Letter of Support Rob Frans and Frans Learning Strategies LLC
Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International...
![Page 1: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Frans Aarts
Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR)
Plant Research International
Plantekongres 2005, Denmark
Nutrient balances:
experiences from The Netherlands
![Page 2: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agricultural facts
Netherlands agricultural land: 1.9
million ha animal production: 8
billion euro
24,000 dairy farms (grass, maize)
6,000 pigs/chicken farms (no land)
Denmark agricultural land: 2.7 million
ha animal production: 5 billion
euro
![Page 3: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Agricultural facts
Netherlands agricultural land: 1.9
million ha animal production: 8
billion euro
24,000 dairy farms (grass, maize)
6,000 pigs/chicken farms (no land)
Denmark agricultural land: 2.7 million
ha animal production: 5 billion
euro
Livestock density
high very high
![Page 4: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Manure-N (1997)
Netherlands:
- 258 kg N/ha on average
- 288 kg N/ha on dairy farms
Denmark:
- 90 kg N/ha on average
![Page 5: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Effect of livestock density on N balance
(Denmark)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 100 200 300
N i husdyrgødning til markkg N/ha
N-o
ve
rsk
ud
be
dri
ft,
kg
N/h
a
Konv. planteavl u. dyr
Konv. planteavl m. sl.svin
Konv. svin inde
Konv. svin friland
Konv. kvæg
Øko. kvæg
Øko. svin friland
![Page 6: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Effect of livestock density on N balance (EU, le
Gall) N surplus
0
100
200
300
400
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Milk (kg/ha)
Intensive systems of Nor Northern Europe
Extensive systems
Intensive and sustainable systems of western France
Intensive systems of Atlantique Area
7500 kg milk= 170 kg N-manure
![Page 7: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Effect of livestock density on N balance (le
Gall) N surplus
0
100
200
300
400
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Milk (kg/ha)
Intensive systems of Nor Northern Europe
Extensive systems
Intensive and sustainable systems of western France
Intensive systems of Atlantique Area
Dutch average
![Page 8: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Effect of livestock density on N balance
N surplus/ha (= input – output)
manure-N/ha
![Page 9: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nitrates directive
N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg
EU nitrates directive
190 kg
![Page 10: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nitrates directive N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg
EU nitrates directive Dutch dairy farms
288 kg
190 kg
355 kg
![Page 11: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Effect of livestock density on N surplus
N surplus
manure-N/ha
Individual farms
![Page 12: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Effect of livestock density on N surplus
N surplus
manure-N/ha
Individual farms
On farm level: livestock density is a weak
indicator for N surplus
![Page 13: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
N-surplus as indicator for environmental
effectsQuality water
N surplus/ha
excellent
bad
![Page 14: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
N-surplus as indicator for
environmental effectsQuality water
N surplus/ha
peat, grassland
average
dry sand, arablebad
excellent
![Page 15: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
N-surplus as indicator for
environmental effects
N surplus/ha
peat, grassland
average
light sand, arable
desired
acceptable
Quality water
![Page 16: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
N-surplus as indicator for
environmental effects
N surplus/ha
peat, grassland
average
light sand, arable
desired
acceptable
At farm level N-surplus can be a good indicator for environmental
performance
Quality water
![Page 17: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Surplus N related to nitrate leaching (light
sandy soils)
0
40
80
120
160
0 100 200 300 400
Surplus farm (kg N/ha)
(mg/l)
2000 2001 2002
![Page 18: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Surplus N (1998, kg/ha)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
clay peat sand
Acceptable:
250 ? peat
130 light sand
![Page 19: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Surplus N (1998, kg/ha)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
clay peat sand
Acceptable:
250 ? peat
130 light sand
Strong reduction of surpluses is
needed
![Page 20: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How to reduce surpluses?
limit to livestock density: animal accounting
or Limit to surpluses: mineral accounting
![Page 21: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Limit to livestock density
N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg
Reducing livestock density190 kg
288 kg
![Page 22: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Limit to livestock density
N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg
190 kg
![Page 23: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Limit to livestock density
N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg
190 kg
Not all farms below acceptable level
![Page 24: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Limit to the surplus of N
N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg
Improving management
288 kg
190 kg
![Page 25: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Limit to the surplus of N
N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg 288 kg
190 kg
![Page 26: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Limit to the surplus of N
N surplus
manure-N/ha170 kg 288 kg
All farms below acceptable level
190 kg
![Page 27: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mineral accounting, with limited surpluses
Advantages:- environmental quality is better guaranteed- more attractive if land is expensive and animal
density is high
Disadvantages:- High cost to control- Acceptance of EU?
![Page 28: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How to reduce surpluses?
Improve N-turnover in farm components: less inputs needed
herd
manurecrop
soil
feedMilk/meat
fertilizer
80%53%
18%
71%
![Page 29: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
1987 200?
De MarkeDe MarkeAn experimental farm on light sandy soil, with an average intensity of milk production and very tight environmental standards
![Page 30: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How to reduce surpluses?
herd
manurecrop
soil
feedMilk/meat
fertilizer
80%
53%
18%
71%
23%
92%70%
93%
Improved N-turnover De Marke
![Page 31: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Results 1993-1998
Mineral fertiliser-N : 70 kg/ha reduction of 70 %
Purchased feed: 2,000 kg dm/ha Reduction of 60 %
Surplus N: 150 kg/ha
![Page 32: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Results 2004
Mineral fertiliser-N : 0 kg/ha reduction of 100 %
Purchased feed: 2,000 kg dm/ha Reduction of 60 %
Surplus N: 100 kg/ha
![Page 33: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
How to convince farmers?
Father G. van den Elsen (founder of Rabo-bank, Campina etc.): “It is impossible to convince farmers only with books and journals. The truth should be pumped into their heads by clear, visible examples”. (Sociologie der Boeren, 1918)
![Page 34: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
1999 2005
Cows Cows && Opportunities Opportunitiescommercial intensive dairy farms, demonstrating possibilities to
realise low surpluses
![Page 35: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Characteristics of pilot farms
1998 2003 Difference
Quota (kg milk) 554,500 703,000 +148,500 Farm area (ha) 41 50 +9 Quota per ha 14.300 15.000 +700 Cows 69 80 +11 Milk per cow (kg/jr) 8,000 8,700 +700
![Page 36: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Environmental performance pilot farms
1998 2002 Difference
input N: - mineral fertilisers 180 85 -95 - purchased feed 160 150 -10 surplus N 266 181 -85 input P: - mineral fertilisers 13 4 -9 - purchased feed 25 23 -2 surplus P 18 9 -9
![Page 37: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Income N surplus
Measures to reduce surplus
Economics
![Page 38: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Income N surplus
measures
Pilot farms
Economics
![Page 39: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Income N surplus
measures
Economics
2,500
euro
Pilot farms
![Page 40: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Dutch Mineral Accounting System (1998 –
2006)
Input
concentrateslivestockroughagemanure
artificial fertilizer
Output
milk, livestockroughagemanure
Farm gate surplus
Farm gate balance
![Page 41: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dutch Mineral Accounting System (1998 –
2006)
Input
concentrateslivestockroughagemanure
artificial fertilizer
Output
milk, livestockroughagemanure
Farm gate surplus
Farm gate balance
About 70 kg N below real surplus (including deposition, clover etc.)
![Page 42: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Permitted farm gate surpluses (kg
N/ha)1998 2005
Grassland* 330 180
Arable land* 175 100
* On light sandy soils 40 kg less
![Page 43: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Real N-surplus of very specialized dairy
farms (kg/ha)1998 2002
clay 339 209
peat 344 238
sand 375 197
average 355 205
Average annual decrease: 38 kg = 11%
(-150)
![Page 44: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Farmgate N-surplus of all dairy farms
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
year
N s
urp
lus
(kg h
a-1)
sand clay sand, leaching-sensitive peat
MINAS
Save area
![Page 45: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
P2O5 -surplus of very specialized dairy farms
(kg/ha) 1998 2002
clay 52 33
peat 62 40
sand 67 23
average 60 29
Average annual decrease: 8 kg = 13%
(-31)
![Page 46: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The future
We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not
![Page 47: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The future
We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not
We will introduce application standards for fertilizers in 2006
![Page 48: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The future
We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not
We will introduce application standards for fertilizers in 2006
We expect that costs will increase for farmers , but costs for government will be lower
![Page 49: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The future
We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not
We will introduce application standards for fertilizers in 2006
We expect that costs will increase for farmers , but costs for government will be lower
We hope that in the future a mineral accounting system can be reintroduced, because nutrient surplus is the better indicator for environmental quality
![Page 50: Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d375503460f94a10434/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Thanks!