Four decades of windpower development: some ‘value sensitive design’ lessons Frans A. van der...
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Transcript of Four decades of windpower development: some ‘value sensitive design’ lessons Frans A. van der...
Four decades of windpower development:some ‘value sensitive design’ lessons
Frans A. van der LooBrussels 22 november 2013
The context
• Dutch innovation policy: Energy topsectorBio-energyEnergy efficiency buildingsEnergy efficiency industryGasSmart GridsWindpower OffshoreSolar energy
• NWO Research programme ‘Responsible innovation’Shale gasSmart gridsWindpower OffshoreGreen production, etc.
• ‘Embedding social responsibility in the design of offshore wind energy systems’
TU Delft, prof.dr. Rolf Künneke e.a. (university) TKI-Windoffshore, NWEA e.a. (industry)
Content
• Wind onshore- from niche to system-innovation (1973-2013)- technical and procedural design- the lessons
• Wind offshore- large-scale implementation 2030- impact and acceptability
• Value sensitive design- some lessons
Wind onshore: the system
1
2
3
2450 MW
stand-alone
windfarm
Wind onshore: technical design
75 kW
600 kW
7500 kW
Impact:-visual-noise-shadow
Wind onshore: procedural design
Policy phase
Label Initiative Characteristics
1
1980-1995
Stand-alone/ Starters Farmer
Project developer
Kitchen-table
Permit no problem
Ownership in backyard
‘Technical’ process
2
1995-2010
Spatial planning Regional/Local authority
Spatial plan
Regional ‘Wind-map’
Policy process (BLOW)
3
2010-now
Upscaling &Concentration
Public-Private partnership
More power, less turbines
Partner, not owner
Cooperation/Participation
Wind-banking
Wind onshore: the value drivers
• Clean&Reliable: more windpower- Political independance 1973 (Oil-boycot)- Acid rain 1980- Climate change 1990- Political independance 2008 (Russia-Ukraine)
• (Cost-)Efficiency: bigger turbines
• Social acceptance: from local to national procedures
Wind onshore: value sensitive design lessons (1)
Technology
• turbine larger + more efficient (75kW to 7500kW)
• from 2 to 3 rotorblades
• from turbine to windfarm (line/array)
• less noise
• shadow-interrupting
Wind onshore: value sensitive design lessons (2)
Procedures (institutional)
• Spatial planning
• Procedure/ initiative changes
• Stakeholders: from farmer to Province to Parliament
• Process: from ‘technical’ to political (and legal procedures)
• Grid-connection: grid-enforcement, codification, congestion-law
• Tariff: from fixed fee to APX-trade (Spot, Intra-day, Day-ahead)
Wind offshore: the system in context
Wind Offshore
Environment
Stakeholders Oil&Gas Shipping Fishery Military Recreation
Citizens
Politics
System&Infrastructure
Wind offshore: ‘value sensitive’ impact
Issue Impact 150 GW in 2030 Acceptability
Costs/ Benefits
Investment €450 billionEnergy bill consumrs
PoliticalCitizens
Spacing offshore
Shipping routes (adapted already)Power to Gas (P2G)Fisherie (MERMAID)
Stakeholders (vested)
Grid-integration
30% power in EuropeSupergrid?
Political (international)
Life-cycle, materials, recycling
Rare earth materials?Steel-market?Decommissioning 1000 turbines/y, 3000 rotorblades/y
Citizens
Mode of operation
Logistics: 25.000 turbines, 4 turbines every dayCSR (Corporate Social Responsibility),cables passing dunes etc.
Citizens
These issues might pose critical factors to public acceptance
Value sensitive design: some lessons
• Wind onshore development shows value sensitive design - in technology and procedures.
• From niche to system-innovation: new kind of impacts, new kind of issues, new kind of policies- not only technology
• Wind offshore implementation: anticipate the large-scale impacts- We can learn from wind onshore.- Social Impact Report? (cf. Environmental Impact Report)
• Wind offshore value sensitive design should focus on:- Costs/Benefits (public budgets + framing)- Sea-stakeholder cooperation- Grid-extension + organisation- Life-cycle management- Logistics- CSR
Thank you! Discussion?
Frans A. van der LooLOO e-Consultinfo@looeconsult
Responsible innovation programme Wind offshore TU Delft prof.dr. R. Kü[email protected]