Frédéric Barbaresco- Wake-Vortex & Wind Monitoring Sensors

Air Systems Division

Wake-Vortex & Wind Monitoring SensorsFrédéric BARBARESCO

Air Systems Division2

Weather resilient ATM system should be based on new dedicated systems : ITWS : Integrated Terminal Weather Systems WVAS : Wake Vortex Advisory Systems

New sensors requirements: High resolution wind monitoring sensors High resolution wake vortex monitoring sensors

New sensor observation assimilation to improve : Nowcasting performance Forcasting confidence

Rationale

The key enablers for mitigation of wake-vortex hazards


Wake Vortex Advisory System Architecture

WVAS"Wake Vortex Advisory System"

Meteo Forecast

Meteo Nowcast

Traffic SituationWith AC Type

ATC-Wake Detectors

Selected SeparationMode and Minima

WV Alarms

WV Prediction

Supervisor

Meteo Centre

Local MeteoSensors

ATCSystem

Wake VortexDetectors

ATCOperators

HMI

•Approach•Tower•Ground

WIND Monitoring Sensors

WV Monitoring Sensors


Wind Monitoring Requirements: Information: 3D Wind Vector (Head-Wind, Cross-Wind, Up/Down Wind) (Ac. : 0.5 to

1 m/s) Atmospheric Turbulence

Time Constraints: Update Rate: 10 s to 1 mn Soft Real-Time (low latency)

Availability of Data in: 3 Dimensional Volume All Weather Conditions an Enlarged Airport Area (12 to 25 NM, 4000/5000 feets)

Fusion of Multi-Sensors measurements in a « Common 3D Wind Operational Picture »

Progressive Information Exploitation by: Wake-Vortex Predictor (Wake-Vortex Position/Strength Prediction) Nowcasting/Forecasting Weather Systems by assimilation

Airport Wind Monitoring


Wake-Vortex Monitoring Requirements: Information: Position of each roll-up (Ac. : 10 to 50 m) Strength (Circulation in m2/s) (Ac. : 5 m2/s) Extrapolated Positions (WV detection tracking) (Ac. : 10 to 50 m) Decay Phase

Time Constraints: Update Rate : 1 s to 10 s Hard Real-Time (very low latency)

Availability of Data in: 2D (along runways) or 3D (Final Approach & Initial Climb) All Weather Conditions Critical Area (along runways, ILS interception, Initial Climb)

Multi-Sensors Tracking Progressive Information Exploitation by: Wake-Vortex Alert Server Wake-Vortex Predictor (Atypical Behavior, Model Failure)

Airport Wake-Vortex Monitoring


Wakenet-3 / Greenwake Workshop

WAKE VORTEX & WIND MONITORING SENSORS IN ALL WEATHER CONDITIONS


THALES has organized a Special Workshop on « Wake Vortex & Wind Monitoring Sensors », March 2010 at Thales Research & Technology In cooperation with European GREENWAKE Study, Eurocontrol & FAA 35 Experts Talks on 2 days 120 attendees from Europe, US, Russia, China, Japan,… http://wakenet3-europe.org/index.php?id=125

Wakenet-3/Greenwake Special Workshop


Wakenet-3/Greenwake Workshop Agenda

Monday 29th March - Sensors for Wind Monitoring in All Weather Conditions Topic 1 : Wind Monitoring Radars Topic 2 : Radar Wind Profilers Topic 3 : Lidar Wind Profilers Topic 4 : Airborne Sensors & Aircraft Met Data

Tuesday 30th March - Sensors for Wake-Vortex Monitoring in All Weather Conditions Topic 5 : Radar Wake Vortex Sensors Topic 6 : Acoustic Wake Vortex Sensors Topic 7 : IR & UV Wake Vortex Sensors Topic 8 : Multiple Sensors


Key Candidate Technologies Radar (RAdio Detection And

Ranging) Technology 106 Years old (C. Hülsmeyer, 1904)

Lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) Technology (laser) 50 years old (T. Maiman,

1960)

Sonar (SOund Navigation And Ranging) (piezoelectric effect) 94 years old

(Paul Langevin & Constantin Chilowski, 1916)


All these sensors uses Doppler-Fizeau Effects

Woldemar Voigt (1850 - 1919)

Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau (1819 – 1896)

Christian Andreas Doppler (1803- 1853)

freq Radial Velocity (Doppler Spectrum Mean)

Var(freq) Turbulence (Doppler Spectrum Width)


Different Sensors Principles : Sensor Mode : Active / Passive (mainly in acoustic) Collaborative Multi-sensors

Sensor Configuration : Mono-Static / Multi-Static

Sensor Exploration : Profiler 1D Scanner 2D/3D Mechanical scanning Electronic scanning

Mono/Multi-Beams

Measurements on : Scattering Air Index variations

Sensors Technology


Lidar Scanner (1.5 m)

Wind Monitoring Sensors

Acoustic-Wave

M-Scan X-band Polar Radar

(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)

Lidar Scanner (1.6 m)

Bi-Static Radio-Acoustic (2 KHz, 3 cm /10.6 GHz)

Airborne Lidar (1.5 m)

Lidar Profiler (1.5 m)

E-Scan X-band Radar

FMCW X-band Polar Radar

(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)

UHF Radar Wind Profiler

(23 cm, 1290 MHz)Sodar/RASS

(1000-3000 Hz, 23 cm,1290 Mhz)

Collaborative Multi-Lidar (1.5 m)

Multi-Beam Lidar (1.5 m)

High Power GaN X-band Radar

(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)

VHF Radar Wind Profiler (5 m, 60 MHz)

Electromagnetic-Wave

S-band PSR Radar (3 cm, 9 GHz)

Mono/Bi-Static C-band Polar

Radar (5 cm, 6 GHz)


Wake-Vortex Monitoring Sensors

Electromagnetic-Wave Acoustic-Wave

X-band Pulse-

Compression Radar

(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)

Passive-Acoustic (IR laser beam)

Multi-static Active Acoustic

(1 KHz)

W-band Radar (3 mm, 94 GHz)

Passive Phased Microphone Arrays

(200-400 KHz)

E-Scan X-band Radar (3 cm, 9.6

GHz)

X-band Polar Radar

(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)

Lidar scanner (2 m)

Passive Forward Looking

Interferometer (3-16 m)

Active Acoustic (57 KHz)

Lidar scanner (1.5 m)

Ka-band Radar (8.5 mm, 35 GHz)

Lidar scanner (1.6 m)

UV Lidar (300 nm)


Wind Monitoring Sensors Performances

Update-Rate Latency Coverage 1D/2D/3D

AccuracyRange Low CostWeather Resilience Very Clear / Clear /

Haze / Fog /Very Low Visibility /

Heavy Rain

WindlinesAnemometers

Sodar/RassBi-Static Radio-Acoustic

TRL

VHF Wind ProfilerUHF Wind ProfilerS-Band PSR radar

C-Band radarM-Scan X-Band radar

1.5 m Lidar Scanner

1.6 m Lidar Scanner2 m Lidar Scanner

E-Scan X-Band radar

1.5 m Lidar Profiler

Coll. Multi 1.5 m Lidar

LowMediumHigh

* : Existing radar on airports (processing Upgrade)

*


Wake-Vortex Monitoring Sensors Performances

Update-Rate Latency Coverage 1D/2D/3D

AccuracyRange Low CostWeather Resilience Very Clear / Clear /

Haze / Fog /Very Low Visibility /

Heavy Rain

Passive Ac. Phased ArrayPassive Acoustic

Multi-Static Acoustic 1 KHzActive Acoustic 57 KHz

TRL

M-Scan X-band PolarM-Scan X-band PcompE-scan X-band Pcomp PolM-Scan Ka-Band radarM-Scan W-Band radar

1.6 m Lidar Scanner

UV Lidar

Passive Forw. Look. Inter.

1.5 m Lidar Scanner

2 m Lidar

LowMediumHigh


Radar/Lidar Sensors

Radar & Lidar are complementary sensors in all weather operations THALES has proved by derisking campaign (Paris CDG-2008) that X-band

Radar & Lidar are complementary for Wake Vortex Monitoring :

Lockheed Martin has proved by derisking Campaign (Westheimer Aiport) that X-band & Lidar are compementary for Wind Monitoring (& Wind-shear)


LidarLidar dB beta (clear air conditions) dB beta (clear air conditions) –– Typical Radar Provides No CapabilityTypical Radar Provides No Capability--5050--6060--7070 --4040 --3030TypTyp ClearClear Heavy HazeHeavy HazeSuper ClearSuper Clear

Colors painted on an airborne radar display

Transition region where groundclutter interference becomes

problematic for the radar

Lidar = 2 µm Lidar

X-band Radar / Lidar Complementarity

© LMCT


1.5 m Lidar range vs Pulse Energy

10

100

1000

10000

1,00E-07 1,00E-06 1,00E-05 1,00E-04 1,00E-03 1,00E-02

Ran

ge(

m)

energy(J)

1.5 µm pulsed Lidar range as a funtion of laser energy

E…

10 cm apertureextinction coef = 3,4 E -6 m-1

retour

Range resolution 30m (pulses 200ns) – integration time 0.1s

© LEOSPHERE


Low-Cost Multifunction Radar/Lidar Scanners

Available Soon (First tests at CDG Airport, in SESAR WP12.2.2)

Main Characteristics : High-Power 1.5 m Scanner in Clear Air or Very Clear air Low-Cost E-scanning X-band Radar with Pulse Compression in Low Visibility (Fog,

Heavy Rain) Main Advantages : Multifunction in All weather Conditions (Wet & Dry) : Wind & Wake-Vortex Monitoring 3D Scanning, High Update-Rate, High Resolution/Accuracy Very Low Cost


TRL Roadmap : Low-Cost X-band E-scan Radar

TRLevel

year

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Requirements & standards


TRL Roadmap : High-Power 1.5 m Lidar Scanner

TRLevel

year

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Requirements & standards


Lidar/Radar Wake-Vortex Sensors Simulator

o : vertical mode: lateral mode*

Peak RCS in low frequency band

Peak RCS in high frequency band

large characteristic

scale

small characteristic

scaleBragg

scattering

Bragg scattering

larger magnitude 10-7

smaller magnitude 10-8WaterWater VaporVapor

DensityDensity

106

107

108

109

1010

-150

-140

-130

-120

-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

t=5s

GilsonExperiments

K. Shariffprediction

Our result

Lidar Wake-Vortex Simulator: 1.5 m Lidar Simulator: UCL (Belgium) re-use by THALES in SESAR,

LEOSPHERE (France) 2 m Lidar Simulator: LMCT (USA)

Radar Wake-Vortex Simulator: High Resolution Simulator: NUDT (China) + upgrade with THALES/ONERA

(in Rain, Doppler Signature) Generic Simulator: UCL(Belgium) as THALES SESAR sub-contractor

NUDT


TU-Braunschweig as sub-contractor of THALES in SESAR WP12.2.2 Wake-Vortex Tracking based on: Lidar/Radar Multi-sensors Wake-Vortex Detections Traffic Information MET information Wake-Vortex Prediction Model

Most favorable in terms of Accuracy Reduced Uncertainty Model/Sensor Interaction

time-update measurement-update

kkkkk xHzKxx ˆˆˆ

kkk

PHKIP

x0, P0

state WV traffic, MET, sensor angles

model state transition~ established prediction models

error/uncertainty-feedback

measured quantitiesposition, strength (WV),range, bearing (sensor)

covariance ~ uncertainty bounds in current models, decreased by measurement

state WV traffic, MET, sensor angles

covariance ~ uncertainty bounds in current models, decreased by measurement

update on new prediction

update on new measurement

Sensors/Model Collaboration: Wake-Vortex Tracker


Radar Wind Monitoring Performances in Clear-Air : Radar can monitor Wind in Rain (light to heavy rain, hail) Existing Weather Radar can monitor Wind in Clear-Air with an availability

from 40 to 55% until range of 15 km and altitude of 500 m

Maximum detection distance (with a sensitivity of 0 dBZ at 100 km)Cn² (m-2/3):10-13 , S-band: -15dBZ(15 km), C-band: -26dB(4,4 km), X-band:34dBZ (1,9 km) New High-Power Emitter Weather Radar can monitor Wind in Very Clear-Air

with an availability of 100% until range of 15 km Toshiba GaN Weather Radar : “detects air conditions including wind speed

even in very clear weather – a very difficult task for most weather radars.”

Radar Clear-air Wind Monitoring

Meteo-France C-band Radar


Upgrade of Existing Equipment Upgrade of ATC PSR Radar Weather-Channel Rain Cell Tracking Doppler Wind Monitoring Doppler Turbulence Map

Reflectivity

Turbulence map

Doppler Mean

Time serie of Reflectivity Images (Update rate : 5mn)

Cloud Tracking (Morphological

Skeletons Matching)

Wind Filed Estimation (Doppler + Cloud Tracking)

INCHON SITE A (31 july 2001, 10:30)Weather detection

levels 1 (dark green) and 2 (light green)

ATC PSR Radar (weather channel)

Weather Radar


Down-link of Wind Information by ADS-B/Mode S Wind Information by Mode S Data-link (Monopulse Secundary

Surveillance Radar) : Thales RSM 970 S Secundary Radar Mode S "Enhanced Surveillance" (EHS) : Surveillance Radar can extract 1 to 5

BDS per scan : Register 50 hex (Track and Turn Report) : ground speed, true track angle, true

airspeed, and the roll angle. Register 60 hex (Heading and Speed Report) : magnetic heading, indicated

airspeed, and Mach number. Output from SSR Radar : ASTERIX format BDS 4/5,6 RSM 970 S Records scheduled by Thales in 2010

Wind information by ADS-B Data-link (Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast) 1090 MHz Extented Squiter Link : Thales AS 680 ADS-B Ground Station and

Multichannel AS 685-ADS-B/TIS-B and Existing Messages : Aircraft emitter category, Aircraft position and pressure

altitude Aircraft speed, and heading New requirements (update-rate : 10 s to 20 s) : Wind speed and direction,

Static temperature and barometric pressure, Aircraft weight and configuration, Atmospheric turbulence (eddy dissipation rate and total kinetic energy)

Constraints : bandwidth limitations in high density of aircrafts case, data latencies

Thales AS 680 ADS-B Ground Station / MAGS

Thales AS 685 -ADS-B/TIS-B Multichannel

Ground Station

Final Approach

Landing

Thales RSM 970 S


Down-link of Wind Information by ADS-B/Mode S Paris Traffic (CDG/LE Bourget/ORLY Airports) :

Potential ADS-B Data Coverage


SESAR WP12.2.2 Project schedule overview

2010-2012 2013-2014 2015-2016

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Data acquisition:Sensors

Benchmark(CDG)

Partial prototype:« Off-Line » demonstration

Time Based Separation(CDG)

Full scale prototype:« Shadow Mode »

Weather Dependant Separation(CDG)

WV sensors :• X-band radar (mech scan)•1.5 m Lidar

Weather Sensors :• Ultrasonic Anemometers • Lidar Wind Profiler• UHF Radar Wind Profiler• SODAR• X-band weather radar

WVAS System :• Separation Mode Planner• Wake Vortex Predictors • WV Alerts• Operator HMI

WV sensors :• X-band radar (elec scan)• 1.5 m Lidar

Weather Sensors :• Selected Wind profiling sensors

Full scale updated prototype:« Shadow Mode »

Pair Wise Separation(Frankfurt)


WV sensors :• X-band radar (elec scan)• 1.5 m LidarWeather Sensors :• Selected Wind profiling sensors


WV sensors :• X-band radar (elec scan)• 1.5 m Lidar

Weather Sensors :• Selected Wind profiling sensors

XP0Trials

Full scale simulation model

XP2Trials

XP3Trials

Model calibration & validation

XP1Trials

Note: The Wake Vortex Advisory System: WVAS

February 2011


THALES will supervise benchmarking of : Wake Vortex Monitoring Sensors

Wind Monitoring Sensors

Existing Meteo-France Equipment at Paris CDG Airport

Suite of Sensors benchmarking

M-Scan X-band Radars

Weather X-band Radar

1.5 m Lidar Wind Profiler


Ultrasonic Anemometers

Sodar Anemometers


1.5 m Lidar Scanner


Simulators Wake-Vortex Monitoring Radar Simulator (VHF to W bands) RCS signature in clear-air/rain Doppler signature High Range Resolution

Sensors : Technology for Low-Cost Polarimetric X-band Electronic scanning

Radar Antenna Technology for High-Power 1.5 m Lidar Scanner

Processing Advanced Wake-Vortex Detection/Fusion based on multi-sensors

Radar/Lidar data Tracking with Model/Sensors Collaboration Advanced Weather Channel of ATC PSR Radar

New standard for Met Data by Data-link: Mode S ADS-B

European Research Needs


A new generation of low cost sensors has recently emerged, boosted by technological breakthroughs & Renewel Wind Energy Market : Electronic scanning Low Cost X-band Radar High Power 1.5 micron Lidar scanner

Existing Equipments can be upgraded : Weather channel of S-band ATC PSR Radar Met Data from ADS-B/Mode S Extented Squiter

These sensors and data-links will be key enablers for critical Wake Vortex Advisory System that will be developed in : SESAR WP12.2.2 “Runway Wake Vortex Detection, Prediction and

decision support tools”. In future systems, operational in all weather conditions, Wind data will be ingested in “Wake Vortex Predictor” and will require: accurate/high space resolution fast time update rate

Wake-Vortex monitoring will improve confidence of Safety Nets with : Wake vortex position Wake vortex strength (circulation in m2/s) Wake vortex phase (transport & decay)

SYNTHESIS

From System-centric approach to Sensor-centric Approach


Questions

« A blind in one eye is the king in blinds kingdom »

Don’t let the ATC Operator & system use their 6th sense for Wake-Vortex Mitigation.

Allow them to have access to the Clear-sightedness of

Wind & Wake-Vortex sensors.

Frédéric Barbaresco- Wake-Vortex & Wind Monitoring Sensors

Documents

Transcript of Frédéric Barbaresco- Wake-Vortex & Wind Monitoring Sensors