From National Government
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Transcript of From National Government
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Civil Society
State Private Market
Global
National
Decision-Making Power/Authority
Local
From National Government
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To Transnationalized Governance
Civil Society
State Private Market
Global
National
Locus of decision-making
Local
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State-Centric Perspective
State I State II
Society I Society II
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Simple Transnationalism
State I State II
Society I Society II
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Complex Transnationalism
Intl Organizations
State I State II
Society I Society II
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Tri-Sectoral/Level Perspective Sector:
Level:
Non-profit Public Private
InternationalInternational NGOs
International agencies
Multinational corporations
NationalNational NGOs National
governmentsNational companies
Local
Community-based organizations
Local governments
Neighborhood businesses
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Manifestations of New Governance• Transnational advocacy networks (TANs)• International/global/world civil society• Intergovernmental institutions and
organizations– WTO, NAFTA– WB, IMF– UN
• New forms of regulation
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The Growth Of Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
#Orgs
1953 1963 1973 1983 1993
Human Rights
Environment
Development
Year
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Transnational Governance and Networks
• How are networks organized?
• What are effective strategies and tactics?
• Under what conditions are they successful?
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Networks
• National • International
– Transnational advocacy networks• What are networks?
– Voluntary, reciprocal patterns of communication and exchange
– Fluid and open relationships among committed actors working in an issue area
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Effective Network Structure
• Organizationally dense• Linked by strong bridging organizations and
shared values• Participatory and mutually accountable • Non-bureaucratic• Driven by strong domestic actors, especially
grassroots
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Effective Models for Change• “Boomerang” model of change
– When domestic actors blocked– Transnational actors apply pressure
• “Spiral” model of change & norm adoption– 1) State repression – activists put issue on intl
agenda. States deny norms– 2) States make some concessions under pressure
– Opens up domestic space
– 3) Norms achieve proscriptive status OR states increase repression
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Effective Network Strategies
• Employ a range of tactics• Operate at multiple levels across numerous
countries• Wield scientific knowledge• Are linked with scientific groups• Promote democratization (?)
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Effective Network Action
• Issues promote the public interest rather than advancing private interests
• Norm promotion or creation is aligned with domestic and international environments
• Monitoring and support of norm implementation is prioritized
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Supportive Conditions for Change
• Democratic opportunity structures
• Elite allies inside powerful agencies
• Windows of opportunity
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Challenges for Transnational Networks
• Diverse member goals• Power imbalances • Secretive or opaque communication• Loose affiliations, far flung• Lack of clear goals or activities
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What are the tactics?• Information politics
– Create politically usable information• Symbolic politics
– Create symbols that draw people in• Leverage politics
– Use material (economics) or moral (shame) leverage
• Accountability politics– Hold powerful actors to previous statements
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When are advocacy networks most successful?
• Issue characteristics– Have moral salience– Have a causal story– Involve clear harm to people– Involve equality of opportunity
• Actor characteristics– Dense network with many overlapping ties– Targeted actors are vulnerable to activist
incentives or sanctions
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North and Institutions
• Institutions: incentive structure of society• Institutions: ‘rules of the game’• Organizations: “the teams”
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Institutions as Constraints
• Reduce ‘transactions costs’ by reducing uncertainty about outcomes– Less than idea but stable institutions might
support growth and development• Formal constraints:
– Rules, laws, constitutions• Informal constraints
– Norms, conventions, self-imposed codes of conduct
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How do institutions change?
• People’s mental models and categories affect how they define problems and see the world– ‘culture’
• Change occurs:– With shocks or unexpected events– With large scale historical trends like current
wave of global integration– But typically quite slowly – mental models are
slow to change
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