THE CONSTRUCTION

OF BUILDINGS VOLUME 4

MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS, FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURES,

STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES, FLOORS AND ROOFS, CONCRETE, CONCRETE STR UCTURAL FRAMES,

EXTERNAL WALLS AND CLADDING OF FRAMED BUILDINGS

R. BARRY Architect

FOURTH EDITION

b Blackwell Science

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION vii

CHAPTER ONE FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURES Functional requirements - Foundations - Substructures

CHAPTER TWO STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES, FLOORS 31 AND ROOFS Functional requirements - Methods of design - Steel sections - Structural steel frames - Floors and roofs to structural steel frames - Functional requirements - Floor and roof construction - Fire safety

CHAPTER THREE CONCRETE 74 Cement - Aggregates - Concrete mixes - Reinforcement -Formwork and falsework - Prestressed concrete - Light-weight concrete - Surface finishes of concrete

CHAPTER FOUR CONCRETE STRUCTURAL FRAMES 96 In situ cast frames - Floor construction - Precast reinforced concrete frames - Lift slab construction

CHAPTER FIVE EXTERNAL WALLS AND CLADDING OF FRAMED 116 BUILDINGS Functional requirements - External walls and cladding -Solid and cavity walling - Facings applied to solid and cavity wall backing - Cladding panels - Glass fibre reinforced cement cladding panels (GRC) - Glass fibre reinforced polyester cladding (GRP) - Infill wall framing to a structural grid - Glazed wall systems - Glass - Sheet metal wall cladding - Sheet metal wall panels

INDEX 173

Acrylic finish, 166 Admixtures, concrete, 77 Aerated concrete, 94 Aggregate

artificial, 76 coarse, 76 fine, 76 grading, 76 natural, 76 particle shape, 77 surface texture, 77

Aggregates, 75 Alkali-silica reaction, 81 Aluminium sheets, 165 Anchorage of reinforcement, 82 Angle support, 132 Anodising, 166 Artificial aggregate , 76 Artificial stone , 125 ASR, concrete, 81 Assembling reinforcement, 85

Bars, deformed, 84 Base plates , column, 55 Bases, column, 55 Batching

volume, 78 weight, 78

Beam and filler block floor, 64 Beam and slab floor, 99 Beam and slab raft foundation, 14 Beam, castella, 38 Beams

built-up, 54 cantilevered. 83

Bearing pressure, 6 Bearing strength, 49 Bituminous membrane, 29 Block casing, 73 Board casing, 71 Bolt boxes, 57 Bolt pitch (spacing), 49 Bolts

hexagon headed, 48 high strength friction grip, 48 turned and fitted, 48

Bond of reinf oreement, 82 Bored piles, 15, 21 Boreholes, 3 Box frame construction 98

INDEX

173

Box panel, metal, 169 Brick casing, 73 Brick cladding, 126

restraint, 130 support, 128

Built-up beams, 54 Bulb of pressure, 7 Bush hammering, 95 Butt weld, 52

Cantilever beam foundation, 12 Cantilever beams, concrete, 83 Carrier systems, 167 Cast stone

cladding, 126 facings, J31

Cast.eUa beam, 38 Cavity insulation, 126 Cellular raft foundation, 14 Cement, 74

glass fibre reinforced, 149 high alumina, 75 low heat Portland, 75 ordinary Portland, 74 Portland blast furnace, 75 rapid hardening Portland, 74 sulphate resisting Portland, 74 water repellent, 75 white Portland, 75

Characteristics of aggregate, 76 Cladding

brick, 126 cast stone, 126 natural stone, 126 precast concrete, 137

Coarse aggregate, 76 Coarse grained soils, 5 Cohesion of particles, 4 Cohesive fine grained soils, 6 Cold bridge, 123, 162 Cold roll-formed sections, 39 Cold rolled steel deck , 64 Cold strip sections , connections, 58 Cold worked steel reinforcement , 84 Column base plates, 55 Column bases, 55 Column foundations, 55 Columns

built-up, 54 concrete, 86 ,

Combined foundations , 11 Compacting concrete, 79 Composite construction, 112 Composite panels, GRC, 149 Composite sheet metal panels, 169 Composite sheets, 163 Compressibility, soils, 4 Compressible joints, 129 Compression seal, 162 Concrete, 74 Concrete admixtures, 77

casing, 73 cover, 82 facings, 137 frames, 96 mixes, 77 reinforcement, 81 structural frames, 96

Concrete, aerated, 94 ASR,8 1 compacting, 79 construction joints, 79 creep, 80 curing, 79 deformation of, 80 foamed,94 lightweight, 93 mixing, 79 no fines, 93 placing, 79 prestressed, 90 surface finishes, 94 workability, 77

Connections cold strip sections , 58 hollow sections, 58 steel frame, 45 welded,54

Construction joints, concrete, 79 Contact pressure, 17 Corbels, 133 Cover beads, 162 Cover, concrete, 82 Cramps, 132 Creep, 80 Cross wall construction, 98 Curing concrete, 79 Curtain walling, 158

Deformation of concrete, 80 Deformed bars, 84 Design, methods of, 33 Designed mixes, 78 Differential settlement, 9 Displacement piles, 15 Double shear, 48 Dowel fixing, 134 Dowels, 134

INDEX

174

Dragged finish, 95 Drained joint, open, 144 Driven cast-in-place piles , 17 Driven piles, 15 Drop slab aoor, 100 Drying shrinkage, 80 Ductility, mild steel, 36 Durability. walls, 11 8

Elastic deformation, concrete, SO Elasticity, mild steel, 36 End bearing piles, 19 EPDM, 162 Exclusion of wind and rain , liS, 162 Expansion joints, 129 Exposed aggregate finish, 95 External walls, 124

Face fixing, stone, 135 Facings, 131

cast stone, 131 concrete, 137 faience slabwork, 137 fixing, 131 mosaic, 137" natural stone, 131 support, 128, 130 terra cotta, 137 tile, 137

Factor of safety, 34 Falsework, 90 Fasteners, steel frame, 45 Fill, 3 Fillet weld, 52 Fine aggregate, 76 Fine grained soil , 6 Finish, exposed aggregate, 95 Fire protection

block casing, 73 board casing, 71 brick casing, 73 concrete casing, 73 intumescent coating, 69 mineral fibre coating, 69 plaster and lath , 73 spray coatings, 68 structural steel, 68 vermiculite/gypsumlcement,69

Fire resistance, walls, 119 Fire safety, 60, 68, 119 Fixed end support, 82 Fixing

for facings, 131 GRP, 154 reinforcement, 85 restraint , 130 sheet metal , 171

.,

Flanged GRP, 153 Flat slab (plate) floor , 100 Float glass , 160 Floor

beam and slab, 99 construction, 99 drop slab, 100 flat slab (plate), lOO steel deck and concrete, 64 warne grid, 100

Flowdrill jointjng, 57 Foamed concrete, 94 Formwork, 90 Foundation(s), I

beam and s lab raft , 14 bolt boxes, 57 cantilever beam, 12 cellular raft, 13 columns, 55 combined, 11 pad, ll pile, 14 raft, 14 solid slab rart, 14 strip, I1

Frame skeleton, 41 structural steel, 40

Freyssinet system, 92 Friction piles, 17 Frost heave, 5 Functional requirements

foundations, I walls, 118

Galvanised steel reinforcement, 85 Gasket joint , 150 Gaskets, 150 Gel coat, 153 Gilford-Udall-CCL system, 92 Girder, Viercndeel, 41 Glass, 160 Glass fibre reinforced cement, 146 Glass fibre reinforced polyester, 154 Glass wall

restraint, 161 support , 161

Glazed wall, 156 Glazing, patent, 157 Grading of aggregate, 76 GRC, 146

composite panels, 149 jointing, 150 open drained joint. 151 restraint tixings, 1St ribbed, 148 sandwich panel, 149 single skin, 147

INDEX

175

stud frame, 148 support, 151

Grillage roundation, 56 GRP, 152

fixing, 154 flanged, 153 jointing, 153 profiled, 153 sandwich panel , 154 stiffening ribs, 153 support, 154

Heat reflective glass, 160 Hexagon headed black bolts, 48 High alumina cement, 75 High strength friction grip bolts, 48 HolIow box mullion, 157 Hollow clay block floor, 104 Hollow floor units, precast , 102 Hollow sections

connections, 57 steel, 39

In-fill panels, 155 In situ cast concrete frames , 96 Insulation, cavity, 126 Internal friction, soils, 5 Intumescent coatings , 69 Inverted 'T' beam, 113

Jacked piles , 20 Joint, spigot, 161 Jointing

GRC, I50 GRP, 153 sheet metal, 171

Joints, compression, 129 construction, concrete, 79 expansion, 129 gasket , 150 movement, 136 precast concrete, 143 sealed, 144 stone, 136

Laminated panel , metal, 169 Laying up, GRP, 152 Lee-McCaIl system, 92 Lift slab construction, 110 Lightweight concrete, 93 Limit state method of design, 35 Load factor method of design, 34 Loadbearing fixings, no, 132 Low heat Portland cement, 75

Made-up ground, 6 Magnel-Blaton system, 93

,

Manual metal-arc welding, 50 Mastic asphalt tanking, 27 Membranes, bituminous, 29 Metal inert-gas welding, 51 Metal support fixings, 131 Methods of design, 33 MI G welding, 51 Mild steel, 35 Mild steel reinforcement, 81 Mineral fibre boards and batts, 71 Mineral fibre coatings, 69 Mixes

concrete, 77 designed, 78 nominal, 78 prescribed, 78 standard, 78

Mixing concrete, 79 MMA welding, 50 Moist earth method, 126 Mosaic, 137 Movement joints, 136 Movement of structural frames, 117 Mullions , hollow box, 157

Natural aggregates, 76 Natural stone cladding, 126 Neoprene, 136 No fines concrete, 93 Nominal mixes, 78 Non-cohesive soils, 5 Non-displacement piles, 15

Open drained joint, 144 Ordinary Portland cement, 74 Organic soils, 6

Pad foundations , 11 Panels

in-fill, 155 single skin, 162

Parallel beam frame, 59 Particle shape, aggregate , 77 Patent glazing, 157 Peat, 6 Permeability, soils, 5 Permissible stress method of design, 33 Pile cap, 24 Pile foundations, 14 Piles

bored, 21 displacement, 15 driven, 17 driven cast-in-place, 17 end bearing, 17 friction, 22 jacked, 20 non-displacement, 15

INDEX

176

spacing, 24 Pin jointed frame, 44 Pitch (spacing), bolt , 49 Placing concrete, 79 Plain concrete finishes, 94 Plaster and lath, 73 Plasterboard casings, 72 Plasticity, soils, 4 Plate floor , 100 Point tooling, 95 Polyester powder finish, 164 Portland blast furnace cement, 75 Portland cement, 74 Post -tensioning, 93 Pre-tensioning, 91 Precast beam and filler floor, 104 Precast concrete

cladding, 137 plank floor, 102 restraint fixings, 139 support, 139 tee beam, 103 wall frames, 107

Precast hollow floor units, 102 Precast reinforced concrete frames, 104 Preflex beams, 113 Preformed casing, 72 Pressure bulb, 7 Pressure, contact, 7 Pressure equalisation, 167 Prestressed concrete, 90 Profiled GRP, 153 Profiled sheets, single skin, 163 PSC one-wire system, 93

Raft foundations, 14 Rain screen, 167 Rapid hardening Portland cement, 74 Rebated joint, 144 Rectangular grid frame, 42 Reinforced concrete floors , 99 Reinforced concrete frame, precast, 104 Reinforcement, 81

anchorage, 82 assembly, 85 bond of, 82 cold worked steel, 84 deformed bars, 84 fixing, 85 galvanised steel, 85 mild steel, 84 spacers,87 stainless steel, 85 stirrups, 85

Relative settlement, 9 Resistance to corrosion, steel, 36 Resistance to sound, 124 Restraint

brick cladding, 130 glass wall, 161

Restraint fixings, 130, 134, 151 Ribbed GRC, 148 Ribs GRP, 153 Rocks, 3

SA welding, 52 Sandwich panel, GRC, 149 Seal, compression, 162 Sealed joints, 144 Settlement, 9 Shear, 82

double, 48 single , 48

Shear studs, 113 Sheet metal

composite panels, 169 fixing, 166 jointing, 166 wall cladding, 166 wall panels , 165

Sheets aluminium. 166 composite, 166 stainless steel, 165 steel, 165

Shrinkage, drying, 80 Single skin GRC, 147 Single skin panel, 166 Single skin profiled sheet, 163 Site exploration, 3 Skeleton frame, 41 Slimfloor construction, 66 Soils

cohesive, 6 non-cohesive, 5 organic, 6

Solar control glass, 160 Solid slab raft foundation, 14 Solid walls, 125 Spacers for reinforcement, 87 Spacing of piles , 24 Spigot joint, 161 Spray coatings, 68 Stainless steel reinforcement, 85 Stainless steel sheet, 165 Standard mixes, 78 Standard roned steel sections, 38 Steel

cold roll-formed sections, 40 fire protection, 36 hollow sections, 39 mild,35 weathering, 36

Steel deck and concrete floor, 64 Steel frame connections, 45 Steel frame fasteners, 45

INDEX

177

Steel frame pin jointed, 44 rectangular grid, 42

Steel grillage foundation , 56 Steel sections, 35 Steel sheets , 165 Steel tubes, 39 Stirrups, reinforcement, 85 Slone

face fixing, 135 joints, 136

Strength, mild steel, 36 Strength and stability, walls, 11 8 Strength of bolted connections, 48 Strip foundations , It Structural frames, concrete, 96 Structural steel frames. 40 Structural steelwork, fire protection, 68 Stud frame, GRC, 148 Submerged arc welding, 52 Substructures, 24 Sulphate resisting Portland cement, 74 Support angles, 132 Support

brick cladding, 128 fixed end, 82 glass wall, 161 GRC, 151 GRP, 154 prccast concrete, 139 sheet metal, 163

Support for facings, 132 Surface finishes, concrete, 141 Surface texture, aggregate, 77

Tanking, 27 Tee beams, precas[ concrete, 103 Terra cotta, 137 Thermal bridge, 123, 162 Thermal properties , walls, 121 Tiles, 137 Tooled surface finishes, 94 Top hat section beam, 64 Toughened glass, 160 Trial pits, 3 Tubes, steel, 39 Turned and fitted bolts, 48 Types of aggregate, 76

Upstand beams, 98

Vermiculite/gypsum boards, 72 Vermiculite/gypsum/cement coatings, 69 Vierendeel girder, 41 Volume batching, 78

Warne grid floor, lOO Wall ,

curtain, 158 glazed, 158

Wall cladding, sheet metal , 166 Wall frames, precast concrete, 107 Wall panels, sheet metal , 165 Walls

brick, 126 external, 125 functional requirements , 118 solid, 125

Water/cement ratio, 77 Water reducing admixtures, 77 Water repellent cement, 75 Waterstops, 25, 26 Weathering steel, 36

INDEX

178

Weight batching, 78 Weld

butt , 52 fillet , 52

Welded connections, 54 Welding, 49

MIG,51 MMA,50 SA, 52

White Portland cement, 75 Wind bracing

concrete frames, 99 steel frames, 41

Workability , concrete, 77

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