Freshwater Fish Nutrition

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Nutritional Requirementsof Freshwater Fish

Aquaculture SpeciesBy: Tim OKeefe (Aqua-Food Technologies, Inc.) andMark Newman (M.N. Aqua Nutrition Consulting)

Edited and updated specifically for the SoutheastAsian Region by Lukas Manomaitis, ASA-IM SEATechnical Director (Aquaculture)

This is version 1.0 December 2011


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Copyright Statement

2011 U.S. Soybean Export Council, Inc. All rights reserved.

This entire publication is under copyright and made

available for distribution for private use only through the

. ater a s or n ormat on conta ne n t spublication may not be further distributed or used without

requesting and receiving written permission from the

USSEC.

U.S. Soybean Export Council, Inc.

16305 Swingley Ridge Road (the Atrium)

Suite 200

Chesterfield, MO 63017

USA


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Feed Specialist Presentations

This presentation is one of aseries of presentations prepared

for the USSEC Feed Specialist

ro ram. Information is

presented as is and is notintended to be definitive or

complete, but as a starting

point for presentations given in

person. Please contact

[email protected] if

you are interested learning

more.

Mark Newman, Feed Specialist (left)

and Lukas Manomaitis, Technical

Director (right)


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International marketingactivities for US Soybeans

are supported by US soy

farmers through the Soybean

Checkoff program. US farmers

believe and stand behind

their product and its use

worldwide.


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Fish Digestive System Comparison

Mouth Esophagus Stomach HindgutMidgut Anus

Trout

Catfish

Pyloric

Caeca

Carp

Milkfish

Epibrancheal

Organ

Gall

Bladder

Pyloric

Caeca

Pharyngeal

Teeth

Gizzard

Silver

Carp


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Nutrient Requirements of Fish

EnergyProteins

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals


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Energy Partitioning of Food Consumed by Fish

Gross

Energy Digestible

Energy

Gill, Kidney &

Skin Excretions

Metabolizable

Energy

FecalEnergy

Heat Increment(SDA)

Production Energy

NetEnergy

a n

Reproduction

Maintenance Energy

Metabolism

Activity Heat

Unique Characteristics

N Waste Excreted as NH3333

Neutral Buoyancy

Efficient Locomotion

Poikilothermic


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Methods of DeterminingFeed Energy Values

GE DE ME

Analytical Calorimetry - adiabatic bomb calorimeter measures heat released

on complete combustion of feed

-

determined on the basis of ratios of energyto inert indicator in samples of food and feces

Direct Measurement - direct measurement

of total energy in feed, feces, and urine

& gill excretions

Physiological Fuel Values - calculated energy

values based on GE,digestion coefficients and

assumed energy loss from nitrogen excretion


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Physiological Fuel Values

(kcal/g)

Nutrient Class Gross Energy Digestible Energy

Protein 5.6 4.5Fat 9.4

Unsaturated 8.5-9.0

Saturated 7.5-8.0

Phospholipid 7.2Carbohydrate 4.1

Raw Starch 1.6

Gelatinized Starch 2.3

Dextrin 3.2

Fiber 0


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1 kg 4080 kcal

Gain DE


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Energy Proteins

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals


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Fish require highFish require high--protein, highprotein, high--energyenergyfeeds for economical growth ratesfeeds for economical growth rates

un er n ens ve cu ure con ons.un er n ens ve cu ure con ons.


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Typical Protein Levels in Diets for Freshwater Fish

Species Fry Juveniles Adults

Trout 55 - 48 50 - 45 46 - 36Catfish 50 - 40 40 - 30 32 - 25

Tilapia 45 - 40 40 - 30 32 - 25Carp 45 - 40 40 - 30 36 - 25

Total Balanced Protein, assuming minimum 90% digestibility


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Soy Protein Amino Acid ProfileSoy Protein Amino Acid Profile

& Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Fish& Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Fish

Amino Acid* SoybeanProtein RainbowTrout ChannelCatfish BlueTilapia CommonCarp

Arg 7.4 5.7 4.3 4.2 4.3. . . . .

Iso 5.0 2.6 2.6 3.1 2.5Leu 7.5 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.3

Lys 6.4 6.0 5.1 5.1 5.7Met & Cys 3.1 3.0 2.3 3.2 3.1Phe & Tyr 8.3 5.3 5.0 5.7 6.5

Thr 3.9 2.4 2.0 3.7 3.9Try 1.4 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.8Val 5.1 3.5 3.0 2.8 3.6

*Expressed as percent of crude protein


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Recommended Proportions

ofEnergy to Protein

Species Digestible

Protein

( % )

Digestible

Energy

( kcal /100g )

DE / DP

( kcal / g )

Trout 46.8 420 9.0

43.0 405 9.4

. .

36.0 346 9.6

Catfish 45.0 400 8.8

36.0 324 9.0

28.8 276 9.6

27.0 237 8.8

Tilapia 40.5 356 8.8

36.0 324 9.0

31.5 290 9.2


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EnergyProteins

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals


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Lipid Requirements

Energy

Essential Fatt Acids

Sterols

Phospholipids


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Essential Fatty Acid Requirements

Of Freshwater Fish

SpeciesAmount

( % )

Linolenic

18:3 n3

EPA

20:5 n3

DHA

22:6 n3

Trout 1.0 2.0 + +or 1.0 +

Catfish 0.5 1.0 or 0.5 0.7 +or 0.5 0.7 + +

Tilapia 1.0

or 0.5 0.7 +or 0.5 0.7 + +

Carp 1.0

or 0.5 +or 0.5 + +


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Bt/RR2Y(Monsanto)

Low Sat(Monsanto)

Omega-3(Monsanto;

Steandonic Acid)

High

Stearate(Monsanto;DuPont)

High Beta-Conglycinin

(Monsanto;

DuPont)

Industry Soybean Portfolio Agronomic

Quality/Food

RR2Y(Monsanto)

Low-Phytate(DuPont)

Dicamba Tolerant(Monsanto)

Omega-3(EPA/DHA)

DuPont

Feed: High ProteinSoybean

(Monsanto; DuPont)

Yield(Monsanto;

Pioneer)

Rust(Monsanto;

Pioneer

Antibody -containing

(against E.coli 0157:H)

Processing:High Oil Soy

(Monsanto)

High Oleic(DuPont)

Liberty Link(Bayer)

201X2009 2010 2011

Modified 7SProtein FF(Dupont)

High Oleic, Stearate(DuPont)

2012

Low Lin(Syngenta)

Glyphosate &isoxaflutole tol.(Bayer)*

Herbicide tol.: 2,4-Dand fop/ aryloxyphenoxy

propionate herbicides (Dow)

Disease(Monsanto;

Pioneer)

Soybean CystNematode

Monsanto; PioneerGAT (Pioneer/DuPont)


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Lipid Requirements

Fish Oil Quality

Parameter Units Amount

Moisture % < 1.0

Free Fatty Acids % < 3.0Peroxide Value meq/kg < 10

20 hr AOM 20 meq/kg < 20

Ethoxyquin mg/kg 100 - 500

- or BHA mg/kg 40 - 200


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EnergyProteins

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals


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Monosaccharidesarabinose, ribose, & xylose

glucose & fructose

Carbohydrates

sucrose, lactose, & maltoseraffinose & stachyose

Polysaccharidesstarch, dextrin, glycogen, &cellulosechitin, agar, carrageenan, pectins & gums


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Carbohydrates

Activity of Amylase in Yellowtail and Carp(Shimeno, et.al. 1977)

Yellowtail Carp

Amylase (micromole/min) 12.5 1040


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Energy

Proteins

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals


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Minerals

Inorganic components of the feed

Structural components of hard tissues

Component of soft tissues

Cofactors and/or activators of enzymes

Function in acid base balance

Function in production of membrane potentials

Function in osmoregulation


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Macro Minerals

Calcium

no requirement for dietary supplementation

maximum level in feed should be 2.0 to 2.3%

Magnesium

activator of enz mes involved in carboh drate and roteinmetabolism

seawater contains 1,350mg of Mg / l

marine fish excrete Mg

Phosphorus

available phosphorus requirement = 0.6 to 0.8 %

Potassium

usually no requirement for dietary supplementation


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Comparison of Mineral Levels

in Practical Aquaculture Diets*

Element Units Trout Catfish Tilapia Carp

Calcium % 1.5 - 2.3 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5Magnesium % 0.04 - 0.06 0.2 - 0.45 0.2 -0.5 0.2 - 0.5

Phosphorus (Available) % 0.6 - 0.7 0.45 - 0.6 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 - 0.7

Potassium % 0.6 - 0.9 0.6 - 1.6 0.6 - 1.6 0.6 - 1.6

Cobalt ppm 0.3 - 0.4 0.2 - 0.4 0.2 -0.4 0.2 - 0.5

Copper ppm 5 - 15 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 20

Iodine ppm 4 - 5 2 - 4 4 - 5 4 - 5

Iron ppm 200 - 350 100 - 500 100 - 500 100 - 500

Manganese ppm 40 - 80 15 - 50 25 - 50 25 - 50

Selenium ppm 0.3 - 1.0 0.25 - 1.0 0.4 - 1.0 0.4 - 1.0Zinc ppm 100 - 150


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Mineral Supplementation for Practical Diets(ASAIM Mineral Premix F-1)

Element Units Amount inPremix Amount InFeed

Selenium mg / kg 200 0.5

The intended usage rate of this premix is 0.25% of the diet.

Zinc mg / kg 40000 100Iron mg / kg 40000 100

Manganese mg / kg 10000 25

Iodine mg / kg 1800 4.5

Copper mg / kg 4000 10

Cobalt mg / kg 20 0.05


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Energy

Proteins

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals


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oncentra

tion

Tissue

Vitamin Requirement

oncentra

tion

Tissue

Vitamin Requirement

Vitamin I

Vitamin Activity in Feed

Optimum

Growth

Adaptive

Response

Vitamin I

Vitamin Activity in Feed

Optimum

Growth

Adaptive

Response

Optimum

Growth

Adaptive

Response


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Vitamin Units / kg Trout Catfish Tilapia Carp

A IU 4000 8000 1000 2000 4000 4400 2000 4000

D IU 1000 2000 500 1000 2000 2200 1000 2000E IU 100 400 30 50 50 60 50 100

K m R 12 R 4.4 0 5 0 5

Vitamin Fortification Levels

inPractical Fish Feeds

Thiamin B1 mg 10 30 1 2.5 10 11 5 10Riboflavin B2 g 20 40 R 9 15 20 10 20

Pyridoxine B6 mg 10 25 3 5 10 11 5 10Vitamin B12 mg 0.02 0.05 R 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02

Niacin mg 150 200 R 14 30 80 15 30Pantothenate mg 40 60 15 20 35 50 15 35

Folic Acid mg 5 10 R 2.2 5 3 5Biotin mg 0.1 0.4 0 R 0 0.1 0.05 0.01

Vitamin C mg 100 125 50 60 50 100 50 100Choline mg 500 1000 R R 500 R 500

Astaxanthin mg 0 80 - - - - - -


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Vitamin Supplementation for Practical Diets

(ASAIM Vitamin Premix F-2)

Vitamin Units

Amount in Amount In

Premix FeedVitamin A IU/kg 1200000 6000

Vitamin D3 IU/kg 200000 1000

The intended

usage rate of

this premix is

0.5% of the

Biotin mg/kg 40 0.2Folic Acid mg/kg 1800 9

Niacin mg/kg 40000 200

Pantothenate mg/kg 20000 100

Pyridoxine (B6) mg/kg 5000 25Riboflavin (B2) mg/kg 8000 40

Thiamin (B1) mg/kg 8000 40

Vitamin B12 g/kg 2000 10

Ethoxyquin mg/kg 500 2.5

diet.

Vitamin C is

not included,

should be

included

separately in astabilized form

according to

health and

environmental

conditions


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Vitamins and Minerals

in a Premix

Vitamins and Minerals

in a Feed

In short, vitamins and mineral premixes should be kept separate, including from otherfeed additives (mycotoxin binders, mold inhibitors, etc.), to prevent interactions


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2010 Tilapia Growout Feeding Study

36, 32, 28 & 24% Protein Feeds

Haikou, Hainan, China

nsert p oto o tr a


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Tilapia Growout Four Protein Feeds

Density: 1,200 fish/cage in 4-m3 cages

Duration: June November, based onrowth to 500

Stocking size: 50-g tilapia

Feed Treatments: 36/7, 32/6, 28/4, 24/3.5 varying protein level; same DE:DP ratio


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Trial Results

36/7 32/6 28/4 24/3.5

Feeding days 110 110 127 150

Growth (g) 521 512 511 511

Wt. ain /da 4.28 4.20 3.63 3.07

PG (kg/m3) 146 131 139 145

Survival (%) 93.6 85.4* 90.8 94.7

FCR: 1.25 1.41 1.55 1.74

*Low survival in the 32/6 treatment was the result of fish escapes after

typhoon damage to the covers of two of the three 32/6 treatment cages


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511

g

511g521/512g

E i *


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Economics*

36/ 32/6 2/4 24/3.5

/ $ 0. $ 0. $ 0.6 $ 0.63

$ 1.11 $ 1.0 $ 1.0 $ 1.0

/3 $ 36.21 $ 36.2 $ 13. $ .55

(%) 1.5 20.2 4.6

*Original calculations done in Chinese RMB at 6.6RMB/USD

C l i


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Conclusions

The LVHD tilapia study was successfully completed

with satisfactory results despite the most serious

typhoon and storm in 50 years in the Haikou region.

The only impact was some damage to the cage covers

a resu e n s escape an su sequen y a ower

reported survival in Cages 2 and 3 of 32/6 feed

treatment.

C l i


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Conclusions

Tilapia reached the target market size of 500 g in less

than 110 days on the 36/7 and 32/6 extruded soybased feeds

Tilapia fed the 28/4 and 24/3.5 feeds required 17 and40 days longer to reach the same market size (510 g)as tilapia fed the 32/6 feed

Conclusions


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Conclusions

The daily weight gain of tilapia fed the 28/4

and 24/3.5 feeds was 15.7% and 36.8% lower,

respectively, than tilapia fed the 32/6 feed

. ,

but lowest feed cost per unit of fish gain, aswell as highest net income and ROI, was with

the 32/6 feed

ROI with the 32/6 was 2. 9 and 4.4 times higher

than with the 28/4 and 24/3.5 feeds

Conclusions


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Conclusions

Results show that the ASA-IM 32/6 feed isoptimal as a growout feed for most tilapia

farming: it yields the lowest feed cost per unit offish gain and the highest economic return, evenwhen the 32/6 feed cost is much higher than thecost of lower protein feeds

Tilapia farmers should balance economic cost and

risk when selecting feeds - the 24/3.5 feed in thisstudy required an additional 40 days for fish toreach market size, and yielded almost no profit


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