Fractured base ment lecturer.pdf

7/21/2019 Fractured base ment lecturer.pdf

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Petrophysics of Fractured Granite Basement(FGB) Reservoir

Dr. P. H. GiaoAssociate Professor in Geoexploration & Petroleum Geoengineering

Geotechnical & Earth Resources Engineering FieldSchool of Engineering & TechnologyAsian Institute of Technology (AIT)

Email: [email protected]

EAGE Student Lecture Tour 2013-2014
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Outline of the lecture

Fractured (Granite Basement) vs. Clastic reservoir: similarities and

differences? Granite formation, weathering and fracturing

Plate tectonic theory & rift basin development

The Cuu Long basin: petroleum system and fractured granite basement

Distribution of naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) in the world

What is petrophysics?

Petrophysical model and log response equation (LRE) of clastic andfractured granite basement (FGB) reservoirs: comparison & discussion

Well log analysis workflow: quick look & full interpretation

Some additional issues : geopressure, low resistivity, detection of fracture

orientation, application of soft computing (ANN) in log analysis

Q&A


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Time Table

Time TopicsPartI:1h15h

Fractured (Granite Basement) vs. Clastic reservoir: similarities and differences?Granite formation, weathering and fracturing

Plate tectonic theory & rift basin development

The Cuu Long basin: petroleum system and fractured granite basement

Distribution of naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) in the world

15 breakPartII:1h30h

What is petrophysics?

Petrophysical model and log response equation (LRE) of clastic and fractured

granite basement (FGB) reservoirs:: comparison & discussion

Well log analysis workflow: quick look & full interpretation

Some additional issues : geopressure, low resistivity, detection of fracture

orientation, application of soft computing (ANN) in log analysis

15 Q&A/Quiz


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Fractured basement/crystalline rockreservoirs

Giao et al. (2012)

After IHS Energy (2002)


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Similarities and differences btw clasticand fractured reservoirs?

Porous medium:

Predominant

primary porosity

Fractured medium:

Predominant secondary

porosity; primary porosity

negligible

Petrophysical similarities: both consist of PORE, PORE FLUIDS and MATRIX (SOLID)Differences: pore types (pore network)

(b) Fractured (www.geoscience.co.uk)(a) Clastic
http://www.geoscience.co.uk/services/fractured-reservoir-characterisation.htmlhttp://www.geoscience.co.uk/services/fractured-reservoir-characterisation.html


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Pores(blue)

Sandstone

Granite(Q, F & Ho)


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Granite formation, weathering andfracturing


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Granite


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Granite formation, weatheringandfracturing


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Granite formation, weatheringandfracturing

Mechanical weathering: Breaking of rocks into smaller

pieces. There are 4 types: Frost wedging, unloading,

thermal expansion, and biological activity.

Chemical Weathering: Breaks down rock components

and the internal structures of minerals. Most importantagent involved in chemical weathering is water. There

are 3 types: dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis.


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Zones of weathered granite and corresponding resistivities (Giao et al.,

2008)


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15o

22.5o

30o

Review on weathering of granites (Giao et al., 2008)

A : Residual debris

B : Completely weathered

C : Residual materialsD : Rock constitutes more

than 90%

At the base of a

steep slope,

corestones rolled

down from above

litter the surface

and, farther below

on the slope.

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

B

C

D

B

C

D

C

D

C

D


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15o

22.5o

30o A : Residual debrisB : Completely weathered


than 90%

The profile

developed on a

slope steeper than

15osuffers erosion

of the finer

constituents as they

are formed.

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

B

C

D

B

C

D

C

D

C

D



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15o

22.5o

30o A : Residual debrisB : Completely weathered


than 90%

For the very steep

slope (30o) the core

stone eroded as

well, the profile

consists of zone D

or nothing

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

B

C

D

B

C

D

C

D

C

D



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Plate tectonics theory & rift basindevelopment


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l i h & if b i


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Pl t t t i th & ift b i


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(a) Divergent boundary

(b) Convergent boundary

Oceanic Continental

Oceanic-oceanic Oceanic-Continental

(c) Transform boundary

Three types of plate boundary (Teaching plate tectonic, www.geology.com)

Pl t t t i th & ift b i


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F ti f F t d G it B t


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Formation of Fractured Granite Basement(FGB)



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Formation of Fractured Granite Basement


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Granite core from 3900-3905mMD:Primary minerals: Quartz 20.6%, K-feldspar

29.2%, Plagioclase 37.6%, Biotite 8.8%,

Pyroxene Hornblende 1.0%.



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Granodiorite at 3325 mss:Primary minerals: Quartz 30%, K-feldspar

5.0%, Plagioclase 34.6%, Pyroxene Hornblende

2.2%.



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Monzogranite at 3485 mss:Primary minerals: Quartz 22.4%, K-feldspar

34.6%, Plagioclase 32.4%, Pyroxene

Hornblende 1.0%.


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Cuu Long Basin as a Rift Basin

i if i


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Earth is dynamic (so is the SE Asia)


C L B i Rif B i


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SE Asian current tectonic setting and Cuu Long Basin (Pham et al., 2006)

Pacific lithosphere plate

Eurasia lithosphere plate

Sunda type active continental margin

2-Sulawesi micro-continental blockin Early Cenozoic

1-Sprateley Islands micro-continental block in Early Cenozoic

Early Cenozoic East sea Oceanic crust

A

B

C

F

Rift basin on passive continental margin

Rift basin on Atlantic type passivecontinental margin

G

I

Cratonic basin

Fore-arc basin

Intra-arc basin

Back-arc basin (affected bystrike-slip fault)

J

K

Premontane basin

Pull-apart basin

Active subduction zone

Strike-slip fault

Indiaustralia lithosphere plate

Spreading axis in Early Cenozoic

Sutures and their age

Philippine type active continental margin

LEGEND

1 2

KZ1

KUEI YANG

KUANGCHOU

CHUNGCHINH

CHANGSHAI

NANCHANG

CHANGSHA

PHU CHOU

KUIYANG

PHILIPPINES

MeKongrive

r

Ira

oad

i

Xa

tu

in

HONGKONG

HAI NAM

HA NOI

VIENTIAN

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

LAOS

BRUNEY

HO CHI MINH

PHNOMPENH

BANGKOK

PHU QUOC

CA MAU

HUE Paracel islands

TRUONG

SA

ISLANDS

EASTCHINA

SEA

BABU YA ISLAND

LUZON

MANILA

SULU SEAPA

LAWAN

MALAYSIA

DAMBOANGA

BAN DA XERI

BAGAWAN

INDONESIA

CALIMANTAN

Balikpapan

Bandjarmasin

SULAWESI SEA

CERAM SEA

PALAU ISLANDDAVAO

SUMBA

SAVU

SINGAPORE

BANDA SEA

ZAVA SEA

DJAKARTA

BANDUNG

SUMATRA

Padang

SIMEULU

Medan

NICOBARISLA

ND

(INDIAN)

AND

AMANIS

LAND

(IND

IAN)

COTABRAHU

CON SON

RANG GOON

Moulmein

MANDALAY

PHILIPPINE SEA

TANIMBAR

1050 1200 1350

10501200

1350

150

0000

150

TAIPEI

KUALA LUMPUR

CHINA

BengkuluPalembang

FLORES

SORONG

Makassar

Manado

Kaohsiung

MINDRO

AND

AMAN

SEA

INDIAN OCEAN

VIETNAM

BHUTAN

20

25

30

1000950900 1100 1150 13001250

100

50

-50

100

150

1000950900

1100 1150

1250 1300

100

50

50

100

150

200

250

300

MYANMAB

F

I

G

G

G

SULAWESI

ISLAND

KA

J

C

I

I

EAST SEA

A

A

A

A

AA

NE GROS

GB

B

BB

B

B

B

C

C

CJ

J

J

1

2

F

FF

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

I

I

PZ

2 -M

Z1

KZ1

PZ

2-MZ

1

MZ

2

PZ1

PZ1

Sketch of Geodynamic andEarly Cenozoic basins of

Southeast Asia

K

TIMOR SEA

KZ1

MOLUCA

SEA

TALAUD ISLAND

HAL MAHERA

Cuu Long basin

C L B i Rift B i


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C L B i Rift B i


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The collision between Indian and Eurasian plates severely deformed much of Southeast Asia

and made it extruded to the SE direction during the Early Tertiary

Tectonic setting of

the SE Asia:

Phase 1

(subduction):

from Late Jurassic

to Early

Cretaceous

Phase 2

(transitional):from late

Cretaceous to

Paleogene

Phase 3 (regional

extension): from

Eocene to Recent


C L B i Rift B i


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Collision of India with Eurasia had

caused: (i) Elevation of Tibetan

Plateau and formation of

Himalayas mountain; (ii) Opening

of South China Sea;


C L B i Rift B i


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Prerift

Drift

initiation

Rift

Early

Postrift

Postrift

SWPre-Tertiary plutonism (Prerift): Plutonism widespread

during the Mesozoic. NW-directed subduction of the Proto-

Pacific plate under the East Asian continent formed Jurassic-Late Cretaceous granite-granodiorite. The sub-latitude and

sub-longitude oriented fracture systems are formed

Rifting phase (Synrift) with Initiation of the Cuu Long

basin: The Cuu Long basin was formed as a result of the

extrusion and subsequent clockwise rotation of the Indochina

block during the convergence between the India and Eurasiaplates since Eocene. NE-SW orientation. The lateral extrusion

and rotation during Oliogcene developed secondary E-W-

trending normal faults.

The Post-rift phase: Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. The

stress field reversed from the NW-SE extension to NW-SE

compression, creating the excellent fractured basementreservoir. Since Middle Miocene, the basin has undergone

passive subsidence without any tectonic disturbance, except

for the volcanic activities.

The present-day maximum NNW-SSE in-situ stress recorded

by many wells indicates that the compression continues to

date.

C Long Basin as a Rift Basin


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Figure 12 Generalized stratigraphy of the Cuu Long BasinModi ied rom VAPG, 2005

Figure 11 Location of The Cuu Long

Basin (Dien et al., 2000)




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a. Late Triassic-Late Cretaceous: The intrusive movements created a highly intense conjugate

fracture and fault system, along which various high temperature minerals (metal sulfide,

laumontite, analcime, quartz, calcite) were precipitated.

b. Late Cretaceous-Eocene: Tectonicprocesses in this period start to lift up and deform the

basement rocks. Many faults, associated fractures, and breccias were formed, together with new

dykes along weakened zones. Weathering processes began and gradually eroded the overlying

metasedimentary suite.

c. Eocene-Early Oligocene: Rifting in the Eocene uplifted the basement blocks to the surface.

These basement blocks were strongly weathered and eroded, creating a weathered layercapping the fractured basement. In the upper parts, weathering process enhanced considerably

reservoir quality by cracking rocks and dissolving unstable minerals. In the lower parts, fine

materials of weathering together with secondary minerals of hydrothermal process continued to

plug fractures and pores.

d. Late Oligocene: basement was uplifted again by compression by early Late Oligocene.

Basement rocks were strongly deformed as a large displacement (~2000m) reverse fault that was

created along with new associated faults, fractures and breccias. In the uplifted highs, rocks werecontinuously weathered. Together these two processes made basement rocks into a potential

reservoir.

e. Miocene-present: The early migration of oil into the basement started in the Miocene,

preserving porosity that was created in previous periods.



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Stratigraphy of of the Cuu Long basin (VPI, 2010)



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Tra Tan Formation (E, D and C sequences) in Oligocene: Subsidence outpaces sediment supply,

long-lived lake sites develop where sub-basins were structurally closed and rainfall was sufficient. The predominantlacustrine sediments consist of a clastic continental succession of interbedded sandstone and shales, organic rich

claystone and minor siltstone. The grains are poorly sorted, angular to sub-angular shaped indicating short transportation

distance from source area.

Bach Ho Formation (BI sequence) in Early Miocene:The late post-rift thermal subsidence phase ischaracterized by low topographic relief as the last of the rift shoulders became buried. The sedimentary section was

dominated by low gradient fluvial or near shore marine/ lake processes depending on basin configuration and eustatic

sea level. This phase of sedimentation is by sequence BI fluvial and fluvial/deltaic fine grained sands and shales. Thetop of BI sequence represents a major marine transgressive event that deposited a thick, generally shale prone section,

which acts as a major regional top seal.

Conson Formation (BII sequence) in Middle Miocene: The Con Son formation comprises thicksandstone interbedded with thin reddish claystone with very gray claystone, very thin greenish gray (from 1800m) and

minor coal, limestone/dolomite stringers. The reddish claystone dominates the upper section and decreases with depth.

On the other hand, the proportion of greenish gray claystone increases with depth.

Dongnai Formation (BIII sequence) in Late Miocene: This formation comprises predominantlysandstone with thin reddish claystone, very thin gray claystone, siltstone and dolomitic limestone, coal/lignite stringers.

Bien Dong Formation (A sequence) in Quarternary: Bien Dong formation comprises very thickunconsolidated sand and sandstone interbedded with thin gray, very thin reddish clay/claystone and limestone, dolomitic

limestone, coal/lignite stringers.

Petroleum System of the Cuu Long Basin


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Petroleum System of the Cuu Long Basin

Reservoir 01: E Sequence, Lower Tra Tan Formation (Early Oligocene):this reservoir iswidely distributed. The E sequence spreads through the grabens and onlaps the basement highs where it is normally

absent or very thin. It consists of a clastic continental succession of interbedded sandstones and claystones . It is sandier atthe base and becoming more clay-prone towards the upper part. It has variable reservoir quality, depending on its

distribution within the basin. Around structural highs it is considered to have good reservoir quality. Total porosity varies

from 3-22% with the highest frequency at 14-20%; permeability ranges from 1-900mD.

Seal 01 : D Sequence, Middle Tra Tan Formation (Middle Oligocene):The D sequence(known as D shale) is widely distributed across the basin with thickness varying from 300m over the structural highs and up

to a thousand of meters in the central basin.

Reservoir 02: D & C Sequence, Middle & Upper Tra Tan Formation (Late Oligocene):The Late Oligocene reservoirs can be divided into D and C based on their distribution and facies characteristics. These

sandstone reservoirs were deposited on lake shorelines, fluvial and alluvial environments. Thickness of the reservoir

sandstones vary from a few meters to 30 m. They can be of good quality with total porosity varying from 14-21% and

permeability ranges from 0.1 to 60md.

Seal 02 : BII Sequence, Upper Bach Ho Formation (Early Miocene): The Bach ho shale orRotalia shale is a regional marine transgressive shale found on top of the Early Miocene reservoirs. It is the youngest known

regional seal in the basin. The total thickness of this shale is about 200 to 700m, with maximum thickness up to 1,250m. It

is known as an effective seal for the whole Cuu long basin. In addition, local shale layers could act as intra-formational

seals. .

Reservoir 03: BI sequence, Lower Bach Ho Formation (Early Miocene):The last reservoir isBach Ho formation, it is widely distributed throughout the Cuu long basin and represents the final marine transgression.

The sequence was deposited in fluvial, coastal plain and shallow lacustrine/marine environment. Thickness of the

sandstones varies from a few meters to 20 meters. The reservoirs can have good quality with 16-25% of porosity and 1-

5000md of permeability

Main production of HC in Vietnam comes from the


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Main production of HC in Vietnam comes from theFGB reservoirs

95%

5%

Hydrocarbon production in

Vietnam

Cuu Long basin

Other basins

Development of a GIS based Database of Naturally


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Development of a GIS-based Database of Naturally

Fractured Reservoirs (NFR) using ArcView

Collection of data on NFR

(based on Batchelor et al., 2005)

Summarize/update thecoordinates of HC fields with

NFR using Google map

Create a distribution map ofNFR using ARCVIEW

software

Results (maps, charts etc.)

Database of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs in the world


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No Field Name Country Dicovery Year

Coordinate

(Lattitude,longtitude) Rock age Rock

1 El Agreb-El Gassi Algeria (31.688445, 5.800781) Cambrian Grano-diorite

2 Hassi Messaoud Algeria 1956 (31.679279,6.07281) Early Cambrian Granite

3 Rhourde El Baguel Algeria 1959 (31.292634, 6.762085) Cambrian Sandstone

4 Puaca Gas Field Angola (-9.651185, 13.193893) Precambian

5 Carmopolis, Riachuelo Brazil (-11.057125, -36.797333) Precambian

6 Badejo & Linguado Brazil 1975 (-14.834629,-39.030304) Volcanics basalt

7 Lago Mercedes Chile 1991 (-33.906896,-70.620117) Premian-Triassic Grano-diorite

8 Renqiu Hebei, China 1970s (38.711812,116.099562) Ordovician Carbonate

9 Yihezhuang Bohai bay, China 1972 (38.138877,118.089294) Ordovician limestone

10 Yaerxia China 1959 (35.220100, 104.817638) Paleozoic Metamorphic

11 Xinglongtai China 1976 (41.133935,122.075272) Archeozoic Granitic breccia

12 Dong Sheng Pu China 1983 (38.548165, 118.476563) Precambian Granite

13 Jatibanico Cuba (21.947743, -79.168081)14 Pina Cuba (23.276895,-81.092504) Cretaceous Granite

15 Zdince-krystlinihum Czech 1987 (49.584229,15.939789) Precambian Granite

16 Hurghada Egypt 1982 (31.313637, 32.310938) Cretaceous Granite

17 Zeit Bay Egypt 1981 (27.994401, 33.925781) Precambian Granite

18 Samgori Georgia 1993 (41.684451, 44.854774) Eocene Andesite-basalt tuffs

19 Ninotsminda Georgia 1979 Middle Eocene Vocaniclastics

20 Shaim Russia 1959 (60.337399,64.157324) Paleozoic Metamorphic & igneous

21 Kola Peninsula Russia (67.333064, 37.000108) Paleozoic Carboniferous Schist

22 Oimasha Kazakstan 1995 (42.763146,52.064209) Early Paleozoic Weathered Granite

23 PY-1 India 1997 (10.923068, 79.807155) Precambian Weathered Granite

24 Beruk Northern Indonesia 1976 (-7.686495, 111.099243) Pre-Tertiary weathered argillites

25 Java-Jatibarang Indonesia 1969 (-6.9617, 109.03656) Pre-Tertiary Andesite/basalt

26 Amal Libya (29.152161,21.621094) Paleozoic Sandstone

27 Nafoora-Augila Libya 1966 (28.613459, 22.258301) Precambian granite

28 Kora New Zealand 1988 (-36.867502, 174.604533) Mesozoic Granite

29 Yugoslavia Hungary 1969 (47.709762,19.511719) Precambian Schist & Granite

30 Sirikit Thailand 1983 (18.420987,98.677654) Pre-Tertiary Metamorphic classtic

31 Clair United Kingdom 1997 (51.010083,-0.102997) Devonian, Carboniferous

32 Unnamed North Sea 2002

33 Dineh-Bi-Keyah Arizona, US 1960's (34.595152,-112.499185) Tertiary Bioclastic limestone

34 Apco Texas, US 1929 (31.154205,-102.70586) Lower Ordovician dolomite35 Beaver Barton, Kansas, US (38.522099,-98.667226) Precambian Quarzite



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No Field Name Country Dicovery Year

Coordinate

(Lattitude,longtitude) Rock age Rock

36 Edison California,US 1931 (35.349436,-118.872499) Tertiary Meramorphic

37 Embar Texas, US 1942 (32.3846,-102.711182) Lower Ordovician dolomite

38 Eveleigh Barton, Kansas, US (37.738956,-101.399345) Precambian Quarzite

39 El Segundo Los Angeles, US 1935 (33.939088,-118.416481) Pre-Tertiary basalt conglomerate

40 Hall-Gurney Russell, kansas, US (38.713135,-98.671215) Precambian Biotite granite

41 Gorham Russell, kansas, US (38.880811,-99.023123) Precambian Granite

42 Morrow Ohio, US 1909 (39.35275,-84.127121) Upper Cambrian dolomite

43 Santa Maria California,US 1934 (34.911696,-120.416594) Sandstone

44 Wilmington Los Angeles, US 1932 (33.783249,-118.262329) Pre-Tertiary Schist

45 Unnamed Pennsylvania, US 2001 (41.203069, -77.197795) Silurian Quarzite

46 Orth Rice, US 1933 (45.823057,-94.262695) Precambian Quarzite

47 Ringwald Rice, US 1949 (38.450631,-98.447285) Precambian Quarzite

48 Unnamed Utah, US 2001 (37.318296,-112.066331) Tertiary Basalt

49 Kraft-Prusa Barton, US 1937 (38.653075,-98.580923) Precambian Quarzite

50 Eagle Springs Nevada, US 1955 (38.646908,-115.52536) Oligocene Granite

51 Thrall Williamson, US 1915 (30.596769,-97.296982) Cretaceous Granite

52La paz Venezuela 1922

(10.717285,-71.997528)Cretaceous Granite53 Mara Venezuela 1950 (9.483333,-64.316667) Silurian-Devonian Granite

54 La vela offshore Venezuela 1972 (11.115917, -63.949356) Tertiary Granite

55 White tiger Vietnam 1986 (9.897357,107.925789) Jurassic - Cretaceous Granite

56 Dragon Vietnam 1985 (9.897357,107.925789) Jurassic - Cretaceous Granite

57 Double Dragon Vietnam 1990 (9.897357,107.925789) Jurassic - Cretaceous Granite

58 Break of the Day Vietnam 1995 (9.897357,107.925789) Jurassic - Cretaceous Granite

59 Black Lion Vietnam 2000 (9.897357,107.925789) Jurassic - Cretaceous Granite

60 Yellow Lion Vietnam 2001 (9.897357,107.925789) Jurassic - Cretaceous Granite

61 Kharir Yemen 1980's (15.135764,47.15332) Mesozoic to Tertiary Granite




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LongitudeLatitude

Finding the coordinate of La Paz Oil Field of Venezuela by Google Map




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The countries labels in ACRVIEW window




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Distribution of naturally fractured reservoirs in the world (Data source: Batchelor and Ellis, 2005)

Legend: 1- The field number




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Distribution of fractured granite basement reservoirs in the world (data source: Batchelor & Ellis, 2005)

Legend: 1- The field number




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Field information viewing in ARCVIEW window.


Petrophysics of Fractured Granite Basement


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Reservoir

End of Part I

Fractured base ment lecturer.pdf

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