Friend or Foe Identification

ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010

Justin AyvazianBen JohnsonEric Putney

Michael Ruth

Advisor: Professor Sandip Kundu

Friend or Foe Identification

2ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010

Motivation

•Deaths per day due to Vehicle Bombings in Iraq

•7,000 heavily armored Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles transported into Iraq from 07’ to 08’

•Accounts for drop in deaths since 2007

•Vehicle hijackings and digital attacks more frequent as a result

•Prominent in Afghanistan and Pakistan

•18 attacks on Pakistani soil, up to 13 vehicles hijacked per attack (From August to November of 07’)

• Extrapolated, that’s over 2100 vehicles hijacked since August 07’


Problem Statement

• Identifying Ground Vehicles• Hijacking and Bombings

• Transmission• Signal Jamming• Eavesdropping

• Security• Hacking• Data Encryption and Decryption


System Block Diagram


Proposed Solution

•Identification

•Hashing table – Unique IDs

•Input/Output

• “Rose”

• Vehicle and Base Interaction

• Output – GPS and Radar

•Security

•RC5, CDMA, Frequency Hopping

•Transmission

•Amateur Radio, Two way Radio


Alternative Ideas

Identification• Hourly Notification• Vehicle shutdown

Transmission• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)• WiMax (802.20)• WiFi(802.11)


User-Level Diagram


Communication Scheme


Packet Structures

4 message types:• Base Module:

• Request Identification

• Acknowledge ID/Update Hash Value

• Vehicle Module:• Transmit Identification

• Acknowledge Hash Update


Encryption

Protect data and transmissions from enemy• Have a 2-pronged attack• Protect message by encrypting data

• Encryption Ciphers• Protect message by preventing transmission

interception• Frequency hopping• CDMA


Message Encryption

Encryption Requirements• Robust• Fast• Low memory requirements• Symmetric Block Cipher

RC5• Lightweight algorithm that provides strong security


RC5 Encryption

Input parameters• Word Size• Number of Rounds• Key Length

Applies data-dependent transformations

Basic Attributes• Simple encryption algorithm• Symmetric Block Cipher• Performs word-oriented operations• Allows implementer to choose encryption parameters• Suitable for both hardware and software implementation


Block Diagram—Base Module


Block Diagram—Vehicle Module


System Requirements

Minimum range of one mile• Adequate time to identify vehicles and respond

Dynamic system• Communicate with multiple moving vehicles• Exponential back-off (not MIMO)

• Not a data–heavy application• Range more important than rate of data transfer

Frequency hopping preferable


Communication System

Omnidirectional antenna• Unity gain (approximately isotropic radiation)

Need low power• ~1 W

Need available bandwidth• Many communications restrictions

Options• WiFi as a prototype system• Amateur radio• 2-way radios


Antenna System

Friis Equation

• PRX = Power seen at receiver (W)

• PTX = Power supplied to transmitting antenna (W)

• GTX = Gain of transmitting antenna (dimensionless)

• GRX = Gain of receiving antenna (dimensionless)

• Lambda = wavelength of transmission frequency (m)• R = Distance between antennas• As lambda increases, the range increases, but so does the

required antenna length (for constant Pr, Pt)


Options

Two way radio (example: Cobra PR135)• Fully assembled RF module• Two mile range• Twenty two channels (between 462 MHz and 467 MHz)• Maximum SNR is 40 dB• Transmitter power is 500 mW

Amateur radio• Beyond scope of project and too expensive• Nominal power received is .15 uW at one mile

• (Unity gain antennas, 460 MHz, 150 W)


Software Prototype

Java• Sockets to simulate wireless transmissions• Opening socket simulated reception of initial request to

transmit signal (vehicle in range)• Data is sent in a 32 bit packet (Single Int)

Encryption Algorithm is multiplying by -1 Hashing of passwords Accounts for multiple vehicles at one time


Deliverables Over the Full Year

Hardware • FPGA and Memory System• Transceiver Module• GPS Module

Software • All Software Prototype (Completed)• Encryption Algorithm Using RC5• Graphical User Interface

Will Expand on in MDR


Cost Estimates

Altera FPGA Starter Kit - $199• includes memory, clock, USB input, power supply, four

switches, and four LED’s

Single FPGA ~ $100 Single 256k memory ~ $2 Transceiver module ~ $40


Future Schedule

By MDR (Midpoint Design Review)• FPGA design (layout) finished• Transceiver module design in progress• Hardware components selected and ordered• Encryption module started• GUI completed

By CDR (Comprehensive Design Review)• Hardware built and implemented• Encryption module finished• System modules integrated and testing under way

By FPR (Final Project Review)• Completed project with a working demonstration


Team Roles

Antenna, Signal Processing, and Power (Justin) FPGA and Memory Interfacing (Ben) Encryption Module (Mike) Overall System Implementation and GUI (Eric)

Friend or Foe Identification

Documents

Transcript of Friend or Foe Identification