Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) •...

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Founda’ons of Game AI Level 7 – AI Scrip’ng Prof Alexiei Dingli

Transcript of Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) •...

Page 1: Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) • Regardless)of)whatpeople)believe)or)know)aboutthe)inner)workings)of) computers,)they)talk)aboutthem)and)interactwith)them)as)social

Founda'ons  of  Game  AI  

Level  7  –  AI  Scrip'ng    

Prof  Alexiei  Dingli  

Page 2: Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) • Regardless)of)whatpeople)believe)or)know)aboutthe)inner)workings)of) computers,)they)talk)aboutthem)and)interactwith)them)as)social

What  is  AI  scrip'ng?  

•  Simple  programming  language  •  Serves  a  specific  task  •  Enable  game  designers  (not  programmers)  to  hand  craE  game  

mechanics  •  Players  can  also  modify  the  game  •  Scrip'ng  languages  such  as  Lua  or  Python  can  be  used  but  also  

graphical  representa'ons  •  Scripts  are  edited  using  standard  text  editors  •  Some  games  allow  real  'me  scrip'ng  during  game  play  

Page 3: Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) • Regardless)of)whatpeople)believe)or)know)aboutthe)inner)workings)of) computers,)they)talk)aboutthem)and)interactwith)them)as)social

Scrip'ng  AJributes  

•  Easier  to  tweak  AI  opponents  (no  need  to  re-­‐compile)  

•  Anything  can  be  tweaked  –  Intelligence  –  Speed  –  Strength  – Magic    

Page 4: Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) • Regardless)of)whatpeople)believe)or)know)aboutthe)inner)workings)of) computers,)they)talk)aboutthem)and)interactwith)them)as)social

Example  AJribute  Script  

 CREATURE=1;    INTELLIGENCE=20;    STRENGTH=75;    SPEED=50;    END      

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Example  Condi'onal  Script  CREATURE=1;    If  (LEVEL<5)    

 BEGIN        INTELLIGENCE=20;        STRENGTH=75;        SPEED=50;      END    

ELSE      BEGIN        INTELLIGENCE=40;        STRENGTH=150;        SPEED=100;      END    

END      

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Example  Behavior  Script  

If  (PlayerArmed==TRUE)      BEGIN        DoFlee();      END    

ELSE      BEGIN        DoAJack();      END    

 

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Example  AI  Behavior  Script  

If  (  PlayerChallenge  ==  DIFFICULT  )      BEGIN        DoFlee();      END    

ELSE      BEGIN        DoAJack();      END    

 

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Example  Patrolling  Behavior  

If  (creature.state==Patrol)      Begin        move(0,1);        move(-­‐1,0);        …    End  

 

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Example  Verbal  Interac'on  If  (PlayerArmed  ==Dagger)    

 Say("What  a  cute  liJle  knife.");      If  (PlayerArmed  ==Bow)    

 Say("Drop  the  bow  now  and  I'll  let  you  live.");      If  (PlayerArmed  ==Sword)    

 Say("That  sword  will  fit  nicely  in  my  collec'on.");      If  (PlayerArmed  ==BaJleAxe)    

 Say("You're  too  weak  to  wield  that  baJle  axe.");    

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Example  Scrip'ng  Events  

If  (PlayerLoca'on(120,76))    Trigger(kExposionTrap);      PlaySound  (kExplosion);    

 If  (PlayerLoca'on(56,16))      Trigger(kPoisonTrap);    

 

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Example  Keyword  Scrip'ng  

 If  (Ask("what")  and  Ask("name")  )      begin        Say("I  am  Merlin.");      end    

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Scrip'ng  a  ChaJerbot  •  Eliza,  the  first  chaJerbot  :  a  computer  program  that  mimics  

human  conversa'on  –  Joseph  Weizenbaum,  MassachuseJs  Ins'tute  of  Technology  

•  User  types  in  natural  language  

•  ELIZA  then  analyzes  the  user's  statement  and  generates  some  response  which  it  types  out  

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ELIZA  Sample  

conversa'on  

Men  are  all  alike.  IN  WHAT  WAY?    They're  always  bugging  us  about  something  or  other.  CAN  YOU  THINK  OF  A  SPECIFIC  EXAMPLE?    Well,  my  boyfriend  made  me  come  here.  YOUR  BOYFRIEND  MADE  YOU  COME  HERE    He  says  I'm  depressed  much  of  the  Hme.  I  AM  SORRY  TO  HEAR  YOU  ARE  DEPRESSED    It's  true.  I  am  unhappy  DO  YOU  THINK  COMING  HERE  WILL  HELP  YOU  NOT  TO  BE  UNHAPPY    I  need  some  help,  that  much  seems  certain.  WHAT  WOULD  IT  MEAN  TO  YOU  IF  YOU  GOT  SOME  HELP    Perhaps  I  could  learn  to  get  along  with  my  mother.  TELL  ME  MORE  ABOUT  YOUR  FAMILY  

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Eliza's  strategy  Keywords  

•  Input  is  read  and  inspected  for  the  presence  of  a  keyword  

•  When  keyword  is  found,  the  sentence  is  transformed  according  to  a  rule  associated  with  the  keyword  

•  Else  a  content-­‐free  remark  or,  under  certain  condi'ons,  an  earlier  transforma'on  is  retrieved.  

•  The  text  so  computed  or  retrieved  is  then  printed  out  

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ELIZA  Example  transforma'ons  

"I  am  X"  à  "How  long  have  you  been  X?«    

I  am  very  unhappy.  HOW  LONG  HAVE  YOU  BEEN  VERY  UNHAPPY?    

"X  YOU  Y  ME"  à  "What  makes  you  think  I  Y  you?«    

It  seems  that  you  hate  me.  WHAT  MAKES  YOU  THINK  THAT  I  HATE  YOU?  

 

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ELIZA  Why  does  it  work?  

 •  Rogerian  psychotherapist    à  Can  pretend  to  know  

almost  nothing  of  the  real  world      "I  went  for  a  long  boat  ride"      "Tell  me  about  boats"      

 •  Not  a  real  dialog  (no  real  communica'on)  

–  ELiza  generates  a  reac'on  (oEen  a  rather  non  commital  one)  to  the  user's  statement  

–  The  user  cannot  ask  for  informa'on.  –  The  user  cannot  issue  an  order  

 

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ELIZA  Does  it  really  work?  

Eliza:  Hello.  I  am  ELIZA.  How  can  I  help  you?  You:  I  went  to  Paris  yesterday    Eliza:  Can  you  elaborate  on  that?  You:  I  took  the  train    Eliza:  Can  you  elaborate  on  that?  You:  The  train  was  late    Eliza:  Please  go  on.  You:  All  the  seats  were  full    Eliza:  Please  go  on.  You:  A  liKle  boy  was  having  a  tantrum    Eliza:  Please  go  on.  

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ELIZA  Does  it  really  work?  

Indexicals  (I,  you,  here,  now)  User:  I  am  having  fun  right  now.  Eliza:  Does  it  please  you  to  believe  that  I  am  having  fun  right  now.  

 

World  Knowledge  User:  I  am  a  human.  Eliza:  How  long  have  you  been  a  human?  

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When  Eliza  fails  •  Yes/No  QuesHons  

   User:  Are  you  a  good  therapist?      Eliza:  Would  you  prefer  it  if  I  were  a  good  therapist?      User:  I'm  wondering  about  your  skills  as  a  therapist;        Eliza:  Does  it  please  you  to  believe  I  am  wondering  about  my  skills  of  therapist?  

 

•  Wh-­‐QuesHons      User:  Who  are  you?      Eliza:  Would  you  prefer  it  if  I  were  not?      User:  What  do  you  want  me  to  tell?      Eliza:  Does  that  ques'on  interest  you?  

 

•  Complex  AsserHons      User:  I  don't  have  a  problem.  I'm  quite  happy,  I  have  a  girlfriend,  I  study.    Everything  is  OK!      Eliza:  Why  do  you  not  have  any  problem,  I'm  quite  happy,  you  have  a  girlfriend,  you  study.  Everything  is  OK!  

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Eliza  is  not  intelligent  but...  

•  Regardless  of  what  people  believe  or  know  about  the  inner  workings  of  computers,  they  talk  about  them  and  interact  with  them  as  social  en''es.  

•  Weizenbaum  (1976)  notes  that  many  people  con'nued  to  believe  in  ELIZA’s  abili'es  even  aEer  the  program’s  opera'on  was  explained  to  them.    

•  People  act  toward  computers  as  if  they  were  people  and  expect  that  computers  should  be  able  to  understand  their  needs  and  be  capable  of  interac'ng  with  them  naturally.    

•  Given  these  predisposi'ons,  speech-­‐  and  language-­‐based  system  are  not  supposed  to  be  intelligent  

•  But  they  may  provide  users  with  the  most  natural  interface  for  many  applicaHons  

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Exercise  

•  Have  a  chat  with  the  Eliza  Bot    (index.html)  

•  Have  a  look  at  the  rules  (elizadata.js)    

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The  Eliza  Rules  ["<key>",  <rank>,                        [                            [  //  first  decomposi'on  paJern                                "<decomp>",                                ["<reasmb>",  "<reasmb>",  "<reasmb>"]                            ],                            [  //  second  decomposi'on  paJern                                "<decomp>",                                ["<reasmb>",  "<reasmb>",  "<reasmb>"]                            ]                        ]                    ]    

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The  Eliza  Rules  •  Keywords  with  higher  rank  take  precedence  

•  Decomposi'ons  are  matched  in  defini'on  order  

•  Reasemblies  are  chosen  by  random  or  cycled  through  if  the  no-­‐random  flag  is  set  

•  The  special  keyword  "xnone"  holds  the  rules  for  default  phrases  (no  match)  

•  Pres,  posts,  synonyms,  keywords,  decomposi'ons  all  in  lower  case  

•  All  defini'ons  are  op'onal  but  at  least  elizaKeywords  should  be  supplied  

•  If  no  keywords  are  found  `transform()'  returns  the  default  string  "I  am  at  a  loss  for  words.”  

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Decomposi'on  Rules  

•   *  ...  any  words  (incl.  none)  

•  $  ...  (in  first  posi'on)  reassemble  for  memory  only  

•  @synon  ...  subs'tute  entry  with  a  synonymous  expression  

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Reassambly  

   •  (n)  ...  insert  param  of  posi'on  n  (first  is  "1")  

•   posi'ons  are  any  matchings  of  "*"  or  "@synon"  

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Eliza  Examples  

["sorry",  0,  [    ["*",  [            "Please  don't  apologise.",            "Apologies  are  not  necessary.",            "I've  told  you  that  apologies  are  not  required.",            "It  did  not  bother  me.    Please  con'nue."      ]]  

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Eliza  Examples  

     ["*  i  am*  @sad  *",  [            "I  am  sorry  to  hear  that  you  are  (3).",            "Do  you  think  coming  here  will  help  you  not  to  be  (3)  ?",            "I'm  sure  it's  not  pleasant  to  be  (3).",            "Can  you  explain  what  made  you  (3)  ?"      ]],  

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Eliza  Examples  

["forget",  5,  [    ["*  i  forget  *",  [            "Can  you  think  of  why  you  might  forget  (2)  ?",            "Why  can't  you  remember  (2)  ?",            "How  oEen  do  you  think  of  (2)  ?",            "Does  it  bother  you  to  forget  that  ?",            "Could  it  be  a  mental  block  ?",            "Are  you  generally  forge~ul  ?",            "Do  you  think  you  are  suppressing  (2)  ?"      ]],    ["*  did  you  forget  *",  [            "Why  do  you  ask  ?",            "Are  you  sure  you  told  me  ?",            "Would  it  bother  you  if  I  forgot  (2)  ?",            "Why  should  I  recall  (2)  just  now  ?",            "goto  what",            "Tell  me  more  about  (2)."      ]]  ]],  

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Exercise  

Create  a  bus  booking  Chatbot.    1.  Gree'ng  2.  From  3.  To  4.  Bye  

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Crea'ng  a    conversa'onal  agent  

•  AIML  – Ar'ficial  Intelligence  Markup  Language  – Used  in  ALICE  (Ar'ficial  Linguis'c  Internet  Computer  En'ty)  

– Won  the    •  Leobner  prize  3  'mes  •  ChaJerbox  challenge  

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Cycle  

Human  inputs  

sentence  

Chatbot  searches  database  

Chatbot  produces  response  

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Cycle  

Human:  “How  are  you  

doing?”  

Chatbot:  “How  are  *  …  Template:  I’m  fine,  thanks  

Chatbot:  I’m  fine,  thanks  

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PaJerns  

<aiml>              <category>                    <paJern>  HELLO  </paJern>                      <template>  Hi!    How  are  you?  </template>              </category>  

 …        </aiml>  

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AIML  shorthand  

 !  A  bot  will  not  know  this  line  is  here  p  Hello  t  Hi  there!  I  hope  you  are  \        having  a  great  day!  

34  

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AIML  Macros  

!  Remember...comments  begin  with  the  !  character  !  The  macro  on  the  next  line  defines  the  bot's  name  $  my_name  Larry          p  what  is  your  name  t  My  name  is  $$my_name.  

35  

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AIML  Macros  

 $  i_am_a  robot    p  you  are  weird    t  Please  don't  hold  my  $$i_am_aness  against  me  :-­‐(  

36  

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Loops    pf  hi  hello  "what  is  up"  hola  howdy  "what  is  going  on"    t  Hi,  it's  very  nice  to  meet  you!    p  hi  t  Hi,  it's  very  nice  to  meet  you!        p  hello  t  Hi,  it's  very  nice  to  meet  you!  p  what  is  up  t  Hi,  it's  very  nice  to  meet  you!  p  hola  t  Hi,  it's  very  nice  to  meet  you!  …  

37  

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Complex  Loops  

p  I  pf  really  "  ”  pf  like  love  p  being  with  pf  dogs  cats  animals  t  Really?    I  enjoy  being  with  animals,  too!  

38  

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Loops  and  Macros    $  like_terms  like  love            p  i    pf  $$like_terms    p  fish    t  You  like  fish?    I  HATE  fish!            p  i    pf  $$like_terms    p  dogs    t  I  like  dogs,  too!    

39  

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Advanced  Loops  p    i    pf  "  "  really    p    love  pf  dogs  cats  fish  animals  t  You  love  $$[1][*]?    I  love  all  kinds  of  $$[1][3]!      

40  

0   1   2   3  

0   “  ”   really  

1   dogs   cats   fish   animals  

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Random  Lists  

p  hello  t    r    l  Hi!    It's  nice  to  meet  you!  l  Hello,  how  are  you  today?  l  Gree'ngs!  l  Hi,  what  are  you  up  to?  

41  

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Random  Lists  

<paJern>  HELLO  </paJern><template><random>              <li>  Hi!    It's  nice  to  meet  you!  </li>              <li>  Hello,  how  are  you  today?  </li>              <li>  Gree'ngs!  </li>              <li>  Hi,  what  are  you  up  to?  </li>        </random></template>    

42  

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Condi'ons  

 p  how  do  i  look    t  I  think  you  look      cnv  gender  male  handsome    cnv  gender  female  preJy    t  !  

43  

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Case  Study:  Robo  BaJle  Pigs  

Page 45: Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) • Regardless)of)whatpeople)believe)or)know)aboutthe)inner)workings)of) computers,)they)talk)aboutthem)and)interactwith)them)as)social

Case  Study:  Robo  BaJle  Pigs  

•  Objec've  

– To  destroy  your  opponent's  Robo  BaJle  Pig  by  inflic'ng  five  points  of  damage  with  your  laser  or  powerful  robot  fist  

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Case  Study:  Robo  BaJle  Pigs  

•  Rules  

–  For  two  players,  the  pigs  start  the  game  on  opposite  sides  of  the  board,  just  to  the  right  of  the  center  line,  facing  the  center  of  the  board  

–  Each  round  of  the  game  is  made  of  five  moves.  Both  players  plan  their  five  moves.  The  players  then  reveal  their  "programs",  and  move  their  pigs  simultaneously.    

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Case  Study:  Robo  BaJle  Pigs  •  AI  Challenge  

–  Must  create  a  string  containing  five  encoded  commands,  separated  by  spaces  

–  Must  use  the  standard  command  

–  Must  issue  one  Damage(X)  command  for  each  wound  suffered  by  the  pig  

–  Must  ensure  that  the  Repair(R)  command  is  used  correctly,  which  means  that  Repair(R)  commands  may  only  be  given  if  all  five  commands  are  Repair(R)    

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Case  Study:  Robo  BaJle  Pigs  •  Variables  

–  X  -­‐  Your  pig's  x-­‐coordinate  –  Y  -­‐  Your  pig's  y-­‐coordinate  –  Health  -­‐  Your  pig's  health  –  Facing  -­‐  The  direc'on  your  pig  is  facing,  encoded  as  an  integer,  where  N=0,  

E=1,  S=2,  W=3  –  opponentX  -­‐  Your  opponent's  x-­‐coordinate  –  opponentY  -­‐  Your  opponent's  y-­‐coordinate  –  opponentHealth  -­‐  Your  opponent's  health  –  opponentFacing  -­‐The  direc'on  your  opponent  is  facing,  encoded  as  above  

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Case  Study:  Robo  BaJle  Pigs  •  Command  Encoding  

–  "^":  Move  the  pig  one  square  forward.  –  "v":  Move  the  pig  one  square  backward.  –  "/":  Move  the  pig  diagonally  forward  and  right.  –  "\":  Move  the  pig  diagonally  forward  and  leE.  –  "TL":  Turn  the  pig  to  the  leE.  –  "TR":  Turn  the  pig  to  the  right.  –  "F":  Fire  a  laser  beam  in  a  straight  line  in  the  direc'on  the  pig  is  facing.  –  "H":  Swing  the  massive  robo  baJle  pig  baJle  fist,  striking  the  three  squares  in  front  of  

the  pig.  –  "R":  Repair  one  point  of  damage.  –  "X":  Do  nothing.  One  Damage(X)  command  must  be  issued  for  each  point  of  damage  

suffered  by  the  pig.  

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Random  AI  

String  randomCommand()  {      //  Math.random()  returns  a  random  double  between  0  and  0.999...      //  Mul'ply  by  8  and  cast  to  an  int,  and  we  should  have  a  num  in  [0,7].      int  n  =  (int)(Math.random()  *  8);      switch(n)  {          case  0:  return  "^  ";          case  1:  return  "\\  ";          case  2:  return  "/  ";          case  3:  return  "TL  ";          case  4:  return  "TR  ";          case  5:  return  "v  ";          case  6:  return  "F  ";          case  7:  return  "H  ";          default:  print("This  should  never  happen.");      }  }    //  This  will  hold  the  result  String  result  =  "";    //  Make  sure  we  have  one  Damage(X)  command  for  each  wound  int  i;  for  (i=0;  i<5-­‐health;  i++)      result  +=  "X  ";    //  All  other  commands  are  random  for  (;  i<5;  i++)        result  +=  randomCommand();    //  The  last  thing  in  the  script  must  be  the  command  string.  result;  

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Sit    and  Shoot  AI  

//  This  will  hold  the  result  String  result  =  "";    //  Make  sure  we  have  one  Damage(X)  command  for  each  wound  int  i;  for  (i=0;  i<5-­‐health;  i++)      result  +=  "X  ";    //  All  other  commands  are  Fire(F)  for  (;  i<5;  i++)        result  +=  "F  ";    //  The  last  thing  in  the  script  must  be  the  command  string.  result;  

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Exercise  

•  Try  the    

– Random  AI    – Sit  and  Shoot  AI  

Page 53: Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) • Regardless)of)whatpeople)believe)or)know)aboutthe)inner)workings)of) computers,)they)talk)aboutthem)and)interactwith)them)as)social

Exercise  

•  Using  the  BeanShell  scrip'ng  language  (hJp://www.beanshell.org)  write  your  own  AI  

•  Use  your  AI  to  fight  against  your  neighboring  classmate  

Page 54: Foundaons)of)Game)AI · Elizais)notintelligentbut...) • Regardless)of)whatpeople)believe)or)know)aboutthe)inner)workings)of) computers,)they)talk)aboutthem)and)interactwith)them)as)social

Ques'ons?  


The Phineas Gage: Clues Aboutthe Brain from the Skull of a ...jneunuebel.psych.udel.edu/Webpage/Courses/assets/Paper2 - Structure... · The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues Aboutthe

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