France Project

7/31/2019 France Project

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France was one of the founding fathers of European integration asthe continent sought to rebuild after the devastation of World WarII.In the 1990s Franco-German

cooperation was central to Europeaneconomic integration. The bond betweenthe two countries was again to the fore inthe new millennium when their leadersvoiced strong opposition as the US-ledcampaign in Iraq began.

But France sent shockwaves through European Union capitals whenits voters rejected the proposed EU constitution in a referendum inMay 2005.France's colonial past is a major contributing factor in the presence

of a richly diverse multicultural population. It is home to more thanfive million people of Arab and African descent.


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It has a number of territoriesoverseas which, together withmainland France and Corsica,

go to make up the 26 regionswhich the country comprises. Itis further divided into 100departements, four of which -French Guiana, Guadeloupe,Martinique and Runion - are geographically distant from Europe.

Government in France is known for its high degree of centralisationbut in March 2003 parliament approved amendments to the

constitution allowing for the devolution of quite wide-ranging powersto the regions and departements.In the light of low election turnout, the move was widely seen as abid to re-engage in the political process French people disillusioned

by the ubiquitous influence of what is often perceived as the Pariselite.France has produced some of the continent's most influential writers

and thinkers from Descartes and Pascal in the 17th century,through Rousseau and Voltaire in the 18th, Baudelaire andFlaubert in the 19th to Sartre and Camus in the 20th.

In the last two centuries it has given the art world the works ofRenoir, Monet, Cezanne, Gauguin, Matisse and Braque, to namebut a few.


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The Revolution beganwhen the Estates-Generalmet on May 5, 1789.Many Nobles and some

of the clergy followed theThird Estate, in starting the long revolution. They changed the name

of their gatheringfrom Estates Generalto the NationalAssembly, which

represented all of thepeople of France, thusdoing away withrepresentation byclass.

When the king shut them out from their usual place of meeting, theytook the famous Oath of the Tennis Court (June 20, 1789),pledging their selves not to separate until they had given France aconstitution. When the king sent a messenger to remove them fromtheir hall, the fiery Mirabeau cried out: "Go tell your master that


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we are here by the will of the people,and that we shall be removed only atthe point of the bayonet."

Meanwhile on July 14, the people ofParis, alarmed about rumors of troops

assembling at Versailles, stormed andcaptured the Bastille. For it was herethat generations of kings and ministers

had imprisoned men and women at will.Soon after this storming, the walls were

torn down.

The date of its capture became the French "Fourth of July". Whenthe king heard what had happened, he exclaimed: "Why, this is arevolt!" "No, sire," was the reply, "it is a revolution."

After the fall of the Bastille, a revolutionary committee of middle-class citizens governed Paris. A national guard composed mainly ofcitizens was organized. It was commanded by GeneralLafayette.Then the provinces followed the lead of Paris and formed

revolutionary governments.

The peasants in many places burned the castles of the lords in orderto destroy the papers that contained the records of the lords' manorialrights. There was anarchy in many country districts.

The government of KingLouis XVI

of Francefaced a fiscal crisis in

the 1780s.
http://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/lafayette.htmlhttp://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/lafayette.htmlhttp://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/lafayette.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/lafayette.html


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The and of

theFrench peoplehas been shapedbygeography, by profoundhistorical

events, and by foreign and internal

forces and groups. France, and in

particularParis, has played an

important role as a center ofhigh cultureand ofdecorative artssincethe seventeenth century, first in

Europe, and from the nineteenth

century on, world wide.

From the late nineteenth

century, France has also playedan important role incinema,

fashionandcuisine. The importance of French culture has waxed and

waned over the centuries, depending on its economic, political and

military importance. French culture today is marked both by great

regional and socioeconomic differences and by strong unifyingtendencies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture


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France is asecularcountry where freedom of thought and

ofreligionis preserved, by virtue of the 1789 Declaration of theRights of Man and of the Citizen. TheRepublicis based on the

principle oflacit, that is of freedom of religion (including

ofagnosticismandatheism) enforced by theJules Ferry lawsand

the1905 law on the separation of

the State and the Church, enactedat the beginning of theThird

Republic(18711940). A

January 2007 poll found that

51% of the French population

describe themselves as Catholics

and only half of those said they

believed in God, 31% as

atheists, 4% as Muslims, 3% as

Protestants and 1% as Jews. France guarantees freedom of religion

as a constitutional right and the government generally respects this

right in practice. A long history of violent conflict between groups ledthe state to break its ties to the Catholic Church early in the last

century and adopt a strong commitment to maintaining a totally

secular public sector.
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three dwellings are occupied by a person living alone; one in fourdwellings are occupied by a childless couple."

Voted by theFrench Parliamentin November 1999 following somecontroversy, thepacte civil de solidarit("civil pact of solidarity")commonly known as aPACS, is a form ofcivil unionbetween twoadults (same-sex or opposite-sex) for organizing their joint life. Itbrings rights and responsibilities, but less so thanmarriage. From a

legal standpoint, a PACS is a "contract" drawn up between the twoindividuals, which isstamped and registeredby the clerk of the court.Individuals who have

registered a PACS arestill considered "single"with regard to familystatus for some purposes,while they areincreasingly considered in

the same way as married couples are for other purposes. While it waspushed by the government ofPrime MinisterLionel Jospinin1998, it was also opposed, mostly by people on theright-wingwho

support traditionalistfamily valuesand who argued that PACS andthe recognition of homosexual unions would be disastrous for Frenchsociety.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_civil_de_solidarit%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_civil_de_solidarit%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_civil_de_solidarit%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Parliament


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The history

of

runs in

parallel with its

neighbouring

countries in

Europe, with

France being hometo both some of the

earliest pioneers in

many architectural

styles,and also

containing some ofthe finest

architectural

creations of the

continent.


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Renaissance chateaux appeared at this time, the earliest examplebeing theChteau d'Amboise(c. 1495) in whichLeonardo daVincispent his last years. The style became dominant underFrancis

I (SeeChteaux of the Loire Valley).

The style progressively developed into a FrenchMannerismknownas theHenry II styleunder architects such asSebastiano Serlio,who was engaged after 1540 in work at theChteau deFontainebleau. At Fontainebleau Italian artists such asRossoFiorentino,Francesco Primaticcio, andNiccolo dell' Abbateformed

the FirstSchool ofFontainebleau. Architects

such asPhilibertDelorme,Androuet duCerceau,Giacomo Vignola,

andPierre Lescot, wereinspired by the new ideas.The southwest interior facade of the Cour Carree of theLouvreinParis was designed by Lescot and covered with exterior carvingsbyJean Goujon. Architecture continued to thrive in the reigns

ofHenry II andHenry III.

French Baroque is a form ofBaroque architecturethat evolved inFrance during the reigns ofLouis XIII (161043), LouisXIV (16431714) and Louis XV (171474). French Baroque

Chteau de Chenonceau designed

by Philibert Delorme.
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profoundly influenced 18th-century secular architecturethroughout Europe.

Although the open threewing layout of the palacewas established in Franceas thecanonicalsolutionas early as the 16th thatdetermined the sober and classicizing direction that French Baroque

architecture was to take. For the first time, thecorps de logiswasemphasized as the representative main part of the building, while theside wings were treated as hierarchically inferior and appropriatelyscaled down. The medieval tower has been completely replaced by thecentral projection in the shape of a monumental three-storey gateway.

Vaux-le-Vicomte
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Frenchis aRomance language(meaning that it is descended

primarily fromVulgar Latin) that evolved out of theGallo-Romancedialectsspoken in northern France.

There is some debate in today's France about the preservation of theFrench language and the influence of English (seeFranglais),

especially with regard to international business, the sciences, and

popular culture. There have been laws (seeToubon law) enacted whichrequire that all print ads and billboards with foreign expressionsinclude a French translation and which require quotas of French-language songs (at least 40%) on the radio. There is also pressure,

in differing degrees, from some regions as well as minority political orcultural groups for a measure of recognition and support fortheirregional languages.

French Speaking Countries
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Once the key international language in Europe, being the languageof diplomacy from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, French lost mostof its international significance to English in the 20th century,

especially afterWorld War II, with the rise of the U.S. as adominant globalsuperpower. A watershed was when theTreaty ofVersailles, endingWorld War I, was written in both French andEnglish. A small but increasing number of large multinational firms

headquartered in France are using English as their workinglanguage even in their French operations, and to gain international

recognition, French scientists must now publish their work in Englishin journals based outside of France. These trends, understandably,have met some resistance. In March 2006, President Chirac brieflywalked out of a EU summit afterErnest-Antoine Seillierebeganaddressing the summit in English. And in February 2007, ForumFrancophone International began organizing protests against the

"linguistic hegemony" of English in France and in support of theright of French workers to use French as their working language.

Nevertheless, French is the second most-studied foreign language inthe world after English, and is alingua francain some regions,notably in Africa. The legacy of French as a living language outsideEurope is mixed: it is nearly extinct in some former French colonies

(Southeast Asia), while the language has changed tocreoles, dialectsor pidgins in the French departments in theWest Indiesand theSouth Pacific(French Polynesia). On the other hand, many former
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French colonies have adopted French as an official language, and thetotal number of French-speakers has increased, especially inAfrica.

In the Canadian province ofQuebec, the language has thrived andtoday is spoken by 80% of the province's population. Different lawsensure the preservation of French in administration, business andeducation since the 1970s. Bill 101, for example, obliges every childwhose parents did not attend an English-speaking school to be

educated in French, thus preventing English or non-Francophonelanguages supplanting French inQuebec, as is mostly the case inNorth America. Efforts are also

made, by theOffice qubcois dela langue franaisefor instance,

to make more uniform thevariation of French spoken inQuebec as well as to preserve the distinctiveness ofQuebec French.

There has been French emigration to the United States of America,Australia and South America, but the descendants of these

immigrants have assimilated to the point that few of them still speak

French. In the United States of America efforts are ongoinginLouisiana and parts ofNew England(particularlyMaine) topreserve the language.
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French art consists of

thevisualandplastic

arts(including

architecture, woodwork,

textiles, and ceramics)

originating from the

geographical area

ofFrance. Historicalsurveys of French art

typically begin withPre

Romanesque

art, Romanesque art,

andGothic art, but somesurveys, such as Andr

Chastel'sFrench Art,

include discussions

ofprehistoric art, Celtic

art, andRomanartwithin France.

Watteau, The Bird Nester

Diana the Huntress- School of

Fontainebleau, 1550-60
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Les Bergers dArcadieby

Nicolas Poussin

The Massacre at Chios-

Eugne Delacroix
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The Cinema of France comprises the art offilmand creative movies

made within the nation ofFranceor by French filmmakers abroad.

France isthe birthplace of cinemaand was responsible for many ofits early significant contributions. Several important cinematicmovements,including theNouvelle Vague,began in the

country. It isnoted for having aparticularly strongfilm industry, duein part to

protectionsafforded bytheFrenchgovernment.

The Cannes Film Festival:The Cannes International Film Festival (French: Le FestivalInternational du Film de Cannesor justFestival de Cannes),

founded in 1946, is the most prestigiousfilm festivalin the world.The private festival is held annually (usually in May) at
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TheParis Fashion Weektakes

place twice a year after theMilan

Fashion Week. It is the last and

generally the most anticipated city

of fashion month. Dates are

determined by the French FashionFederation. Currently, the Fashion

Week is held in theCarrousel du

Louvre.Fashionhas been an important industry and cultural export

ofFrancesince the seventeenth century, and modern "haute couture"

originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, alongwithLondon, Milan, andNew York City, is considered one of the

world's fashion capitals, and the city is home or

headquarters to many of the premier fashion

houses,

includingBalenciaga, Cline, Chanel,Chloe,Dior,Givenchy,Jean-Paul

Gaultier,Herms,Lanvin,Rochas, Vuittonan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Weekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Weekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Weekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenciagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9line_(brand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm%C3%A8shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuittonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuittonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm%C3%A8shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9line_(brand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenciagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Weekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Weekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week


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dYves Saint Laurent.

Paris Fashion Week is afamousfashion weekheld semi-annually inParis,FrancewithSpring/Summer andAutumn/Winter events held each year. Dates are determined by

theFrench Fashion Federation. Currently, the Fashion Week is

held in theCarrousel du Louvre.

Paris Fashion Week, is part of the Big 4 fashionweeksinternationally, the others beingLondon FashionWeek,Milan Fashion WeekandNew York FashionWeek. The schedule begins withNew York, followed byLondon,

and thenMilan, and ending the events inParis

Milan Fashion Week (in italian: Settimana della moda) is afamousfashion weekheld semi-annuallyinMilan,ItalySpring/Summer event held in February -

March of each year andAutumn/Winter event held inSeptember - October of eachyear.
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Milan Fashion Week, established in 1958 is part of the Big4fashion weeksinternationally, the others beingParis FashionWeek,London Fashion WeekandNew York Fashion Week.

The schedule begins withNew York, followed byLondon, andthenMilan, and ending the events inParis.

AFrenchmagazineis aperiodicalpublication from France

containing a variety of articles on various subjects.

Vogue is a fashion and lifestyle magazine that is published monthly

in 18 national and one regional edition byCond Nast.

The current editor-in-chief of American Vogue isAnna Wintour,

noted for her trademarkboband her practice ofwearingsunglassesindoors. Since taking

over in 1988, Wintour has worked to

protect the magazine's high status and

reputation among fashion publications.

In order to do so, she has made themagazine focus on new and more

accessible ideas of "fashion" for a wider

audience. This allowed Wintour to keep Vogue Magazine 1917 Edition
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a high circulation while discovering new

trends that a broader audience could

conceivably afford.

[6]

For example, theinaugural cover of the magazine under

Wintour's editorship featured a three-

quarter-length photograph of Israeli

super modelMichaela Bercuwearing

a bejeweledChristian Lacroixjacket

and a pair ofjeans, departing from her predecessors' tendency to

portray a woman's face alone, which, according to the Times', gave

"greater importance to both her clothing and her body. This image

also promoted a new form of chic brokered a class-mass

rapprochement that informs modern fashion to this

day." Wintour's Vogue also welcomes new and young talent.

Elle is aworldwidemagazineofFrenchorigin

that focuses on women's fashion, beauty,health, and entertainment. Elle is alsothe world's largest fashion magazine. Itwas founded by Pierre Lazareff and hiswife Hlne Gordon in 1945. The title,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)#cite_note-timestyle-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)#cite_note-timestyle-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)#cite_note-timestyle-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Bercuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lacroixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lacroixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Bercuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)#cite_note-timestyle-5


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in French, means "she". Robbie Myersis the editor in chief.Elle was founded in France in 1945. In the 1960s it was considered

to "not so much reflect fashion as decree it", with 800,000 loyal

readers and a then famous slogan : "Si elle lit elle lit Elle (If shereads, she reads Elle)".[1]In 1981, Daniel FilipacchiandJean-LucLagardrepurchasedHachette magazines, which included the then-

struggling Elle. Elle was then launched in the U.S. (NewsCorporationowned a stake in theUS edition until 1988), followed by

25 foreign editions.

It is now the worlds largestfashionmagazine, with 42 internationaleditions in over 60 countries.Technologically speaking,

the Elle brand is a global networkencompassing over 20 websites.Subscriptions account for 73 percent

of readers. With the remaining 27percent purchasing single issues, Elle is the only fashion magazine tohave increased its newsstand sales in the past five years, most notably

with an 18 percent increase in the first half of 2006. There are27 Elle websites globally, which collectively attract over 1 millionvisitors and 26 million page views per month Elle reaches over 4.8million readers. The vast majority (82 percent) of Elle's audience arewomen between the ages of 18 and 49. Elle readers have a median
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age of 34.7 years. Forty percent of readers are single, andthemedian household incomeis $69,973. "Our readers are youngenough to think about life as an adventure and old enough to have

the means to live it," said Robbie Myers, editor in chief. Elle owesits graphic signature to Art director Peter Knapp.

The French have a long tradition and skills in the art of making

perfumes. The great names infashion have assisted i exportingsome of the most important names inperfume thoughout the world.

The birth place for French perfumesis in the Provence region and is

called Occitane (pronounced Ox Ctan). The abundance of herbs,lavander and many other wild flowers on the rocky landscape, plushundreds of years of experience in distilling mixtures and creatingscents

Albin du Roy Creator of perfumes Cacharel Carla The perfumes and shops Caron Perfumes, history and products
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ChanelChanel N5 perfumes ClryPerfumes for men & women Detaille 1905 Natural cosmetics

and perfumes Dior Parfums LancmePerfumes, makeup,

cosmetics for men and women Luce ParfumsCreator of luxury

perfumes Orlane Parfum d'imageMade to measure perfumes Parfumerie GalimardTraditional perfumes, make your own perfume Parfumeries Fragonard Parfumeries Molinard Perfume workshop Rayon d'Or Perfumes & eaux de toilettes Zica Alexa Perfumes
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lundi Mondaymardi Tuesday

mercredi Wednesday

jeudi Thursday

vendredi Friday

samedi Saturdaydimanche Sunday

Days are notcapitalizedin French. The French week starts on Monday, rather than Sunday. You may or may not need to use the masculinedefinite articlele:

1.If you're talking about the day of a unique event, do not usean article:

Je l'ai vu dimanche(I saw him on Sunday)Il va arriver mercredi(He'll arrive on Wednesday).

2. When talking about something that happens repeatedly on acertain day, use the article:

Je vois Pierre le lundi(I see Pierre on Mondays)Nous travaillions le samedi(We used to work on

Saturdays).3.
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janvier January

fvrier Februarymars March

avril April

mai May

juin June

juillet July

aot August

septembre September

octobre October

novembre November

dcembre December
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