78, 7^.

Table 9 and Figs4 5^, B, C)and 6 show the growth

of seedlln£;s raised from Intact and cracked seeds when

untreated rmd treated with Ceresan dry and Ceresan wet.

Hespectlve average growth of seedlings in centimeters,

raised from Intact and cracked untreated seeds In variety

Agra Local %ma 15A, 12,1$ Local Red, 17*0, IO.O5 IIP.8I46

1W0, 11.3$ CT-82»+, 15.0, 9.7i NP-852, 1»*.S 13.8; Lai

Bahadur, 15#^ 10.7; Sonallka, 1 .9» 10.5j Gonara-6U., 15.2,

12.3; Kanphad-25> 15*6, 11 A ; Sharbatl iionora 17,2, 11.2;

and Kalyan uona, 1^.1, 10.8; while the corresponding values

of average growth of the seedlings in centimeters, raised

froia in tac t and cracked treated seeds with Ceresan dxy and

Ceresan wet in variety Agra Local were 17.1, 16.5, 12.6, 15.5;

Local Red, 18,3, 19.6, I .M-, 1lf.6; NJ-.8U6, llf.5, 19.1,

F^gy h Ck & B) Sfflcaoy of cereaan dxy and ceresan v«t on per cfffit germination and per cent mortality^ of 11 variet ies of cracked and In tac t vheat seeds* UC s minor cracKs CUC2 s cradks wltbout eaqposed embxyo, G'Jd a cracks with exposed eiabxyo.

9.1

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I

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J

r

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KAN HAD 2S

\r\_ 1 1 l ^ i

s • 60 5

• CEKCSAN DRV _ TRCATCD n CENESAM WET

TflEATED

B UNTREATED

E CERESAN O r f

E9 CERESAN WET

KALYAN SOMA

FIG. 4A

LAL BAHAOOq

i s s

SHARBATI SOWOftA

£ t 5 i

3 UNTREATED

^ C E W M N D R Y

SICEREIANWET

i ^ g l A L BAHADUK I H A M A T t SOWMA

FfG. 4B

•BOOS UBiCtBX « 11.

•jmpBt|Bg x^l =* 9

«9n8-dH « £ *pai xBDOTf = 2

*XtJoox T3j;3v - t.

•^^equ JO e0"»oTa^A fci, %O«^UT; PUB pdspBjo mois peefB^

9 ^

FIG. 5A

FIG. 5B

FIG. 5C

gjg. 6. Groups of 10 seedlings raised from In tac t and cracked seeds of \43eat var ie t ies treated with oeresan dry and ceresan wot. A s Intact untreated, B as Cracked untreated, C s Intact treated with ceresan dry D as In tac t treated ^/Itii ceresan vet E 8 Cracked treated with ceresan dry F s Cracked treated with ceresan wet.

FIG. 6

1 ' i j

FIG. 6

:•• 4

FIG.6

FIG. 6

1-6

Eff«ot of lunglcidtts on tn« growth of sotdlings ralstd ffon intact and ormckad scads

Intact Oraekad Intact Craokad

UntTsatsd Traatad

CD CW CO Cv^ Nama of ^eat varletgr •

Average len th of oeodlin^o in ca

Agra IkicaX

Local Had

np.8^

m^BZh

HP-852

Lai Bahadur

SonaUka

Sonara^6U'

Kanphad*25

Shart>atl Sonera

Kalyan Sona

•15A

17.0

1*f,0

15.0

1»f.U.

15A

1»f.9

15.2

15.6

17.2

1»f.1

12.1

10.0

11.3

9.7

13.8

10.7

10.5

12»3

11.»f

11.3

10.8

17.1

18.3

1»*.5

17.2

17.5

16,0

15.7

I6.if

17.8

18.0

1if.8

16.5

19.6

19.1

18,0

16.0

15.7

16.8

16.0

15.0

21A

17.0

12.6

ih.k

13.8

1»f.1

15.0

13.^

A^h

13.^

%h.h

1»*.5

13.2

15.5

1»f.6

13.2

1»f.lf

I W

lJf.1

1W.»^

13.3

l»f.5

15.2

13.8

CD s Carasan drsr CW ss Carasan vat

• m ATsraga langth of tan saadllngs in ctfitlatatara.

13.8, 13.2J N i .82S 17.2, 18.0, 11+.1, 1»f.tf| HP-852, 17.5t

16.0, 15.0, 1^.7? La i Bahadur, 16.0, 15.7, 13.»*f I '+ . l i

Sonal lka, 15.7, 16.8, lU-.l*, \^,h\ Sonara-6if, 16.U-, 16.0,

I 3 . S 13.3J KaJiphad-25, 17.8, 15.0, ^K\ l i* .5} SharbaU

Sonora 18.O, 2 1 . ^ 1i*.5, 15.2 and KaXyan Sona, 1^.8, 17»0,

13.2 and 13»8.

DIGCUSSIOIt

vath a vlev to accelerate food production there la

an evBT increasing demand for h i ^ yielding iiapzioved seeds.

The release of high yielding Tarietios in recent years haire

greatly altered the disease situation on vheat. Since l i t t l e

i s knovn about the seed pathology of the newly developed

varieties, i t was, therefore, considered necessary to study

certain aspects of seed mycoflora.

I t i s evident from table 3 that the mycoflora of

eleven varieties tested differ qualitatively and also to

some extent quantitatively* jAtemaglftt fiXntteBPflrtMatt

BiaaxHUDf a.(AaintihO,apQriimB and MycOMi g were isolated from

a l l the eleven varieties, yiaperglllua^ Chftetomiumy BiSStSf

panlQilllum,. ptflehvbotrys were present most frequently and

were isolated from % eat varieties, Agra Local, Local Red,

NP-8U6, HP«82 , Sonara-6M;, Kanphad-25, Sharbatt Sonora,

Kalyan Sonai Agra Local, Local Red, NP.8I46, NF-852, Sonalika,

Sonara-6V, Kanphad-25f Sharbati Sonora, Kalyan Sona; Agra

Local, Local Red, NP.8)46, NP.82U., NP.852, Sonalika,

K8nphad-25, Sharbati Sonora} Agra Local, Local Red, NP-8U6,

NP.852, Lai Bahadur, Sonalika, Sonara-6U , Kanphad-2^,

Sharbati Sonora respectively. SstJOSUlSt CurfUifvrlnt

k. a

JX-Spictccuai iUlftfiladluii HsBfifiUJJLuai \\mvmx^\piass^% RhlMipua and yrtcftgtftgciw were present frequenUy and

were Isolated from uhoat yarlet les np.82M-, IIP-8^2, LaX

Bahadur, &onara-6^, Kalyan Oonai Agra Local, Local Red,

WP-.8U6, Sonara-6»f, Kanj^iad-aj, Sharbatl Senora, Kalyan

Sonaj Agra Local, Local Red, Kl^-8^, Gonara-6U., Kanphad-25,

Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Sonaj Agra Local, Local Red,

HP-8U6, lJI-852, Lai Bahadur, S©nara-6»f, Sharbatl Qonora?

Agra Local, Local Red, NP-852, Lai Bahadur, Sonallkaj

Agra Local, Local Red, rJP-8l46, np-82^ Lai Bahadur, Sonallka,

Sharbatl Sonera; Agra Local, Local Red, IiP-82if, 171-652^

Sonara«6>f, KanpSiad-ajf Kalyan Sona} Agra Local, Local Red,

KP-8U6, !iP-82S HP-852, Sonara-6U-, and Agra Local, Local

Red, np-82U-, Lai Bahadur, Sonara-6J» respectively. Jjsis-

phjLaJLgp ftnif JsliaQa£cu£» 8QtryQC9nlig« ,Sftpltfllff8wrtw» fftP9tB,l>gtTygt..P.giit<lfiMrm» PtegpnYXlttfit ^picarla vere present lees frequently and were Isolated frcm variet ies

local Bed, Sonalika, Kalyan Sona? KP-82U-, Kcnphad-25| Agra

Local, Local Red, Sonara-6^ fIP-852, Sonalika, Kanphad-25t

^harbati Sonora; Local Red, HP-82U , Sonara-6U-, Kanphad*25{

Agra Local, NP-852, Kanphad-25; Lai Bahadur, Sharbati Sonora

and Agra Local, NP«8^, Kanphad-2^, Sharbatl Sonera

respectively. While CttPninghnaftUn, ggrn1itittBgUfi» Nlgyo^poya and Sph«onilln« were isolated only frem HP.8U6,

10 n

Lai finbadur, Agra U>cal and Sharbatl Sonora respectlTely.

Disinfection of soads with sodiiua hypochlorite reduces

the nuaber and frequency of fungi in al l t*ie four categories

of seeds ^ i ch i s evident from table 3 (A, fi, C & D ) • All

the 31 genera of fUngl isolated in the present stu<3y were

present in cracked non-surface disinfected seeds. Similarly,

with the exception of ptaaphviimay a l l the fUngl were also

recorded from intact non-surface disinfected seeds.

iUltfixaadjit jkap,fliglllttat ggtcrtlat JBaixssissBX&f chnetQ]g>iupf gaifttegpftrtrnt fiflEftnJLoapQilUBt BBifigocun» ikaadaaa* QAlQfilfffttWt ^MaintfoogpQriiWf HYcogone» Bassnt fmt^llim$ Ituzsuit Q\m[MYlVm$ PtnghYlwtrya and yrtchotnaclm were isolated both from intact and cracked non-surface disinfected

seeds, while ssMiaiiaJa2L3$ Efiz&fidsMzuai ilgmoni^lAitt BJOOmSI&f ffpicallfl and Sp ftaivjljrnfl were isolated only from

intact surface disinfected seeds and not frost cracked non-

surface disinfected seeds. AoPBPftJLfaophornt ifitlaHaasUAt

g^nnit^<^fffl9aa» CtralQfltQBgafl» HonQclX3Lma» ,l^lzQPM»^ich were present in intact and cracked non-surface disinfected

seeds were altogether absent in intact and cracked surface

disinfected seeds.

The number of fungi and their frequency on intact

and cracked suface and non-surface disinfected seeds of

different varieties of Wheat as given in table 3 (A,B,C & D)

10

clearly shows that tho frequency of fungi in general was

maxlraua i n cradced non-surface disinfected seeds and

minimum in cracked surface disinfected seeds vhlle that

of in tac t surface and non-surface disinfected seeds was

moderate, These resul ts clearly indicate that cradled

seeds tend to become more contaminated than in tac t seeds.

I t i s quite obvious, since the cracks provide bet ter

avenues for the entry of fungi even to the deeper t issues

of the seed.

Lower Values of the frequency of fungi in cracked

surface disinfected seeds with corresponding h i ^ e r values

i n in tac t surface and non^surface disinfected seeds may be

due to the fact that sodium hypochlorite used for surface

disinfected must have been penetrated deeply into the seeds

th rou^ cracks and should have been absorbed there and

m i ^ t be acting for a longer duration than in in tac t seeds.

Sodium hypochlorite under sudh circumstance should have

k i l led not only the externally l » t also internal ly borne

deeply seated fUngi,

I t i s obvious frcHa table 3 (A,B,C & D) that in general,

the frequ^cy of the fungi was higher i n in tac t non-surface

disinfected seeds than in tac t surface disinfected seeds,

nevertheless Cffphiiloaporiumf fflJOfliLndma and BftAnHnt ff"

•poriua have shown h i ^ e r frequency in in tac t surface

. 0 >

disinfected seeds on malt extract agar medium. This vas

presumably because ef tiie absence of sone fast growing

fungi vhich could suppress the growth of the said genera

in non.surface disinfected seeds, this observation was

in accord with the findings of Licionard (1968) % o noted

the enhancement of fungi on the seeds when the growth of

bacteria antogonistic to seed borne fungi was diedced by

terramycin. Flanningan (1969) had noted an increase in

the frequency of Alt^fftaitBt Mm£sUliia$ Q^j^nJViT^Wm

and l plcoettuia in surface disinfected seeds of barley.

Agrawal 3% jil* (197; ) have reported similar increase in

DTe«^alera QUZM Qhd incllQCQfll^ PdMk^Xl in rice seeds.

I t i s evident froa table - i that Acrotihiftlophora^

iJ .aQaafiUSi gmmlnAmaQXXnt gfifflttalgiaBUftt Mgmnoniallft

and imigaopu^ were net isolated from surface disinfected

seeds, h^ice, they were externally seed-bome, while the

rest of the genera were isolated both fron surface and

non-surface disinfected seeds. Ilhus titiey at least consti­

tute internal borne aycoflora of the idheat seed. Further,

marked difference in their frequency in surface and non.

surface disinfected seeds affina that they were also

externally seed-borne.

I t i s amply clear froa table 3 A, B, C ;uid D, that

out of the two techniques v iz . , blotter and malt extract

agar, employed for the isolation of fungi, the fozner was

. u '

o^ proved to bo better than the later QXi%i ^s 29 genera v iz . ,

^tiTtfCgBXgt finfitteilffiif icttSsUaiLSf i<Isdfifi£SJljJB, ilfifitials-

.GllocladtWt Reteli^thpgpgrimat ifii&sul&QdJQffli Monoci^iimay

litil2sifittSf tglwp^yUwaf g^flc^Yt9tryg» ^^Xmvln and inshf*

thecium were isolated from foimor technique and only aM-fJlx ,

i l , tgmnrta> JkSXtACfiUlUSt AcrePhlFllgB^Offa» Chaetoalum^

gHrvwlftHat Clfldffiapflrtmt Cgp^nloBparmat Cgratestgaffllfit

UXMSMsaxixt Fefi lcimm» Bifiam* % l a p y 8 , SplcfiaLst

.^Bllfterttllm aJ^ JCllfll>«?thgClM were Isolated from latter

technique. MoreoTer, barring mfiX2laXl3» Bpicocgyit MUfi&I

and Trlriiotheeium the frequency ©f fungi recorded ©n

blotter was higher than on malt extract agar mediuai.

g^gnmrtnt iasi£££Uiua> fitttin:„U9» QiftttaajLia, gurwilfulat Clfi^ltiwrtttBf CflBia»ItaBtrtuat iplctcRm> IkaajdLUfii iUit&LuULUif HftlatnthtaptrtiMt MtnaAiMoiBt msmsMi liUfitXi lllfirtaptra, iJtolfiUliuai i&i&a* BhlMfflitf Gtemphyliua and Trldiothociua Isolated in this study hare

been reported on ^ e a t by Bennett (1928)5 Doyer (1930);

0

Qdinellhardt ^ d H«ald (193^) J Hadiacek and Greaney (1938) i

Cf»8i«r (19^3 and 1962); oxx>ves and 8k©lko ( I 9 ^ a , b)}

Gordon (l9Mf and 1952)} Jawos j i i j i . ( 1 9 ^ ) } n«ore (19^)}

Meehan (19^7)? Ctiilstensen (1951 and 1967)$ Hyde and

Gailymor© (1951)? Skolko and Groves (1953)? Hanson and

Christenaon (1955)I Wallace (1959)} Haalja (1963) I I-acicowa

(1963); Venterpool (1963); Shipton and Oiaiabers (1966)}

Hewett (1967)! Pratohu and Prasad (1967); DhPcuBVlr ^ jai,

(1968)1 Mlspa j L i j i . (1969a, h)\ Flanntgan (1970) and

Agrawal iLJ t^ . (1972). Acretfllal9Ph^ra> aB ftRa§C^8t

ijsssfiUiliffif lliitiffQyilga.3iat Ijtadiytiotiygt §viQM^ and St^nerulinft bave not boon reported on wheat. However,

Cunnlnr^hgaaella bas been reported on SoTi^vm seeds (ahmad

1960)} ^limnoniallii and SUcnyl?§tXYi? on castor and vegetable

seed (Jain and Fatal 1969a, b^Khandelwal and Prasad 197Q) -

Conatobotrya on cereal seeds (Machacek J i iJi« 1951) •

Available infexmatlon about the seed-bome fUngi of

wheat in India i s very limited. So far AJLtimflllft; SMSiilaJl&f

MsLsajosm^ iiiMTim$ figlntftthtaTOrtm, MiatMSMiaf Buoa BLTIA atataphvllua have been reported on wheat (Hasija, 1963;

Prabhu and Prasad 1967| Bhra*i Vir j i i j i . I968j Biowalk,

1969; and Agrawal e t a l . 1972). Probably the authors had

not taken into account the saproi^ytic fUngi. thus the

iO.-

prts«nt studsr adds .AgpftrgiUttnt AcfBUfalfll phgmf Aphftni eus

Batrvtisy Bftrrgcgntet SSbaaSmlmt fflF^ataptrti«a» caphnio. ssatnmf ffunninghniBUn. Sftrnl»,fit.ffi3j?iln, ggftatsl^Blina, &Ufti2lMluaf iisuoaftdtodiUBt IfiOtfiiUlUBt tHYcagtntt Msstif

an^ I'nchQthecoma to the l i s t of gonora of fungi reported

to be associated vlth ytteat seeds in India and ATahanaaeua

gplcnliR and 8pha9llit3.iPft ^ the l i s t of genera of fungi

reported on vheat seeds frt»a al l over the vorld.

AglSffitalfillflt terP8tri3lftMUg| Absldini Arthrlnum^

AiihxsiisdiSLSt MvwiXi'i^Uimt c;gpn?it9t^eclvm» oniPho3rihftan>iT

.gptrlellftf ntftg»aYceat ItecgBYCflat fifi9P\i3iartftpgl8> Qss^tatn^t

^PtralMllQaYCg8> l mBnifliUffit JrlCllgflgiaft and Vartlftllliupi

previously reported by Janes ^ j j , . (19146)1 £hlptens and

ChaJDbers (1966) and Flannlngan (1971) on iiiheat from outside

India vero not Isolated in this study.

Fungi Isolated In t^ils study and reported pathogenic

or causing discolouration to the vheat seeds wre /jltemarla

spr* causing leaf blight, black point or kernel saudge

(Machacek and Greaney, 1938; Hanson and Chrlstensen, 1955?

Coredllova, 196I; Chenulu and Dlngb, 196U-; Parashar and

Pracor, 1965; Frabhu and Prasad, 1966 and 1967; and Joshl

et (O. 1970) s Betiytts clnerea causing grey mold (Ling 1968;

a U^

CurVUX rlPi iUMlcOf £> XaSUlfiBt JS* PfOIgSffWng and Currolaria

spp. causing f»ot*rot, root>r«t and blade point disease

©f wheat (Hynes, 19^1 Sprague, i9^ and 19^6j BuUor, 196I;

Hasina, 1963} Ghurd©, 1967} ^^tsra s i j j i , 1967)} Geuhnlo.

MSStHm f eremfinium causing s t r ipe disease of wheat (IJisikoda

£• iaixalSf £ . Aaocsfisiys* 1* a^altgctyB and FHgftri>"» ^pp* causing root-ret , feot - re t , seed x«t| seedling bligjht, pre-

aM post-emergence mortality of seedlings, bxievm lesions

on the root and ear disease (Bennett, 1932f Pain, 193^1

Broadfoot 1933 and I93*«'a, b; Gordon 1933^<i^ 'J93^1 Machacek

and Groaney 1933, 1936 aftTt-^r?Hi Oreanoy, 1938; Gordon and

Sprague, 19M and 19^ j Johnston and Greaney, 1 9 ^ ; Fellows,

19Mf; Dprague and Meiners 19**8j Butler, 19615 Bochaann, 1963*

Colhoun and Park, 196^} Churde, 1967? Misra and Singh, 1967

and I l i l l e r and Colheun, 1969) 5 filiQcXfidltia causing root

necrosis, (Sisuaends and JLedin^am, 1937)$ "fttol^t^fsport-um

causing root-rot , foot-ret ,seedling b l i ^ t , leaf spot,

s t r ipe disease and black pint te wheat (Imamel £ 1 ^ * 19101

Beckwlth, 191I) Belley* 1913{ Christensen 1922} Bosdall,1923}

Breadfeet, 1933 and 193^ Hynes, 1937; Qreaney jftfc j l . 1938;

Machacek and Greaney, 1938 and 19M5 Brentzel, 19M}

Greanay, 19»f3; Fellows, 1 9 ^ ; Sprague 19»<6; ^\ i trel l , 195^

Farrar and Gere, 1957; Farrar and Sticy, 1958; Butler, 196I;

u '

)r'arashc*,p and pPacer, 1965; Churde, 1967? DhPa© Vlr sX ill*

1968 and Joshi ^ ^ . 1970) i and BiMa inaldagft causing

gluxaa blotch in \^9at (Nona jujb J3l. 1971)*

I t l a evident from table h that 17 species of

Aspergillus were Isolated from wheat seeds. Out of these

A> nimiangt A' YQraicQlQXt A^ X^jomit A' candidua, A' iJlMSf il . JiamXlXt A" SloSMt A' BIYZflfi and JU oriiracafUB

have also been Isolated from iifoeat seeds by Jaases £Jt «!•

C19^)5 Chrletensen (1951 and 1967) and Flannlngan (1970).

^ t I s evident from table h that uhen species of

Asperglllua were Isolated by Incorporating 7.5 and 15 percent

sodium dilorlde into the medium they were classified Into

categories, growing on the medium of h l ^ e r concentration

which include AaPfilC aiiJma jailZfiTt A» cUgYnliflll and ^ .

raatrietuaf growing on the medium of lower osmotic concent^

raUon which Include 1 . lUfiUl&SUSf J* iifiiUS* J* jmXalSfilSXt

A* JcaaasUf i* XUxusi i u JLXXMS and j . gMtrdnw^t and those growing on the medium of a wide range of osmotic

concentrfitlon Include A^ f«atR3>gflffflit A* nlflUlfinat ^*

xai$i^a2Aif A» jbMxmsi ^. cfinaifltta ana A» tchractm* ^es« results are In accordance with the findings of Christensen

(1957).

3 Fig. ^ shows that the surface disinfection reduces

the frequsncy ©f different species ef Aapergillup t«

different extent in different var ie t ies of vheat. I t i s

further evident that a cerrolation exists in the reduction

Of; percentage frequency ©f iSBfillCUiliS species and the

Percentage of cracks i n %^eat seeds of different var ie t ies

as a resul t of surface disinfection. Moreover, existence

of a d i rect conf la t ion between thej;percentage frequencoT

of different species of f^spergillus and percentage of

cracks in non«surface disinfected \4ieat seeds has b ^ n

observed. 1!hese resul ts have oho^m exactly the snae trend

as had been observed In otber fungi with respect of cracked

and in tac t seed condition.

Table 6 shews tiiat 18 genera of fungi were Isolated

from barley var ie t tes . Out of these M^^mnrint Msm.2lJQSS%

fimnrwlnrtftt gnntt9al«B> CirclRgUat CXa^gaTOrtyat MMsJimt HgtolntfafapfrtWBt Mssti, f^iciai lvm. ^taspuat avncmihain, atruB and Trlchoderaa have been reported on barley seeds

specifically ©r on otiier cereals by Doyer (1930); Christenscn

and Stakman (193** and 1935)$ Gordon (1939f 19^* and 1952);

Crosier (1938 and 1962) j Grean^ and Hachac** ( 1 9 ^ and

19^6)$ Creaniy and .s'allace (19^3)$ Fellows (19^4-); Madiacek

Jll J 1 * (1951)? Tulte and Christensen (1952); Lutey (1963);

. u

Lut«iy and Chrlstensen C1963)J Colhoun^ j i . (1968);

Ladcowa C1968); Miainge and Aplnls (1969)| Hullnge and

Chestar (1960a, b) and Flannlgan (1969 and 1970), i<hll«

iMZlat IlflaPontgHftt HQlaRctfilflt ^ t d^Ylwi rya and sptc^rt.n bave not been reported earlier on barley seeds. However,

^aranoniellft,, and §tflC^YlM?tiyj8 have been isolated fron castor

and vegntable seeds 1^ Jain and Fatel (19^9), Khandelval and

Prasad (1970).

Many fungi v iz . , ikBlOlBt ACIliaffltiL,g/mBt Aureobnaidlura^

^ ^ u t t s t fij?B^fiIfi8PfimBt fiplctccua, ]^Qmsk^ lafiuXdJd.^, •^oapttlfirtapalat ^^Bgril flgBYceat goranriBt stemphvitum^ Trlchothaftima anl ygrttCimMffl previously reported on barley

by Flanningan (19^9 and 1970) could not be recovered from

barley seeds in the present study.

Fungi ti^ich have been isolated from barley seeds in

this study and have been reported pathogenic to barley or

rendering discolouration to the seeds were /atemayla ^ ioh

cause seed discolouration and Altornnrlft leaf blotch (Lutey,

19635 Dhanraj, 1970) | Fusarium ^ i c h cause root-ret,

seedling blight, pre and post-onergenco death of seedling

seab and kernel blight (Christensen, 1935t Oordon and

Sprsh'ue, 19^1; Dikson, 19 *2, Immer and Christensen, 19U 3,

Colhoun and Taylor, 1963 and Shipton and Tvoedie, 1968) {

and flir^Blir^***"*^^"° ^ch cause xoot-ret, foot-rot, seedling

1 1

blight, netblotch, spot blotch, strlpo distaso (Lukel st% ^ .

1926j Stolth, 1929| Sulth and Rattray, 1930$ Mltra and Boso,

193^5 Mead, 19^a, b} Oraaney, 19*f3; Felloiia, 19M*} Amy,

19»f5i Dickson, 19^} Putrell, 195^1 Cappolllni and Liind,

19575 i'arrar and Ooro, 1957| i*'arrar and Stacy 19$85 Shlpton

and Tweedlo, 1968j lie Donald and Buchannon, 196^; and

Rlntelen, 1969)«

I t Is evident from tables 2 and 6 that yaternanffj

Aaporfr^llua. XHEOUiallaf ChflftttfllWBt gXafltflPgrtWai lUMdiUia*

Kiili ^nthQfitierluta. WmmVJi^lkkn^ MUSfiXf rgntc imw^ Pnig«W?>

atnehvbotrys and fipJcaHifl were Isolated both from \*i©at and

barley seeds. A0TOl iFi 9pH<>¥Rt iSllaaaa£M» BslrTyUSt

Botrvoeonis. ffejgftftiiQgpgrtmt Cwmlt^tftHiiftUBt CamWaWiflUfi*

•SplcarccWt Jikgarttiffl, fftnfttffl?Qtirya» Qlltflaaiffiit ll9iffl94gn<HWt

^qphiiTulinn and Triehothfteium Isolated from vheat seeds were

absent in barley seeds i^ i le SlifiinttUat laiOla, Meli^neonia.

^Yy^^arhnlaatnai and Trlchedeiffa? present in barley seeds were

not recorered from wheat seeds. Dhese results are in

accordance with the finding of Flanningan (1970) as reg<irds

the fungi which were coononly isolated from wheat and barlsy

and that of yriahathani^ which was also not isolated frea

barley seeds.

FrMi the present studies i t i s dear that seeds of

a l l the 11 Tarleties of >^eat possessed cracks of a l l the

thrott categories v iz . , minor cracks, cradcs without

expeaed embiye and cradcs with expesed eobxyo.CFv^ ^A' A^ '' ^

There has been a direct correlation in germinabllity

and the damage of tiie seeds. Ihe percentage germination,

as evident froa table 8 and Pig. h^ and b, In non-surface

disinfected intact seeds of varieties Agra Local, Local Red,

WP.8U6, NT.82S NI-852, LaX Bahadur, Sonallka, Senara-6»f,

Kanphad-25f Sharbatl Sonora, Kalyan Cona was 75f 771 85, 82,

Bh, 78, 88, 88, 88, 82, 9? respectively whereas the corres­

ponding values of percentage gerEBlnation for seeds having

minor cra<^o, cradcs %ri1 out ejcj^sed embxyo and cracks with

exposed embiy© were M*, 22, h^i M*, 19, •Ji 61, 3M., 65j

52, 26, 61J 58, 32, 62| 1*6, 22, 50j 66, 36, 70$ 69, 73. 68j

68, 69, 63J 9*9 29f 60| B$, 78, 7^. ^ u s the percentage

germination In intact seed was always hit^her than cracked

seeds and among the cradied seeds aaxittum percentage

genalnatlon was shown by seeds having Tulner cracks ahd

Binlaum in seeds having cracks without expesed embrye

while these seeds having cradRis witii expesed embiyo, the

percentage germination was Inbetween the two. I t i s also

evident that when intact and cradced seeds were treated

with ceresan dry and ceresan wet there was an enhancMoent

in percentage germination ef al l categories of seeds.

Ceresan wet has been proved to be mere effective than

1 . /

cszesan diy. I t vas probably due %• th« fact tiia t cer«3an

wot vas able to p«n«trate detply into the seeds halving cracks

and thus Killing net only the fungi present on the surface

of the seeds but also deeply seated fungi.

Variation in the growth of the seedlings raised from

untreated intact and cracked seeds and treated with ceresan

wet and ceresan dry i s evident frou table 9 and f igs . 5at b,

c; 6dl &td: ^»

Seedlings raised from cracked untreated seeds has

given the poorest seedlings. An improvement in the growth

of the seedlings has been observed ti en the said seeds were

treated with ceresan wot and ceresan dry. The fonaer preved

to be more effective than the later one. Bit even then the

seedlings raised from cracked treated seeds did not show as

much growth as even the seedlings raiood from intact untreated

seeds. Xhus the cracking of the seed i s a loss to|bo seed

which cannot be compensated so far as the grewth of the

seedling i s concerned. Seedling raised from intact treated

seeds manifest only marginal improvement in growth on the

seedlings raised frem Intact imtreated seeds. These results

are in accozdance with the findings of Hurd (1921)) Meyors

(192^); hachacek and Greaney (1933 and 1936) t Porter and Koss

(1935)f Thompson (1938 and 19^*0); Koehler and i/oodworth (1938)

Koehler (195** and 1957) i Cowley and Towers (19**'1)l Herpoint

(19^7)$ Hoppe (19^9)» Jones £Jb ^. (1955)* Keaunedahl JLt JLU

(1955) an* Rodney and Jones (1961).

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Q

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B a m e t t , H.L. (1967) .

Beckwtth, T.D. (1911) .

_ ( 1 9 3 2 ) .

SGne aspects o f seed heal th test ing with respect to seed-bome Aingi of r ice , wheat, blackgraiB, greongra^ and soy­bean grown in India. iMXm Waxismik* 25> 9i*ioo. Parasitism of Colletotrichun on graminaceous hoats.^ Ph,o» thes i s , submitted to A.H.U., Aligazh.

Inheritance of resistance to spot ftLotch of barley. Phv-tOPfitnolOgY 2^i 78l.80)f.

I l lustrated genera of Imperfect fUngi. 2nd M. ^ r g e s s Pub, Co. Minnesota.

Boot and culm infections of ^ e a t by s o i l fUngi in North Dakota. fhytQPat^QlQgy At 169-176,

Fusftrium species on British cereals . Ihe Gibbosum group I .

1* SQlrpi Lamb, and Fautr.

Bennett, F.T. (1928).

Bhowoik, T.P. (1969)

• Bockoann, H. (1963).

On two species of totirtWt £> SMJMQim (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. and Jf. nvenaeeum (Fris) S a c c , as parasite of cereals . Ann. Msi* JaLal. JS» 213.2M*.

AltftlT^ayfa seed infection of wheat. £1, J2ia. MsiS^ J l » 77-80,

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verschieden weizensorten im Nordostpolder im Gooimer 1962. Ifixii. £&!• JOfid. firfiBn-cnntrvBB jfl, 20 pp.

Docloaaim, E, (196^), QuaXltat und Back-fahlykelt von Weizen bol Befall mlt fittSsuCU f?Q4grW Berk, und lUSftllUa SOiXs. mim I'ink. HftGhr.Bl. i M j ^ .

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«(193»<-,b)

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Blight and other damage of durum wheat in 19^0. 2 . Effects of b l i ^ t s and other damage on durum and hard wheat seed. J . pnk.Agr. ExDl' XLia. - a m . 226» 9- i»fr

Studies on foot and root rot of wheat, I . Effect of age of the ^ e a t plant upon t^e development of foot and root rot. iSafiad. !• l a s . MsaX. Si' £» U83-'f9i. Studies on foot and root rot of %iheat. I I I . Effect of crop rota­tion and cultural practices on the developmeflit of foot rot of vheat. jQafiali. £ • BSM* MSi' Si» JQi 95-113.

Studies on foot and root rot of %^eat IV, Effect of crop rotation and cultural practices on the re lat ive prevalence of Helmintho-JUBiiUlUB JiASlSm and Fuaarium app. as indicated by i so la t ions trcm vheat plants , ilaood. J., Rea. Sep. £ . Jflx 1l5-12if.

Note on the effect of l ea f diseases on y ie ld , bushel w e i ^ t , and thousand kernel weight of Parkland barley, JiJaHafl. i . £ l .£ f i l . ij2i 53^536.

1

* Burnside, J . E . , i/,L« Slppel, J . Forgacs, J.T. Carll, li.B, Atwoo(l& B.R. Droll (1957).

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Small grain diseases in Dew Jersey. 1955-56. £ 1 . i21j5* Isiiyr. ifli 117-119.

Internal fungus parasites of agricultural seeds. JUai r. l?*ry.

Chenulu, V.V. & A. Singh (196U )

A note on estimation of losses due to l ea f h l i ^ t of wheat caused by AXtgmartft trtL-Uolgfl. iBdJjaB PbYtiQPflJlh. 12: 25^*-25o:

Christensen, 0.21. (1951). £^ngi on and in wheat seeds.

.(1957).

D.H. Gordon ( 1 9 ^ ) .

.(1967).

a

J.M. Olafson & .^.F. Geddes (191*9)

Deterioration of stored grains by Aingi. PffitaffJCfg £fiSlfiV« 23t 108-13V.

A note on invasion of duxum wheat by storage fungi. Carftgl SSlM* Mt: 100-102.

The mouuLd flora of stored wheat and com and i t s relation to the heating of moist grain. JSLsLCSal

Gr*iin storage studies 8. Relation of molds in moist stored cotton seed to increased production of carbondiozide, fatty acids, and heat. SSLBtal jQUtB* 2Stt 109-128.

1 ^ 0

Chrlstensen, J . J . (1922)

.(1935)

,(1936)

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Studies of Uie parasltissi of SttlBintttlOSPgima SUMsm* Minn. .Mils* iilZB* §ia» ISfib* JSuiU* l l f 1*2 pp.

Relation of BtSfirtm and fljals jalRttlQ8POrtV»8 in barley seed to seedling b l l ^ t and y i e l d . fWfX^VfiXhQlQ^ Z5t 309-327.

Associations of inlcro«organlsms m relation to seedling injuxy arising fron Infected seeds. r YtgPftmQXOgY 2£Li 1091-1105.

Fungi and bacteria on barley. BoLisimiMLsiM 2ht ^ 5 * (Abs.).

.(1935)

H.C.H. Remkamp (1936).

Relation of pusftrlum and £Lfil. mlBfflQBPgnvm i n barley seed to seedling b l l ^ t and y i e ld . ^t^YtopamolQgy 25s 309-327. Studies on t ie toxic i ty of blighted barley ^to Svdne. Minn. Agytp.

* Chung, H.'J., II.iJ. Chung & J.B. Chung (196if).

Wheat scab flingus (Glbberella zeae^ to various crop seedlings.

£• £ 1 . iJCQLt. £iLCSfi Is 21-25.

Clark, R.V. & V.H. Wall en (1969).

Seed InfecUon by .(f9CtAl9lK?ltt8 , fatlvu^ and I t s Influence on y i e l d . XlaQ. £ ! • £ i £ . JSttJOr* ifcSs 60-6^.

Clements, F. '. &C.L. Shear. (1931).

Tho genera of fUngl. H.W. Wilson Co. New York.

Colhoun, J . & D. Paik (196^). Fuaftrlua diseases of cereiils. I . Infection of wheat plants, with particular reference to the ef fect of s o i l moisture and temperature on seedling infect ion. Ixaoa* iJr. Mssil» §&£> li5L» 559-572.

i . /

Colhoun, J , & C*3, Taylor (1963).

R, Tomllson (1968),

Diseases of cereals caused hy Fugarakm i JObLs* nature (Lond.) 200» 597.

& FkiBnTiun diseases of cereals. I I , Infection of seedlings by M» jSHlfflgrW and 1 . nvenneeum in relatton to onvironraental factors. Slnm.M. Ezcfil. UQS. l i t 391+.I4OI4..

Coapton, L.E. & R.M. Caldwell ( 1 9 ^ ) .

Yidd reductions by loose siout of wheat. )gny1iQPn,t<19lglCT J&i 10M)-10U2.

Cowley, B. & B, Towors (19M). Report of u«ork on Johnson grass, crabgrass, iilld ooming gloiy and yellovfStar t l i is t lo . £JE2j2. JiMSS* 9S£» ilMd* JUaai* 35-39.

Crosier, '.J,F. (193^). Abnonsal geioination in dusted

.(1935). Detection and identif ication of seed-borne organisao. £23JC« MSQS* Q££, Mad. JZlaX. 229 87-92.

X1936).

.(1938).

(19^.3.1^).

.(1958).

Prevalence and significance of fungus associates of pea seed. £x&c. MMojs* iL£r. iiasd. JmX^ M^ IOI-IO7I The planting value of oats and barley collected frcxa f imers d r i l l s and granaries. N.v. ( fi&fiXs) MSi£' li ffi. Hia" JUU.

Some fungi found in seed stocks during recent years. £i3ic. JiASSlS* Q££* iiSLSd. JUaal. 35* 99-102.

Seed pathology in the United States , ^ifty years of seed testing. (1908-1958), 32-3^.

1 1 3

11962)

* Cunnin^an, P . C , F.A. Spi l lana , B.T* Foreman, and 1). Conniffe (1968).

D© Tempe, J . (1958).

Dhanra^, K.S, (1970).

Dhrara Vlr, K.L. AdlaXoa, L.M, Josh l and K.ii. Pathak. (1968)

* Dickson, J-.G. (19»^).

.(19^)

i^oadaU, L. (1923).

• iJ07er, L.C. (1930).

.(193lf).

.(1938)

H toXfftfUQgBOrtWB sp. and o ther Itmgl i n seeds of small g ra ins . VjsiSi* Aasoe. lUT. jyjfilJ. j m a l . J^ i I^O- l tST

Effect of in fec t ton of f;)pniQl?ktta graialnls sacc on grain y i e l d , baking c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of wheat and qual i ty of malting bar ley . lx« i » ABXlfi* Res. 2i 183-193.

Granen, he t ondorzoek naar hum gezond-held en de u l tzaa lvaarde Van h e t siaalsaad. J u e r s l . R i jksporofs t , ,

ZmA SimJs* WflKffling^n 1956 2^ 53~6l.

.Al,tgm»ylfl l e a f blotch of ba r ley . i f l d iaa JPhYtennt^* 23t 116.117.

PrellmlnaJT^ notes on the occurrence of black po in t d isease of ^ e a t . IB^XSS i?hytOPflt^* 211 2 3 ^ 2 3 5 .

Scab of wheat and barley and i t s con t ro l . U.a.ii.j^. 2axmi& .^2ll* 1599, 22 pp.

Belmlntiiosponum foo t - ro t of bar ley . Phytopathology J6 t 397 (Aba.) .

Factors Influencing the pathogenici ty of HftifflintftoapgriiM Jai^lsuB ^'•K. and J . MlQD* AS£» Mm* Md* I&dSk* Bu34.

l e t s over den gezondheidstoestand der zaaizaden i n ve r sd i l l l ende Jaren. n . i a a . P lnntun^A^I^ . J6 t 65-7^.

De Gezondheld s toestand van Klaver-zaad, i n verband n e t de kewing vandlt zaad en do invloed van onts mettlng op dezen toestand. T i l d s . Planten«l«>kti^n l os 5M»61.

Mannual for the determination of saed-bome organisms. 59 pp.

i .

U.K. Gore (1957).

Parrar, l.,li. and S.V. str^cy (1958),

Fellows, H. (1925-19**^)

Fields, R.W, and T.H. King (1962).

Flannigan, B, (1969).

Diseases of small grains observed in Georgia during tbe 1956-57 season. I I . £ifi. RfijLfcl. Jtlt 986-987.

Diseases of small grains observed in Georgia during the 1957-58 season, £ 1 . i ^ . iififtir. Ml 1262-1267.

Unpublished annual reports dealing with rootrots of cereals in the Great Plains. JPteld In the U±M, of Cereal crops and Diseases, ^ r . of Plant Industry, Soils and Agr, Eng. U.S.u.A., Bel tsvi l le , Md.

Influence of storage-fungi on deterioration of stored pea seed. Phytopathology 52« 336-339.

Microflora of dried barloy grain. Tmns. ^ . Mxcal. 3stSi» 53« 371-379.

.(1970). CoQparison of seed borne mycofloras of barley, oats and wheats. 2xm^' jBr. Hxsal. l a e . _55» 267-276.

Fut re l l , M.C. and I.M. Atkins (195^).

Ganguly, D, (19^7).

Diseases of small grains in Texas in 1953. I I . fila. iifiBJfer. 3l 167-168.

Studies on the stackbum disease of r ice and identi ty of the causal organism. £ , iMkoS^SS^* SiU* 26t 233-239.

Ghurde, V.H. (1967).

Oilman, J .C . (1959).

Goodman, J . J . and C.M. Christensen (1952)

Foot-rot disease of wheat, A re­investigation. I . Ktiology. £ . i Q d l ^ M^ . £flfi. M» 257-263.

A manual of soi l fUngi. (Indian Ed.) Oxford & I EH Publishing Co. New Delhi.

Grain storage studies. I I . Lipolytic act ivi ty of ftingi isolated from stored com, £axfial i2tlfi23. 25 * 299-308,

1?.-^ -i ^

Gordon, W.U (1933).

.(1939).

. ( 19^ ) .

X1992)

, ,, end H, Spragne (19^1).

GorodlXovat luL.!!* (1961)»

Greaney, F.J. and D.I.. Bailey (1927).

Gr«aney, F.J^ (1938)

Machacek and C.J. Johnston (1938).

J .E . Machacek ( 1 9 ^ ) .

Species of Fusariiia Isolated from field crops In Hanltoba. Reprinted frca Vol. I I . £j2ifi, MSU^k^LlM iLcalQ

1933.

Fuflarlun sp. associated with dloeases of cereals In Manitoba. fhYtoprtthology Zi 29 (Abs,),

The occurrence of j^sarluia sp. in Canada. I . Species of Fusariuia Isolated from faxta samples of cereal seed in Manitoba* jCLaQad* £• hsSi* Sect, i j . 22 1 282.2861

The occurrence of Fuanrlua spp. in Canada. I I . Irevalence and taxonomy of ^\i3anum sp. in cereal seeds. ijanaij. i , jiai. ^ t 209-251. Species of Fusarium associated with root-rot of gromineae in the Northern Great Plains. H^^^U'A' MX* £La&JL Industiy. £!• £ i s . MSSilX» 251 168«180.

Black embryo of the grain of siuzKner vheat and I t s seriousness in N, Kazakhstan, Trud. ni^ur!h.-lnal«d. Ins t . siSIB, IkbSLZ* 196« 2C»-21o.

Studies in cereal diseases. I I . Root rots and foot rots of i^eat in Manitoba. DJ^Q. si£ S&BaM SssstJi^ Afidfi* .am. m iiTT 32 pp. The effect of phosphate d e f i d e n d e a on infection of wheat by Fuaariun

Varietal resistance of \^eat and oats to root-rot caused by Fusarium QVilaorUB «ind H elmlnthosporium iLa£LSUSl. J£fiL.JjJdU:. Jfi« 500-523.

Prevalence of sted-bome fungi on cereals in certain seed Inspection d i s t r i c t s of Canada. §jsi* JlftUfi* 2Zi M9-'*37.

«•) i

,(19'*6) The prevalence and control of seed-borne diseases In Manitoba. Soi . MJ^, 2^1 59-78.

and H.A.H, Wallace (19^3).

Grei aly J . S . and Mobonttra Pal (1965)»

Grover, R.K. and R.U. Bansal (1970).

Grovo», J.v/. and A.J. Skolko (19Mfa)

Hew and standard seed treatments In the control of certain seed-borne diseases of wheat, oats and barley. PhytQpnt^otgfo; 31« 1061^1070.

Seed Microflora. I . Seed-borne fUngi of ragi (JlsUfiijas COrnCflto Gaortu.) tbeir distribution and control. imXaQ fnYWT?nt . Jfis 33-37.

Seed-bome nature of SftUetfttrtcftW^ enpnici in cb i l l i seeds and i t s control by seed dressing fun^cides.

Uotes on secd-bomc fungi. I . Stero-

190-199.

.(19^b)

.(19^5)

.C19^)

Gupta, V.K. and J . a . Chohan (1970)

Hanson, B.'>>f. and

Notes on seed-bome fungi ZX.

a2j 217-23'*.

Motes on seed-bome fungi. I I I . fiurmAfiriip. snjma^' I* Has- UiUiX* £• 22i 9^10^.

Hotes on seed-bome fUngi. IV. Aorgaffffifliiat chtnaT'AgaiYcga and

I 7 ^ 8 0 .

Seed-bome fUngi and seed health testing in relation to seedling diseases of groundnut. Indian fhYtopnth. 22t 622-625.

The black point disease of ^ e a t in J,J, Christensen (1955). the United States . Minn. jyuT* £2011.

iiJia* lfi£b* Sii21» 2QSti 30 pp.

Ji f-^

Hasl ja , S.K, (1963)

• Heald, F,l)* and F.A. Wolf (1912).

Hewett, V.D, (1965)»

.(1967)

Blngoranl, 14 .K. and H. Prasad (1951)-

A new record of g^rY^Xan^l PJiUfiS-cena Boed. on i*ieat grains* Indian mJQPf i tn . a§» 375.377.

A p lan t d isease survey i n the v i c in i t y of San Anionic, Texas. l I .S.u.^, ,gux. £ i . ZM* m U * 226.

A survGiy of seedobome fungi of t ^ e a t » I . The incidence of Leoto^ ^ptun^rtin m^soam and oxHsMasM" ^m^.k: A survey of seed-bo me fUngi of u b e a t - I I . The incidence of cocunon species of Fusarium. Jx^m* MJ^ ElSfil* .Sfifi< 175-182.

Seedling bligj i t of r i c e i n Sindh. imim FI^YtQPat^* Jl-i 60 .63 .

Hoppe, P.E, (19^9).

Hurd, A.M. (1921),

Hyde, M.ii. (19^;0).

and H.B. Gallyoore (1951)•

Hynos, H.J . (1937).

Difference i n Pythium in jury to corn seedlings a t h i ^ and low s o i l temperatures. pnYtOPat^^9l9Ky 328 7 7 - 8 k

Seed coat in jury ani v i a b i l i t y of seeds of wheat and bar ley as factors i n s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to molds and Amgicides. j l . JygZJLc. Res. 21* 99«122.

The subepidermal fUngi of cerea l gra in . I . A survey of world d i s t r i ­bution of fungal mycelium in wheat. MSi' MssX* .SLfil* JZ« 179-186,

Subepidermal fungi of cereal g ra ins . I I - The na tu re , i d e n t i t y and o r ig in of the mycelium i n wheat. Mm* MuL* m a l . JSx 3»^-356.

Species of fifti«lnth98B0rtm a^d Curvularia associated with r o o t - r o t of wheat and o ther gracninaceous p l a n t s . j [ . £XQS. jgQX* §SiS* U»§* .aalaa. 2Q« 378-391.

3

Imoor, i*'*K. and J.J, Chrlstenaen (19^3)

Xto, S, and S. Iwadare (193^) •

Ja in , J . P , and P*n. Patel (1969a) •

Studies on tho suscepUbil l t / of yazletlos and strains of barley to gwanrtim and fietelntftg8poIi^m komei b l l ^ t ^ e n tested under lauslln tonts or In nursarlcrs, £ . Aner. Soc. j ££Q&« 35» $15-522, Studies on the red blotch of r ice grains. Hokkaido, /i^rlc. Srpt. Qtn. %ffi,$«f 3t PP-

Studios of seed Mycoflora of castor and I t s control, ladlafl mYtOPfttll. 221 209-2lJf.

.(1969b) •

James, N«, J . WUson and Stark (19U6).

Seed mycoflora of Guar, their role In ®iergence and vigour of seedlings and efficiency of IVinglddes. nmsB Wsissmsik* 2Zt 2U-5.250. TtiQ microflora of stored i^eat . &mad. I . M2* 3S£ii* JS. 2k: 22)*-233*

Jaj3es, U.C, E.E.J. Jenkins and J .L . Jesscaett (I968).

Johnston, C.L. and F.J. Greaney Cl9^)»

ITho relationship bet\^en leaf blotch caused by PhYIFlcnosportm ^eenlis and losses In grain yield of spring barley. Ajuj. .^EEi, MJH* §Z* 273-288. ^ ^ ^ ^

Studies on tho pa^ogenedl^ of Puoarluia species associated with root-rot of wheat. P^^YtePfttnglPgy 32» 670-68^.

Jones, J . S . , A.G. Ho Farland and J.W, Mldyelte (1955).

Jorgensen, C.A, (193**)

Seed coat Injury us a contributing factor to nercuzy damaged \4ieat seed. £XS£* A&Sfifi* St££* Lfifid* MkaX* 120-121.

Nogle Undergelser Over Plantesyg-doome m«d Frosnlt te. JSUs^iir PIfmtflaYX* itQs 119-1^7.

Josh l , L.H., B.L. Diseases of vheat in India other Henfro, E.Tl. Saarl, than rust and anut. £ 1 , J31a« BfiOCLfcT* R.D. Jilcoxson andS'P' ^i 59>^597, Raytihaudhurl (1970) •

!>

Kadian, 0«P« & D. Suiyanarayana (1971).

Khandalwal. G,L. & R, Prasad (1970),

Koehler, B» & CM. i/oodworth (1938).

Koehler, B. (195^).

.(1957).

Koomedahlf T., J*.J, Christonsen. J . o . CuXbertson & M.B. Hoore (1955).

Studies on seed microflora of Q11» seed crop, I . Linseed (Llnup uAttftti-

90.

Seed aycoflora of cucumber (Cuemals gatlvus). losHaS FhYtePftt^. 23s 37-^3.

Com seedlings vlrescens cs^sed by

l hYtOPftthOlggy ^ 1 811-823,

Some conditions Influencing the results from com seed treatment t e s t s . li^ytQpat^9lQm it^s 575-583*

Pericarp ln;)urles In seed com. XlXinQls A g u e ISasi^^ EJba* Bax< 1-72,

j ^ f

The prevalence and Importance of ds^aged seed In flax. MiUlD. MSi* £2B. stft. Ifixja* .MLL* gi'j-

Kulkaml, N.B* (1950). Blast disease of r ice In B(»abay State. £SSIla Agrle. Sflli. Hflgs. 5pt 8-29.

Kumar, S.M. & K.O. Hema (1969).

Ladcowa, B. (1963).

.(1968).

Studies on Internally seed-bome lUngl of wheat Cnnmar^S spp. Altamniltt sp. and PfitelPthOgPOrttta rostra turn Drecb. Gl. X. Morphological s tudies. i.K.ii.JJ.Ji. ££3. I - 3> 2U-26.

Badalna nad morfologla Ibl logla yueftrtma PSAS (^K.) wr. oraz pathogenic -znosda tego gartunku vzglecem slewek Pszenlcy. Annls. IMx. Haiiafi iaulfi - SKlPdovsKfi iiJycJfc. 2 7 3 1 7 M9-^39.

Badanla mlkoflory materlaln slewnego Jeczalcnla Jarego, upra\idanego na obszarze vojeuodztora Lubelsklgo. jmols . I2nLsr. MaHAS cjMaLfl- KlQaQvaKft 22» 207-219.

Jl »^ t

Raydiawdhuiy. V,C, Lole & H, Hath (1969).

Fungi intercopted on Iciported soybean seed. io^iXm FhltQpat^. 22i 327-330.

l<a]sbat» A.K. & A^a Rao CI969).

Lamoy, B.A. (1970).

Lamour, K.K., J . S . Clayton & C.I.. Warenohall (1935).

« Laumountt P. & M. Ilurat (193^).

Leukel, H«vi«, J.G, Dickson & A»u. Johnson (1926),

timonard» T. (1966).

Stod-bome Infection of Curvmflrla causing a new b l i ^ t disease of Jovar. IndioD g^ ytepfuffi* 22> 382.38>f.

PAllCtflartR gryasas on r ice seed in the United States. £ 1 . .SJU. Meptr. ^i 931-93^. ^ ^

A Study of the respiration of damp ^ e a t . QQELB^, Z* Res- §SS3ji» £ • J2* 627-6if5.

Observations sur l a moucheture e t l a nutmlse germination de quelques Blesen 1935, Bull. Spff. H|,9t, 1^^. Mskms M Mam* 25t2$^265. Seed treatment experiments for controlling s t r ipe disease in barley. fliYtQpnttiolQfiy ifii 565-576.

A modifLod b lo t te r t e s t for seed health. iCeth. i . £ 1 , ^^St* 2Zt 319-321.

.(1968)

Lutey, K. /. (1963).

Ecological aspects of seed h e a l ^ tes t ings. tISiSi* I n t . J Afid JDSLaLb* M£&S« 33» 3^3-513.

studies on the microflora of b a r l ^ kernels. JJla. Abstr. g ti 23-2if.

& Influence of moisture content, CM. Chrlstensen (1963). temperature and length of storage

upon survival of IXingi in barley kernels, fnytepathology 53t 713-717.

^^adhacek, J .E . (19'+5)» ^ e prevalence of Septorla on cereal seed in Canada. B S 5 S ^ 3 5 I 51-53-

-I #v

Hadiacek, J.E* & F.J, Oreaney (1933).

.(1936).

.(1938),

. ( 19M) .

Wachacek, J«E,, w,J. Chorwlck, H.H. Head & W.C, Broadfoot (1951).

Marcus, 0 . (19^2),

Ttie effect of metihanlcaX seed Injuiy of the developaent of root-rot In cereals, jQaOad* £> fies. ^ftst: Q. £» 276-281.

Studies on the control of root-rot disease of cereals, IV. Influence of oechanical seed Injury on infecUon by BV gnrtHO CUlBgrUB in \^eat. SiBBad* £.• JHfiS* §SUii' JS* Jh* V38-M*if,

The »black-point* or 'Kernel siaudge* disease of cereals. XLaQad* £.• MaS» &2fii. £• J 6 » 8»4-113,

l^r ther ejperlments on the control by seed disinfection of root rot t ing JEUngl In Oieat. ? y,tOBfttng3LQig Mi 379-39^,

A study of some seed-borne diseases of cereals in Canad-II Kind of fUngl and prevalence of diseases in cereal seed, fifil. JjBEifl. JL1» 193-206.

Uber dos Vorkconen Von Mlkrooganlsmen m Fflanasllc^en Geweben (nach Unter suchungen an /ruditen und Saaen)

Marshall, G.::. (1960,a).

.(1960,b).

Mathur, R.L. & 6.P. Sehgal (196lf).

The incidence of certain seed-borne diseases in comaerclal seed saiaples. I I . Ergot ciRYicaM mraur'?ft C rSl* Tul. cereouLs. iJU), Appl. Biol- j |gi 19-26.

The incidence of certain aeed-bome diseases in coBsaercinl seed secnples IV. Bunt of \*ieat, lUiftt tf l JDMlXaSt {DC) Tul, V. Barcockles of wheat MBHSia HUsiJUX (pteln) m i p j e v . Mn» Jmi» Mstk* Mt 3H-38.

FUngal microflora of seeds of Jowar (Sorrtium jol&Sils) i t s role in reduced emergence and vigour seedling aiui control. Indian EUvtOPftti . -12» 227-233.

McDonald, \UC* & K«W* Buchannon (196lf).

Barley y ie ld reduction attributed to net blotch infect ion. Cnnfid. £i» P i s . Surv. i^t 118-119.

Head, H.U. ( 1 9 ^ , a ) .

.(19»^,b).

Moehon, F, (19M7).

« Meyers, M.2. Cl92lf).

Host parasite relationship i n a saed-Dome disease of barley caused by il<?XfllntnogP9nw JiaUsus* Ftssunel, King and Bakke. £^DSA» £• pes. Seet . iJ. ^ 1 501-523.

Environmental relationship i n a seed-bo me disease of barley caused by nelmlnthoaporium antlwtn. Paiamel, King and BaHlte. Can? d. J . Res. .Sfifii.fi. ^ 1 525-538.

iipecies of HelinlntftgSPftXtVm and qurvularlft associated with grass seeds. Unpub. Thesis. ( A l a . State Coll . L ib . ) .

Tiie influence of broken pericarp on the gemination and y ie ld of com.

Millar, C.S, & J . Colhoun (1969)

Milner, M. & U.P. Oeddes (19'*'5).

* Mi era, A.B. & S.p. Sinc?h (1967).

& a.H. Shama (1969te)«

.(1969|b).

pua»num disease of cereals IV. Observation on I^^garlm Jjixais on ^ e a t . l£aM* £c« iuXJS&X* ^SS* 5Zi 57-66,

Qroin storage studies-a. Ihe e f fec t of aeration, teraperature and time on the respiration of soybeans containing excessive moisture. Caranl. Xl Sfl* 22t W8U-501.

A note on organisaii associated with wheat fbot-rot In Madhya Pradesh. i .N.E.l.Jf. naa. Z. Jl» 177-179.

Seed-borne lUngi in certain durum and aestlvuia wheats their pathogenc-d t y and <^emical control, j ; . .Assl* I s i . India Ai 5-9.

Ctudles on the seed oycoflora of soybean. Glycine max (L.) Merril l , 1 . i f iSl . ilfil. India j t 52-53*

Mltra, M. A H.D, Bose ( 1 9 3 ^ .

Moore, W.C, (19*^).

HgtoXffthoaPQrtim dlseasos of barley and ttieir control. InSlaB L JUcU-

Se8d*bome diseases . Ann. J^QBI. Biol . JL3« 228-231.

• Morgenthalor, 0 . (1918).

Mulder, D. (1958).

Mullnge, S.K. & A.E. AplnlB (1969).

& C.G.C. cftestora(1970,a)

.(1970,b).

Ubor dte Ulkroflora des noitialen Und mufilgon Oetrade9. Landw. fohrly. Jj^lSffllz. 33« 51+8-570.

Plant diseases of econotaic importance i n the northern region, United Arab Republic. l . J . f i . 11, Prot. jaail, 2» 1-5«

Occurrence of thennophilous fungi in stored moist barley grain. JElaOa* M*

-iJicfii. iiac. ^ « 361-370. Ecology af fVingi associated with

•moist stored barley grain, ^nn. .^BSI. Jlf l l - M» 277-28lf.

Metiiods of i so la t ing the microflora of moulding, h i ^ moisture barley i n part ia l ly oealed s i l o s e . Ann. i£ f i l . MQA» &5i 285-292.

Munn, M.T. (1921).

Muskett, A.E. ( 1 9 ^ )

• Nagel, CM. & G. nemeniuk (19M^)«

Harasimhan, R. & 0 . Hangaswaiai (1969)

Hath, R., P.Neergaard & S.B. Matiiur (1970).

further studies of the Aingus associates of gemination t e s t s . £B2fi. Mms*J^* Mild, mal* J3s 57-59. Tedinique for the examination of seeds for the presence of seed-borne AinRi. I caos . I x . ilXiSSX* .SS£. JQt 7 ^ 8 3 .

Some mold-induced chroiges i n shelled corn, iilaaii IMfilfil . J2as 20-23.

Influence of mould i s o l a t e s frcxn Corghua grain on v iab i l i ty of the seed. 2ii£I' ^SSL' JS« 389-390.

Identi f icat ion of Fusaritam species on seeds as they occur in b3i>tter t e s t s , proc. I n t . need. J fiA * AOLaSfi. J5« 3-25.

Heepgaard, P. (19M)) SeedUbome fungus diseases of hor t i ­culture plants , jproc. ^nt. M&A* I&ait* MSSifi. 151 ^^-71-

Hema, K.O,, 0«S. Dave H.K. KhoaXa <1971). '

A new gXune blotch of \jheat, £ 1 .

Hiethaimaer, A. (1939)

^tlisikado, Y.iillatsuaoto, . fiK-YamauU, . . (193^).

*Hoblo, n . & I.O. Kontgoiaerie (195^)

llicroscopischer Bodenpllze als Begleitev in Fmchten und Samen. Msk' ll4terpteLffX> Mt 13*

Studies on a new CfflnaXogpgnum *»lcto causes the s t r ipe disease of vheat. Jar. Qhatft I M £ . itaodtf. laxa^H. ^i 275-3061 Seed**bome oat diseases, straw breaking and brown foot-rot. Ms!SiJli» ASSiSi* Jit* 1-^«

Noble, M. & lUJ. Richardson (1968).

An annotated l i s t of seed-bo me diseases. Coamonvealth liycological I n s t i t u t e , Kew Surrey, Bngland.

*Orton, C.R. (193I)

Oxley, T.A. & ^»ii* Jones (19Mf).

Padmanabhan, S.Y. (19U9)

Seed-boxne parasi tes - A bib l io­graphy. JgyJUL . j[a* iU£lfi« JSzs* ^Jia* J a i l * 2iDr»f7 pp.

Apparent respiration of \i*ieat grain and i t s relat ion to a fungal myceliuci beneath the epidemis . Mature (Lond.) 12^8 826.

Fungi inside the zlce kernels.

•Palm, B. (1932). Pflanzenkrankheit^ aus Ouatecaala. z^%t sixx* fuy Pflanzenkrankh. U, P,filflHz9nadttttj> H2i 11-17.

« Paomel, L.B., CM. King & A.L. Bakke (1910).

Two barley b l i ^ t s with comparison of species of Hftlmtnthogporlum upon cereals. 2^, MXXsi'JtSi' aa/atja MXQ' Surv. BuU. II61 178-190.

Papavizas, O.C. & Grain storage studies 29. Bffect C.H. Christensen (1960). of invasion by individual species

and mixtures of species of ^at^erglllus upon gemination and development of discolored germs in wheat. Cereal Chem. 371 197-200.

1 t ) '

PaPashar, R.l). & C.8. PaPacer (1965).

Plerpoint, M, (19'+7).

Porter, R.H. (1923).

.(1938).

.(19Mf).

K, Koss (1935). &

, w.s, Uecdershott & G.U* Uavla (1938).

R. Prasad (1966).

Qasesi, t>»A» &

.(1967).

HLack point or keznel smudge disease of \*eat . I. Iftg. Ludhlfltto gt I l5 - t i9 -

Viability of Injured weed seed of

Diy rot of com and I t s control.

lilt. Detection and classif icat ion of seed-borne orgonlsns, their effect on gemination and the i r control by seed disinfection in laboratoiy and field. £mfi. MSStH^ £LCX. £bB&a* Mai' JQ» 195-213.

test ing the quality of seeds for fann and garden.ia. ikSiSiC. JS2S* M a . Surv. Bss* Jiyi3Jl. 33^.

Gemination of injured weed and crop seeds. JbOLB* Assoc. Off. Seed Anal. 2:|8 68-73.

Indexing fazmers seed l o t s for seed-borne organisms and response to seed disinfection, l a - I f i l ic . l a a . Ma* Reg. JULUL* 238.

Pathological and epideviological studies on the leaf b l l ^ t of vheat caused by A3,tffi3martn tgitilgiaii. IMlsD Phvtottftth. J2» 59-112.

Evaluation of seed infection caused by iJLtPrmrta trtttcXnft in wheat. f,n%, lUUtil. IftaJ^. Aaafifi. 32* 6U7-65W>.

Influence of moisture content, CM. Christensen (1958). temperature and time on the deteriora­

tion of stored com by fUngi. ynytePftthPlOKY it8» 5^<^5W9.

i o I 1

Bao, P.II. & n,A, BalBD (195^).

Rao, V.O. (1968),

*Hlntelen, J» (1969)

Rodney, 0.C. & L.G, Jones (1961),

Curvulnrift species from discolored grains from Hyderabad Dn, 1 . InaiflD jQJb. §asi' 33« 268-271.

Diseases of vAieat In India, f^ahnrash, ilia Viayrm aa£^UX £&mif;& 3» 56-69.

Unter suchlngen uber ertragsve r luste durdi die Uelz-Hecken Krankhelt der Gerste (Erreeer jPyrenophorn teres Drechst., Stat . Con, Helolntiiospormm teres Oacc). z. ^g^mrm l i l . i aJ2i.

Germination failure in flax seed (liUSM USkJiailmima) and Safnower

fiXT. .Sttad. jyiial. Sit 139-vw.

Russell, R.C, & R.J. Ledin^am (19^1)

l^eat seed tesi^ng from pathological standpoint wltb special reference to (BQbryo ejcpoBUTem j3cl. Agrle. 21s 761-775.

« Schn^lhardt , 0, & F.u. Heald (1936).

!I!he spore load of maricet i^eat . Mas* MlfiSQS. .Sfis. Icaas. 55s 281-285.

« Scdivartz-Kraepelln, H, (19»v7).

Shaw, D.£. & P.O. Valder (1953).

Ship ton, W.A. & S.C. Chtfibers (1966).

Uber das vorkommen elnes Pllzhacete-diens In den samen, 2 . HatMrtorgcUmig i^ i »i.5d.

A study of microflora of vheat grains in Hew South Wales, proc. ItiAD. £fic. Ji»il*ii« 2Z» 307-322.

The internal mycoflora of vbeat grain in Western Australia. J^ua^. £• J z s . Afrig. jfilB. Sua]}, ^t '+32-^36.

& W.K. Tweedie (1968).

Barley diseases in Western Australia, i* ikSIls. MssX* MaJi^ 5* 573-5^7.'

Siomonds, P.M. & R.J. Ledingham (1937)

A study of the fungus flora of i^eat roots, ^fil. Agrln. jiSi U9-59.

Skolko, A.J. & J . . / . Groves ( 1 9 ^ ) .

Notes on seed-borne fungi V. .QPufXmim species with dichoto-mously branched ha i r s , panad- j[. Raff. Sjtfit. £ . ^ 1 269-280.

.(1953)* ^otes on seed-loomo fungi. VIX. Chaetoalum. ballad, i . pot. 311 779-809•

* SkoKjpad, W.f- (1963).

Snlth, H.J«G. (1929).

h J.H. Hattray (1930).

* Spensley, P.O. (1963)

Sprague, R, (19M+),

.(19U6)

.(1950)

-& J .P. Malnttrs (19U8)

Suryanarayana* D. & B.B. Bhombs (I96I).

R, Nath (1963).

S.P. LAL (1963).

&

Scald of barley and native grasses i n Alberta. £ £ Q 2 . i2£ iad. PhytOPattl» Gfitfi, JQJ 10-21. (Abs.) .

Observations of the ?^^i^th98Pgglm diseases on coreals i n Britain. JU3Q. iUffil. .Slfil. Ji t 236-260,

Ilet blotch, spot blotdi and l ea f str ipe diseases of barley in Soutli Africa. S . UlXSiml* .Sfil. 2Z« 3M-351.

Aflotoxin the active principle in tmrkey »X' diseases, Bldaacmr. 22> 75-79.

Hoot-rots of cereals edid grasses in north DaKota, il.ilafc. i d l l l s . JJBiS* lUia. JlUll JQ2» 32 pp.

Root-rot and leaf spot of grains and grasses in the Northern Great Plains and Vfestern s t a t e s . U . G . U . A . Bur. PI, Ind. £ i . 1 ^ * SSEJir. (Suppl.) 163t 167 pp.

Diseases of cereals and grasses in tiortii America (FUngi, except sauts and Busts). The Honald Press Co. 11. York.

Additional parasit ic fUngi on Grariineae in the Inland Empire. U.S.D.A. £ 1 . Ula. IfiBiE. 32t 2if5-2>f7.

Studies on the lUngal flora of some vegetable seeds, Indian Phvtopftth, Jliti 30.1*1. Seed-borne infecUon of Fuisariuai on Tinda. ladiaD iMiaBaJBl.^35ri09-311.

Oeed-bome infection of stakbum disease of r ice , i t s extent and control. i sd ia» J^hx^opfttn* Jit» 232-233.

: ^

TKiapliyalt P»W« & J .B . Sinclair (1971).

fUngl associated viith soybean seed from India. ISOlaQ lllZliSmal^. 2lti 792-79»+.

Ilhom, C, ^ ICB' Raper , (1951)*

Thomas, H.C. (1937).

Thompson, V,J, (1938),

,(19>*0).

A manual of the AspergiUi. laillams & Wilklng Co.

The

The role of certain fungi in the "sicki^eat** problem. M. ^ . J^iiX* £llllS

•flPiarfillthtta sp , , inviabi l i ty of injured weed seed. yroc. Jj^Sfi* £UX*

Summary report of throe years woik in t Report of Oub-conmittee on evaluation of weed seeds( the v lab l l i l^ of injured weed seeds.

Tuite, J . / . & CM. Christensen (1952)

Fungi important in the storage of barley. fr^YtgPftt^Plftgy it2s ^76.

Tul l i s , B.C. (1936).

Vasudeva, R*&« & M.K. Seshadri Iyengar (1950).

Fungi isolated from discolored r ice kernels, j l .^ . £s&JI>* Agrlc. jPgeh. Bul^.

Control of loose sraut of barley. £siir. Ifii. aa« 218-219.

Veerarag^iavan, j . & iJ.Y. Padmanabhan (1963).

Mew records of fUngi on r ice in India. I, iMlfiO SSil* iiSUB. il2s 33-37.

^Venterpool, T.C. (1963). Fink and smudge-pink discoloration of wheat seed associated with yellow spot disease. (Dreehalem . t r i t t c i -

Sac, jQ i 10-21.

Wallace, H.A.H. (1959)

Wamock, D.'i. 4 T.F. Freece (1971).

A rare seed-borne disease of wheat caused by fgdOSPPrifiUfI .TitfttCillntft. £aaaa. I . ,Sfii. -3Z» 509-515.

Location and extent of fUngal mycelium in grains of barley. Trans. Sx* HZfiS * §oc. ^ 1 267-273.

laioon, H., K, IJobel & E.G. Gray (19^5).

The blind seod disease of xye-grass and i t s causal Itingus. Trrma. Roy, Jsuj, smau j ^ , pt. 2, 327-31+or

Zeleny, L, £!: D,A, Coleiaan (1938),

•zybina, o.P. (1929)

.'Acidity in cereals and cereal products i t s detemination and significance. Cereal^ Chem, J5i 580-595.

Opytnaia rabota po izwcheniiu bale.3ni I8 na v Ilis^egorodskoi gub. V. 1927-28. Jalsuaoi IkajasnU (MaiUdL £iaBiaiMa) i&s 67-100.

• Original not B^QH^