From Old to New Israel The Technion Role
Transcript of From Old to New Israel The Technion Role
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
From Old to New Israel
The Technion Role
Naomi Carmon
Professor of Sociology and Urban Planning
Head, Center for Urban and Regional Studies
Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning
April 2005
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Founding the Nation
At the turn of the twentieth century many dreamed of
establishing a home for the Jews in their ancestral
homeland
To realize the hope, Jews would need technical skills
denied them by European universities
◼ 1901 – Fifth Zionist Congress calls for a Jewish university
◼ 1912 – Cornerstone is laid on slope of Mount Carmel
◼ 1924 – Technion opens its doors
Technion becomes Israel’s first university
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Realizing the Dream
➢ 1924 - The Technion enrolls first class of
17 engineering students
➢ 1938 - Civil engineering, architecture,
industrial engineering, 11 labs,
nautical school
➢ 1940s - Technion develops technologies
for Jewish underground forces
Dr. Albert Einstein, Pres. of first Technion Society on visit to Technion, 1923
“Israel can win
the battle for
survival only by
developing expert
knowledge in
technology.”
Albert Einstein
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Technion Then and Now
300 wooded acres campus
Buildings on campus - 85
Built-up area - 417,216m
<< Technion historic
building
Technion today >>
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Vision and Pioneering
❑ 1953 - Aeronautical Engineering faculty opened
Result: Modern Aerospace Industry
❑ 1960s - Microelectronics research
Result: Modern High-Tech Industry
❑ 1969 - Medicine and Computer Science faculties opened
❑ 1980s-90s - Technion grads found and lead
Israel’s high-tech boom
❑ 2000s - Technion develops new frontiers: nanotechnology,
robotics, futuristic defense and anti terror techniques,
life sciences/engineering, stem cells, environmental
engineering.
Up until the late 1970’s Technion was the only
university in Israel teaching and researching
in engineering. Also, now it is the leading
Technological university in Israel.
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Impact on Israeli Economy
➢ 70% of Israeli educated engineers are
Technion graduates
➢ Israel has the highest number of
companies traded on the NASDAQ
after the USA and Canada
➢ 85% of Israeli NASDAQ companies
have Technion graduates as CEO or CTO
Technion Graduates have transformed Israel’s economy
from an agriculturally-based economy to a modern
technology-based economy
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Protecting the Homeland
➢Biological Terror – Testing the water, new technology based on DNA
➢3D Face Recognition – Patent pending
➢Anticipating Israel’s Security Needs –Interdisciplinary research center for defense
➢Underground Security – Equipment to locate and monitor tunnels
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Ziv-Lempel Algorithm
Used to condense information in almost every computer
and for sending information on the Internet.
The discovery was recognized as an IEEE Milestone.
“Shechtmanite”
A new form of matter: quasi-periodic crystals.
A breakthrough in our understanding of matter.
Landmark Achievements
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Landmark Achievements
Nanotechnology
• Researchers create electrical circuits
based on biological molecules (DNA)
using their encoded information
Stem Cell Research
• Breakthrough in using human
embryonic stem cells in formation
of human heart cells, natural pacemaker
and pancreatic cells for insulin production
TechSat
• Technion research satellite launched in 1998,
designed and built by faculty and students
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Landmark Achievements
Ubiquitin System – won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The system that controls protein decomposition in every living cell.
A breakthrough in cancer and degenerative disease research.
The first Nobel Prize to Israeli scientists.
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Technion Shapes the State of Israel
❑ Physical Infrastructure, Construction and Roads
❑ Architecture and Urban Planning
❑ The National Water Carrier, Irrigation technology
❑ Development of traditional industries
❑ Exploitation of Natural Resources, the Chemical Industry
❑ Defense Industries, Aviation and Space Research
❑ Micro-Electronics, IT and Communications,
High-Tech industry
❑ Medicine, Bioengineering and Life Sciences
❑ Development of Futuristic Technologies
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
There is no other university in the world
that had such an enormous impact
on its country
as did the Technion
on the State of Israel
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The Technion Planning Team
Architects Lawyers
Economists Geographers
Sociologists Civil Engineers
Psychologists Environmentalists
A multidisciplinary group of
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The Technion Planning Team
Leads from Old to New Israel
Being a planner requires:
Optimism
Professional knowledge
Professional ethics
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The Mission of the Planning Team
▪ Study and teach issues of land use
planning and development
▪Act as Israel's “think tank”, serving
decision-makers responsible for allocation
of land and for the development of the
built environment and open spaces
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Land Valuable and scarce resource in Israel
Strong pressure on the limited land
resources in the State of Israel, because of:
▪ natural population increase
▪ immigration (Aliya)
▪ rapidly developing economy
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Between 1948 to 2000,
in 52 years, Israel’s
population grew by a
factor of 8.
The population growth
was due to:
▪ Natural increase,
accounting for 58%.
▪ Positive balance of
migration accounting
for 42%.
Natural
Increase
Balance of
Migration
1948 806
1990 4822
1980 3922
1960 2150
1970 3022
2000 6364
90002020
76002010
Forecast
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1948-2000
Within 52 years
▪ Israel’s population grew by about 5.6
million people Israel’s population grew
by a factor of 8
▪ The population density grew from 38
capita per sq. km. to 300 capita per
sq. km.
▪ The built up area grew by a factor of 17
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Urban and regional planning
is the key for coping successfully
with these pressures
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Israel 2020 - A Master Plan for
Israel in the 21st Century
“Israel 2020” is an integrated economic, social and environmental plan for the development of Israel in the 21st century, including implementation policies for its realization
National Planning
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Israel 2020
Prepared for and funded by:
PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
ISRAEL LAND AUTHORITY THE JEWISH AGENCY
MINISTRY OF FINANCE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
MINISTRY OF ENERGY & INFRASTRUCTURE
MINISTRY OF HOUSING & CONSTRUCTION
WATER COMMISSION
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Planning Workshops
“ISRAEL 2020” is the Largest and the Most
Comprehensive Planning Research Ever
Carried Out in Israel:
Over 250 Participates; 13 Ministries involve;
About 7 Years; About 100 Years of Man’s Work
Technion - Israel Institute of TechnologyIsrael in the Middle East
Israel as a Case StudyCountry’s area: 21,500 sq. km. Population (2002):
6.7 millions Density: 312 capita/sq. km.
40% of the Area
6.2 million Inhabitants
Density: 720 capita/sq. km.
60% of the Area
0.5 million Inhabitants
Density: 39 capita/sq. km.
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1948
107Capita/Skm
1Capita/Skm
GederaAshdodRishon Le’Zion
The Tel Aviv Metropolis
2000
640Capita/Skm
38Capita/Skm
Israel’s Main Planning IssuesSpatial Density
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2000
640Capita/Skm
38Capita/Skm
2020
900Capita/Skm
50Capita/Skm
“Business as usual” 2000-2020
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2020Underdevelopment
Congestion
Underdevelopment
From CONFLICT to SYNERGY
National Dispersal - Regional Concentration
2000
640
38Capita/Skm
Capita/Skm
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Shaping the National Space
▪ Concentrating 80% of the country’s
population in 3 urban areas with 20%
of it’s area
▪ Preserving large open spaces between
intensively built regions
▪ Direct connection between the urbanized
regions by highways & mass transportation
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District Outline Plan No. 9/2
Development Plan for the Northern Region in Israel
The Galilee Region
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Galilee
Northern Region of Israel
• Jews and Arabs
• Urban and Rural
• Unique Landscape
One million in 2000
1.8 Million inhabitants
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The Challenge
Creating new opportunities for a rapid
development of the region, for its current
population, Jews and Arabs, and for the large
wave of immigrants from the former USSR
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Balanced development
Balance between new construction and preservation of land and open spaces
Balance between population groups
Balance between public and private investments
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The future is probably beyond
the horizon of our vision, but
not beyond the range of our
control.
Thank You
Robert F. Kennedy
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
World-Class Research Team
International Recognition / Awards
International Association for Design Research
Professor Arza Churchman, Career Achievement Award
International Policy Studies Organization
Professor Naomi Carmon, Best Book of the Year
American Planning Association
Professor Rachelle Alterman, Best Paper of the Year
Association of Town Planners and Architects in Israel
Professor Adam Mazor, Distinguished Planner,
Appreciation for Contribution to City planning on the
occasion of Israel’s Jubilee
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Examples of Innovative Contributions
of the Research team on Land Use
Planning & Development
▪ National Planning
Israel 2020 – A Master Plan for Israel of the Early 2000s
▪ Housing and urban renewal
The Phoenix Strategy for "Updating" Older Housing
▪ Economic Development
Technological Incubators as carriers of Development in
Peripheral Regions
▪ Social Planning
Culture-Sensitive Housing for Arab Citizens of Israel
▪ Environmental Policy and Planning
Water-Sensitive Urban Planning
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The Phoenix Strategy for
“Updating” Older Housing
The problem: A large share about a third of the
housing stock in the country is far below current
standards
A discovery by Technion researchers: Houses
and buildings of all types, serving lower- and higher-
class residents, in low-rise and high-rise buildings, can be
“updated”, without heavy public investment
Housing and Urban Renewal
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Acre East
Self-Help Enlargement
in a low income neighborhood
Original size: 43 m2 Expanded unit: 114 m2
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Why Phoenix?
The Phoenix is the legendary bird who lives a
long life repeatedly rising anew from its ashes
to live another long period
In our case, the body of the Phoenix is a housing
unit and its soul is a household
Following one period of life, the housing unit
goes through extensive transformation, initiated
and managed by the household, and rises anew
to serve its occupants for yet another long period
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Ramat Aviv
A middle-class neighborhood in Tel-Aviv
Before
After
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Ramat Aviv
Before: 3 rooms + 1 bathroom
After: 4 rooms + 2 bathrooms + elevator
Enlargement Plan
Original size: 65 m2
Enlargement: 35m2
Total: 100m2
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The Phoenix Strategy
User-controlled process of
changing, expanding and
renovating housing
units and buildings
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Benefits of the Phoenix Strategy
▪ Halting deterioration and encouraging
neighborhoods regeneration
▪ Improved affordable living conditions for the
residents
▪ Higher satisfaction with one's dwelling unit
▪ Saving huge amounts of new resources,
especially open space and energy, which are
required for new construction, where housing
updating processes do not take place
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Impact on IsraelGovernmental and municipal plans and
procedures were changed to facilitate the
Phoenix Strategy; more than a hundred
thousands housing units were updated
International recognitionEuropean colleagues, especially in the UK,
Sweden ,Hungary, Italy and the Netherlands, are
implementing the Phoenix Strategy for updating
the housing stock in their countries
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Water-Sensitive Urban Planning
Water is a scarce resource in Israel
The Technion researchers faced a challenge:
How to enable urban development in Israel,
without harming its water resources
Collaboration between experts in water
management, urban planning, and landscape
architecture created an innovative strategy of
Water-Sensitive Urban Planning
Environmental Policy and Planning
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WaSUP, Technion innovative strategy, requires
integration of water considerations at all levels
of urban planning:
▪ Level of the single house – Very simple facilities
make runoff infiltrate into the ground and enrich
groundwater: enclosing wall, 10 inches high; rainspout
to garden/loan
▪ Level of the neighborhood, city – Slowing down
runoff by topography of streets, by planning infiltration
areas and constructing small reservoirs for rainwater
▪ National level – Larger infiltration areas and
reservoirs instead of huge and very expensive
drainage systems