Fu Cmos Crfid Workshop 2009

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    Kevin Fu, Wayne BurlesonBenjamin Ransford, Shane Clark, Mastooreh Salajegheh

    [email protected]

    Department of Computer Science

    University of Massachusetts Amherst

    CMOS Workshop 2009

    Energy-aware

    Circuits for RFID

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    Getting Things Done

    on Computational RFIDs

    with Energy-Aware

    Checkpointing andVoltage-Aware

    Scheduling

    Kevin Fu, Wayne BurlesonBenjamin Ransford, Shane Clark, Mastooreh Salajegheh

    [email protected]

    Department of Computer Science

    University of Massachusetts Amherst

    CMOS Workshop 2009

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Scenario:

    RFID Sensor Network

    2Photos: Impinj, M. W. Moss Ltd.,

    reinforcedearth.com

    Maintenance-free

    Batteryless nodes

    RF power harvesting

    Public-key crypto?

    [HotNets 08]

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Scenario:

    RFID Sensor Network

    2Photos: Impinj, M. W. Moss Ltd.,

    reinforcedearth.com

    Maintenance-free

    Batteryless nodes

    RF power harvesting

    Public-key crypto?

    [HotNets 08]

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Scenario:

    RFID Sensor Network

    2Photos: Impinj, M. W. Moss Ltd.,

    reinforcedearth.com

    Maintenance-free

    Batteryless nodes

    RF power harvesting

    Public-key crypto?

    [HotNets 08]

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    The next 15 minutes1. Batteryless computing with

    computational RFID (CRFID)

    2. Obstacles to computing on harvested energy

    Fluctuating supply, power loss3. Mementos: s/w forgetting things done

    Checkpointing, program reordering

    3

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Batteries constrain design.

    Big & heavy relative to circuits.

    Must be replaced or recharged.

    Energy density slooooowlyincreasing.(1991: 204 Wh/l ... 2005: 514 Wh/l)

    photos: Duracell, Micro-Tools.com,

    Crossbow 4

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    How can we do

    useful computation

    without a batter ?

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    How can we do

    useful computation

    without a batter ?

    Focus on energy harvesting.

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Perils of RF harvesting Devices become dependent on energy supply

    Unpredictable supply

    Fluctuating voltage

    Frequent loss of power/state

    6Photo: Lois Elling

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    Todays batterylesscomputers

    Photos: thisismoney.co.uk, TI

    must finish in one

    energy lifecycle

    non-programmablecircuitry

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Computational RFID

    Made possible by ultra-low-power (1.5A sleep,600A active) programmable microcontroller

    von Neumann architecture

    RAM, flash memory e.g.

    (new term)

    WISPNo battery...

    RF harvesting.

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    [IEEE TIM 08]

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Computational RFID

    Made possible by ultra-low-power (1.5A sleep,600A active) programmable microcontroller

    von Neumann architecture

    RAM, flash memory e.g.

    (new term)

    WISPNo battery...

    RF harvesting.

    8

    [IEEE TIM 08]

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    Power + Query

    Static ID0x3C6B23A4

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    Power + Query

    Static ID0x3C6B23A4

    Power + Query

    Results of

    computation or sensing

    0x1234CAFE

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Common case:

    Frequent power loss

    Computational RFID

    Sensor Node

    Mobile Phone

    PC

    10

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Perils of RF harvesting Devices become dependent on energy supply

    Unpredictable supply

    Fluctuating voltage

    Frequent loss of power/state

    11Photo: Lois Elling

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Perils of RF harvesting Devices become dependent on energy supply

    Unpredictable supply

    Fluctuating voltage

    Frequent loss of power/state

    11Photo: Lois Elling

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Getting things done

    Major goal: help programs on CRFIDs

    make forward progress despite

    fluctuating voltage and constant interruption.

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Our system: Mementos

    Designed to aid forward progress.

    Execution checkpointing (suspend, resume)

    Program reordering

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Our system: Mementos

    Designed to aid forward progress.

    Execution checkpointing (suspend, resume)

    Program reordering

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Our system: Mementos

    Designed to aid forward progress.

    Execution checkpointing (suspend, resume)

    Program reordering

    13

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    Newmarket Capital Group

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    Newmarket Capital Group

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Checkpointing

    Idea: save state to flash before dying

    Challenging! Not cheap:

    Flash:register 400:1

    Flash:memory 40:1

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Checkpointing Compile time static analysis:

    Compute per-block energy estimates Run time:

    CRFID checks own voltage

    Dynamic checkpointing decision

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Energy estimation

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    Platform-specific

    energy profile

    Annotated

    instruction stream

    at compile time

    label1:

    MOV R11, R12 1 nJADD R12, R8 1 nJ

    (Flash write) 461 nJ

    JMP label2 --

    ... ...

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Checkpointing to

    accom lishn tasks

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Checkpointing to

    accom lishn tasks

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    e.g.: modexp Halve 32-bit exponent, square 32-bit base

    No checkpointing: dies before finishing

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    e.g.: modexp Halve 32-bit exponent, square 32-bit base

    No checkpointing: dies before finishing

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    e.g.: modexp Halve 32-bit exponent, square 32-bit base

    No checkpointing: dies before finishing

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    Checkpoint halfway through:

    Save base, exp., accumulated resultafter 15 iterations; die before finishing

    Restore from checkpoint; 17 moreiterations; complete.

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Program reordering

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    Observations:

    Some operations require higher voltageVoltage tends to decline

    Microcontrollers dont perform well oncontinuously varying voltage (PLL logic

    limitations)

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Program reordering Static analysis at compile time

    Estimate energy requirements

    Derive dependency graph

    Must not violate program semantics!

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Program reorderingVoltage declines: reorder independent blocks

    at compile time to excute high-V ops when

    supply voltage is high

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Program reordering Smaller timescale: adaptively reschedule

    blocks at run time to avoid logjams

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    Voltage

    Run queue

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Challenges Predicting program behavior is hard.

    Balance checkpointing behavior: How much state to save

    How often to checkpoint

    Program reordering: Finding dependencies

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Oh, and physics

    Cant harvest RF energy at arbitrarydistances (current prototypes: 10 m)

    Diode drop limits energy harvesting

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    CRFID applications

    Medical implants[Oakland 08]

    RFID Sensor Networks [HotNets 08]

    Computation in inaccessible locations.fragilehazardous

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Future developments

    Our work:

    Fully implement checkpointing, reordering

    Device profiling CRFIDs:

    Intel Research competition(Googleintel wisp challenge)

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    CMOS Workshop 09 Kevin Fu & Wayne Burleson

    Summary Computational RFIDs: general-purpose

    batteryless computers

    Mementos for forward progress

    Checkpointing to cope with constantpower interruptions

    Program reordering to cope withfluctuating voltage

    29


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