Free video lectures for mba
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Free Video Lectures for MBA Free Video Lectures for MBA By: By: video.edhole.com video.edhole.com
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Free Video Lectures for MBAFree Video Lectures for MBABy:By:
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PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & BACTERIOLOGICAL BACTERIOLOGICAL
CONTAMINATION OF WATER CONTAMINATION OF WATER AND WATER QUALITY AND WATER QUALITY
STANDARDSSTANDARDS
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Distribution of water on earthDistribution of water on earth
Ocean and sea - 97%Ocean and sea - 97%
Snow and ice caps - 2%Snow and ice caps - 2%
Rivers,lakes, Ground water - 1%Rivers,lakes, Ground water - 1%
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UNIVERSAL SOLVENTUNIVERSAL SOLVENT
QUALITYQUALITY DEMERITDEMERIT
45 LAC WELLS 45 LAC WELLS AND AND
50 LAC SEPTIC TANKS ( ?)50 LAC SEPTIC TANKS ( ?)
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contaminationcontamination
GeologicalGeological
Human activities Human activities
. Organic waste. Organic waste Industrial wasteIndustrial waste
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Safe drinking waterSafe drinking water
Free from pathogenic organismsFree from pathogenic organisms ClearClear Not salineNot saline Free from offensive taste or smellFree from offensive taste or smell Free from compounds that may Free from compounds that may
have adverse effect on human have adverse effect on human healthhealth
Free from chemicals that cause Free from chemicals that cause corrosion of water supply systemscorrosion of water supply systemsvideo.edhole.com
WATER QUALITY PARAMETERSWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Physical parameters Physical parameters ChemicalChemical Bacteriological Bacteriological
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BUREAU OFINDIAN STANDARDSBUREAU OFINDIAN STANDARDSIS 10500-1991IS 10500-1991
ParametersParameters Disirable Disirable l imitl imit
Permissible Permissible l imitl imit
Colour Hazen unitColour Hazen unit 55 2525
Turbidity-NTUTurbidity-NTU 55 1010
pHpH 6.5-8.56.5-8.5 6.5-8.56.5-8.5
Hardness (as Hardness (as CaCOCaCO 33)mg/l)mg/l
0.30.3 11
TDSTDS 500500 20002000video.edhole.com
BUREAU OFINDIAN STANDARDSBUREAU OFINDIAN STANDARDSIS 10500-1991IS 10500-1991
ParametersParameters Disirable Disirable l imitl imit
Permissible Permissible l imitl imit
Nitrate mg/lNitrate mg/l 4545 4545
Chloride mg/lChloride mg/l 250250 10001000
Flouride mg/lFlouride mg/l 11 1.51.5
Arsenic mg/lArsenic mg/l 0.050.05 0.050.05
Aluminium mg/lAluminium mg/l 0.030.03 0.20.2video.edhole.com
Colour Colour
May be due to the Presence of organic May be due to the Presence of organic matter,metals(iron, manganese) or highly matter,metals(iron, manganese) or highly coloured industrial wastecoloured industrial waste
Aesthetically displeasingAesthetically displeasing Disirable that drinking water be colourlessDisirable that drinking water be colourless Disirable limit, 5 Hazen unitDisirable limit, 5 Hazen unit Permissible limit 25 Hazen UnitPermissible limit 25 Hazen Unit
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Taste and OdourTaste and Odour
Mainly due to organic Mainly due to organic substances, ,Biological activity, substances, ,Biological activity, industrial pollutionindustrial pollution
Taste buds in the oral cavity Taste buds in the oral cavity specially detect inorganic specially detect inorganic compounds of metals l ike compounds of metals l ike magnesium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron and zinccopper, iron and zinc
Water should be free from Water should be free from objectionable taste and odour.objectionable taste and odour.
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TurbidityTurbidity
Caused by suspended matterCaused by suspended matter High level turbidity shield and High level turbidity shield and
protect bacteria from the action of protect bacteria from the action of disinfecting agentsdisinfecting agents
Disirable l imit-5NTUDisirable l imit-5NTU should be below 1 NTU when should be below 1 NTU when
disinfection is practiceddisinfection is practiced Permissible l imit-10NTUPermissible l imit-10NTU
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pHpH
It is the measure of hydrogen ion It is the measure of hydrogen ion concentrationconcentration
Neutral water pH-7Neutral water pH-7 Acidic water has pH below 7 Acidic water has pH below 7 Basic water has pH above 7Basic water has pH above 7 Disirable limit 6.5-8.5 Beyond this limit Disirable limit 6.5-8.5 Beyond this limit
the water will affect the mucous the water will affect the mucous membrane and water supply systemmembrane and water supply system
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Substances that change pH of Substances that change pH of waterwater
AcidicAcidic IndustriesIndustries Sugar - 5 – 6 Sugar - 5 – 6 Distillery 3 - 4Distillery 3 - 4 Electro-Electro- Plating unit 2.5-4Plating unit 2.5-4 Pickle 2 - 3Pickle 2 - 3
BasicBasic
Paper 8 – Paper 8 – 1010
Textile 8.5-Texti le 8.5-1111
Ferti l iser 6.5- Ferti l iser 6.5- 99
Oil Refine-Oil Refine- r ies 6.5-ries 6.5-
9.59.5
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Battery Battery acidsacids
<1.0<1.0 MilkMilk 6.76.7
Carbonated Carbonated BeveragesBeverages
2 – 42 – 4 Rain waterRain water 6.56.5
Lemon juiceLemon juice 2.32.3 BloodBlood 7.57.5
Orange Orange juicejuice
4.24.2 SeaSea waterwater
8.08.0
VinegarVinegar 33 Ammonia Ammonia solutionsolution
11.311.3
Domestic Domestic sewage sewage
6.5-8.56.5-8.5 GroundGround waterwater
7.5-8.57.5-8.5video.edhole.com
HARDNESSHARDNESS
Capacity of water for reducing and Capacity of water for reducing and destroying the lather of soapdestroying the lather of soap
It is total concentration of calcium and It is total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions magnesium ions
Temporary hardness – Bicarbonates of Temporary hardness – Bicarbonates of Calcium and MagnesiumCalcium and Magnesium
Permanent hardness – Sulphates, Permanent hardness – Sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesiummagnesium
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Hardness – contd…Hardness – contd…
0 – 50 mg/l - soft0 – 50 mg/l - soft 50 – 150 mg/l - moderately hard50 – 150 mg/l - moderately hard 150 – 300 mg/l - hard150 – 300 mg/l - hard 300 above - very hard300 above - very hard Surface water is softer than ground waterSurface water is softer than ground water Causes encrustations in water supply Causes encrustations in water supply
structures structures
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ALKALINITYALKALINITY Capacity to nutralise acidCapacity to nutralise acid Presence of carbonates, bi-carbonates Presence of carbonates, bi-carbonates
and hydroxide compounds of Ca, Mg, Na and hydroxide compounds of Ca, Mg, Na and Kand K
Alkalinity = hardness, Ca and Mg saltsAlkalinity = hardness, Ca and Mg salts Alkalinity > hardness - presence of basic Alkalinity > hardness - presence of basic
salts, Na, K along with Ca and Mg salts, Na, K along with Ca and Mg Alkalinity < hardness – neutral salts of Ca Alkalinity < hardness – neutral salts of Ca
& Mg present & Mg present video.edhole.com
IRONIRON One of the earth’s most plentiful One of the earth’s most plentiful
resourceresource
High iron causes brown or yellow High iron causes brown or yellow staining of laundry, household f ixturesstaining of laundry, household f ixtures
Metalic taste, offensive odour, poor Metalic taste, offensive odour, poor tasting coffee tasting coffee
Cause iron bacteriaCause iron bacteria
Acceptable l imit – 0.3 mg / lAcceptable l imit – 0.3 mg / lvideo.edhole.com
CHLORIDECHLORIDE CausesCauses Dissolution of salt depositDissolution of salt deposit Discharge of effluentsDischarge of effluents Intrusion of sea waterIntrusion of sea water Not harmful to human beingsNot harmful to human beings Regarding irrigation – most troublesome Regarding irrigation – most troublesome
anionanion Acceptable limit - 250 mg/lAcceptable limit - 250 mg/l
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NITRATENITRATE
Increasing level of nitrate is due toIncreasing level of nitrate is due to
Agricultural fertilizers, manure,animal Agricultural fertilizers, manure,animal dung, nitrogenous material ,sewage dung, nitrogenous material ,sewage pollutionpollution
(blue baby diseases to infants)(blue baby diseases to infants)
Maximum permissible limit 45 mg / lMaximum permissible limit 45 mg / lvideo.edhole.com
FLOURIDEFLOURIDE Occurs naturallyOccurs naturally Long term consumption above Long term consumption above
permissible level can cause – permissible level can cause – dental f lurosis (molting of teeth)dental f lurosis (molting of teeth) Skeletal f lurosisSkeletal f lurosis Acceptable l imit – 1 mg / l Acceptable l imit – 1 mg / l Maximum permissible l imit – 1.5 mg / lMaximum permissible l imit – 1.5 mg / l Remedy – 1) DeflouridationRemedy – 1) Deflouridation 2) Mixing Fluride free water2) Mixing Fluride free water 3) Intake of vitamin C,D, 3) Intake of vitamin C,D,
calcium,antioxidantscalcium,antioxidantsvideo.edhole.com
FLOURIDE CAUSESFLOURIDE CAUSES
Three types of Three types of FluorosisFluorosis
1. Dental 1. Dental FluorosisFluorosis
2. Skeletal 2. Skeletal FluorosisFluorosis
3. Non-skeletal 3. Non-skeletal FluorosisFluorosis
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ARSENICARSENIC
Occur in ground water from arseniferous Occur in ground water from arseniferous beltbelt
Industrial waste, agricultural insecticideIndustrial waste, agricultural insecticide High arsenic causes 1) various type of High arsenic causes 1) various type of
dermatological lesions, muscular dermatological lesions, muscular weakness, paralysis of lower limbs, can weakness, paralysis of lower limbs, can also cause skin and lung canceralso cause skin and lung cancer
Acceptable limit – 0.05 mg / lAcceptable limit – 0.05 mg / l
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Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals
Present as mineral in soil and rocks of Present as mineral in soil and rocks of earthearth
Human activities Human activities Battery – Lead & NickelBattery – Lead & Nickel Textile - CopperTextile - Copper Photography – SilverPhotography – Silver Steel production – IronSteel production – Iron
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PesticidesPesticides
CancerCancer Birth defectsBirth defects Blood disorderBlood disorder Nervous disorderNervous disorder Genetic damageGenetic damage
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Essential bacteriological StandardsEssential bacteriological Standards
CharacteristicsCharacteristics Number / 100 mlNumber / 100 ml
Treated water in Treated water in distribution systemdistribution system
Feacal coliform zero Total Feacal coliform zero Total coliform not more than 10 coliform not more than 10 Total coliform Total coliform should not be detectible in should not be detectible in two consecutive samplestwo consecutive samples
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RESIDUAL CHLORINERESIDUAL CHLORINE
Chlorine added to water forms Chlorine added to water forms hypochlorite ions and hypochlorite acidshypochlorite ions and hypochlorite acids
Chlorine demand – Quantity required for Chlorine demand – Quantity required for kil l ing micro organisms and reacting with kil l ing micro organisms and reacting with ammonia, organic compounds etc.ammonia, organic compounds etc.
Free residual chlorine – To take care of Free residual chlorine – To take care of post contamination post contamination
Desirable – 0.2 mg / l i terDesirable – 0.2 mg / l i ter
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Common problems contdCommon problems contd
Visible effectsVisible effects ReasonsReasons
water turns black,smellwater turns black,smell Waste waterWaste water
Acidic tasteAcidic taste Low pHLow pH
Alkaline tasteAlkaline taste High pHHigh pH
Boiled Rice hard and Boiled Rice hard and yellowyellow
High AlkalinityHigh Alkalinity
White deposits on boil ingWhite deposits on boil ing HardnessHardnessvideo.edhole.com
Common problemsCommon problems
Visible effectsVisible effects ReasonReasonIron taste, change in colour after Iron taste, change in colour after exposure to atmosphere, change exposure to atmosphere, change in colour of cloths,utensils Oily in colour of cloths,utensils Oily appea- rance on top of water appea- rance on top of water bodybody
IronIron
Soap not lathering Soap not lathering hardnesshardnessBrownish black streaks on teethBrownish black streaks on teeth `Fluride`FlurideGrowth of AlgaeGrowth of Algae Nitrate, Nitrate,
phosphatephosphateFish ki l lsFish ki l ls Low pH Low pH
less DOless DOSalty tasteSalty taste chloridechloride
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