FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

1. The Republic Expandsa. Military

i. All men age 17-46, with a minimum amount of property were required to serve during times of war

ii. Organized into units called Legions1. Commanders called Centurions

a. Officers who command 100 meniii. Highly disciplined and well trained

b. The Punic Warsi. Series of 3 wars that lasted over 80 yearsii. 1st Punic War

1. Mostly a naval war2. Carthage will have the upper hand initially

but Rome will come back and defeat Carthage

ii. 2nd Punic War1. Hannibal

a. Carthage general who led an army and war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps and invaded Italy

b. Dominated the country side

2. Publius Cornelius Scipioa. Led Roman

army to Carthage

b. Attacked the city

c. Forced Hannibal to return to Carthage

3. Plain of Zamaa. Both Carthage and Roman forces met

thereb. Scipio was able to defeat Hannibal and his

troops4. Rome will strip Carthage of its navy and

land held in Spain5. Did not destroy the city

iv. 3rd Punic War1. Carthage begins to build ships again2. Rome declares war on Carthage

a. Laid siege to the city for 3 yearsb. Enslaved its citizens and completely

destroyed the city

2. Problems in the Late Republic

a. Social Unresti. Gracchi Brothers

1. Tiberius and Gaius2. Tried to help

soldiers by redistributing public land to small farmers

3. Angered the wealthy elite

4. Senate urged a mob to kill the brothers

b. Military in Politicsi. Gaius Marius

1. Elected to the office of Consul

2. Eliminated property restrictions and began to accept anyone who wanted to join the army

3. Armies would become loyal to a general; became a tool for political power

ii. Civil War1. Lucius Cornelius

Sullaa. Marius and

supporters tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command

b. Led to a civil war

c. Sulla was victorious and became a dictatori. Executed those who opposed himii. Carried out reforms aimed at protecting

the power of the Senateiii. Voluntarily retired

3. Rome Becomes an Empirea. The First Triumvirate (rule of 3 men)

i. Made up of 3 men1. Julius Caesar, Gnaius Pompey and Licinius

Crassus2. Caesar and Pomepy were both successful

military leaders3. Took over the Republic in 60 B.C.

Julius Caesar Gnaius Pompey

ii. Civil War1. Caesar and Pompey faced off in battle2. Caesar defeats Pompey and takes full

control of the Republic

iii. Caesar1. Will be made Dictator for Life2. Reforms

a. Gave citizenship to the providencesb. Gave public lands to the veterans

3. Assassinated by a group of Senators on March 15, 44 B.C. also known as the Ides of March

b. The Second Triumviratei. Composed of: Octavian (Caesar’s son and

heir), Marc Antony (a loyal officer) and Lepidus (a high priest)

ii. Octavian and Antony divided the empire in half

1. Octavian took the West2. Antony took the East

Octavian Marc Antony

iii. Civil War1. Antony and Cleopatra wanted to Expand2. Octavian defeats them at a naval battle of

Actium in 31 B.C.3. Antony and Cleopatra kill themselves

iv. Octavian is left with sole power

c. Octaviani. Called himself “princeps” or first citizen

to avoid the title of emperorii. Senate gave him the title Augustus or

“revered one”iii. Head of State for 40 yearsiv. Divided rule between himself and the

Senate

d. Augustan Agei. Foreign Affairs

1. Tried to bring peace to the West in Gaul and Spain

2. Tried to push Rome’s borders to the Danube River

ii. Rome1. Created a police force and fire brigade2. Began Building programs3. Moral and religious reform

iii. Augustus died in 14 A.D.

4. Julio-Claudiansa. Relatives of

Julius Caesar ruled for 54 years after Augustus died

b. Emperorsi. Tiberius

1. A good soldier and competent administration

ii. Caligula1. Brutal and mentally unstable

iii. Nero2. Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors3. Burned down Rome4. Killed his mother5. Committed suicide in 68 A.D.

Nero Caligula

5. The Good Emperorsa. Started in 96 A.D.b. 5 emperors who

governed for almost a century

c. Almost all were outside of Rome

d. Grew the empiree. Trajan

i. Height of expansion occurred under him

f. Hadriani. Succeeded Trajanii. Believed Rome was too large

1. Built fortifications on the frontiers to protect against invasion

2. Built walls in Northern Britain (73 miles long)

Hadrian Hadrian’s Wall

6. The Pax Romanaa. Period of peace from 27 B.C. to 180

A.D.b. Called Pax Romana or Roman Peacec. Essential traits

i. Stable governmentii. Strong legal systemiii. Widespread tradeiv. Peace