Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms...

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Fossils Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare Rare Lack hard parts Lack hard parts Not all skeletal material is preserved Not all skeletal material is preserved Scavengers Scavengers Transport and abrasion Transport and abrasion Post-burial alteration of rock Post-burial alteration of rock Not all fossils are exposed at the Not all fossils are exposed at the surface surface Some form fossil fuels Some form fossil fuels

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Transcript of Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms...

Page 1: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

FossilsFossils

Fossils provide biased view of biotaFossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preservedNot all organisms are preserved

RareRare Lack hard partsLack hard parts

Not all skeletal material is preservedNot all skeletal material is preserved ScavengersScavengers Transport and abrasionTransport and abrasion Post-burial alteration of rockPost-burial alteration of rock

Not all fossils are exposed at the surfaceNot all fossils are exposed at the surface Some form fossil fuelsSome form fossil fuels

Page 2: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

ExtinctionExtinction

RatesRates Average rate has Average rate has

declined through timedeclined through time

Mass extinctionsMass extinctions Many extinctions within a Many extinctions within a

brief interval of timebrief interval of time Largest events peak at Largest events peak at

extinction of > 40% extinction of > 40% genera genera

Rapid increase followsRapid increase follows

Page 3: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Single-celled life: Single-celled life: ProkaryotesProkaryotes

The first The first proprokaryoteskaryotes showed up on Earth showed up on Earth more than 3.5 billion more than 3.5 billion

years agoyears ago

ProProkaryotes = organisms without a cell nucleus, karyotes = organisms without a cell nucleus, or indeed any other membrane-bound or indeed any other membrane-bound organelles; mostly unicellular organismsorganelles; mostly unicellular organisms

Prokaryotes generally accepted as first living Prokaryotes generally accepted as first living cells and most primitive organismscells and most primitive organisms

Page 4: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Archean LifeArchean Life

StromatolitesStromatolites 3.5 B years 3.5 B years Suggest Suggest

photosynthesisphotosynthesis Biomarkers for Biomarkers for

cyanobacteriacyanobacteria 2.7 B years 2.7 B years

Page 5: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Archean LifeArchean Life Deep-sea vents offer Deep-sea vents offer

wide range of wide range of temperaturestemperatures

Organic compounds Organic compounds readily dissolve in warm readily dissolve in warm waterwater

Protection from Protection from ultraviolet radiationultraviolet radiation

Protection from OProtection from O22

Abundant phosphorousAbundant phosphorous Contain metalsContain metals Contain claysContain clays

Page 6: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Single-celled Single-celled life: life: EEukaryotesukaryotes

Organisms with complex Organisms with complex cellscells

The first eukaryotes The first eukaryotes probably resulted from probably resulted from symbiotic relationships symbiotic relationships between two between two proprokaryoteskaryotes

Eukaryotes = organism with complex cell or cells, in Eukaryotes = organism with complex cell or cells, in which genetic material is organized into membrane-which genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei; mostly multicellular.bound nucleus or nuclei; mostly multicellular.

Eukaryotes larger than prokaryotes, and have a variety Eukaryotes larger than prokaryotes, and have a variety of internal membranes and structures, called of internal membranes and structures, called organelles and a cytoskeleton; DNA in chromosomesorganelles and a cytoskeleton; DNA in chromosomes

Page 7: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Proterozoic EventsProterozoic Events

Widespread glaciationWidespread glaciation 2.3 Ga2.3 Ga

StromatolitesStromatolites ProliferateProliferate Diverse shapes 1.2 B Diverse shapes 1.2 B

years agoyears ago Early EukaryotesEarly Eukaryotes

Page 8: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

An Earth without oxygenAn Earth without oxygen::Banded Iron FormationBanded Iron Formation

Iron in solution Iron in solution precipitates in precipitates in oxygen-rich wateroxygen-rich water

If atmosphere is If atmosphere is oxygen rich, iron oxygen rich, iron would not be would not be available for BIF available for BIF formationformation

Page 9: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Red BedsRed Beds

Never found in Never found in terranes older than 2 terranes older than 2 B yearsB years

Page 10: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Earth Earth withwith oxygen: oxygen:No No Banded iron Banded iron formationformation

The banded ironThe banded iron formationformation stopped stopped ~~2 billion years ago2 billion years ago

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis increased the increased the oxygen oxygen levels levels

But BIF came back But BIF came back again ~800 myBPagain ~800 myBP

Page 11: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Banded iron and glaciationBanded iron and glaciation

The Snowball Earth.The Snowball Earth.

Page 12: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

The Precambrian: Ediacara faunaThe Precambrian: Ediacara fauna

As Earth warmed up ~590 As Earth warmed up ~590 myBP,myBP,

multi-cellular animals evolvedmulti-cellular animals evolved

Page 13: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

The The CambrianCambrian: : Explosion of Explosion of LifeLife

All modern phyla present, All modern phyla present, plus a few weird onesplus a few weird ones

Page 14: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Late Paleozoic Life in the Late Paleozoic Life in the SeaSea

Crinoid meadowsCrinoid meadows Significant Significant

contribution to early contribution to early Carboniferous Carboniferous (Mississippean) (Mississippean) limestonelimestone

Page 15: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Late Paleozoic Life on LandLate Paleozoic Life on Land

Extensive swamps Extensive swamps developeddeveloped

Coal swamps Coal swamps dominated by dominated by lycopodslycopods LepidodendronLepidodendron

Up to 30 m tallUp to 30 m tall

SigillariaSigillaria

Page 16: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Late Paleozoic LifeLate Paleozoic Life

Rates of Origination Rates of Origination and Extinctionand Extinction

Page 17: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Late Permian AnoxiaLate Permian Anoxia

JapanJapan Uplifted rocksUplifted rocks Gray chert replaced Gray chert replaced

oxidized hematiteoxidized hematite

Page 18: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

The The end of the Paleozoicend of the Paleozoic::Permian mass extinctionPermian mass extinction

Greatest single catastrophe in the Greatest single catastrophe in the history of life on Earthhistory of life on Earth

Low sea levels, lots of volcanoesLow sea levels, lots of volcanoes Major turning point in evolution of lifeMajor turning point in evolution of life

Page 19: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

The The MesozoicMesozoic::Rise of the dinosaursRise of the dinosaurs

Climate began to warm upClimate began to warm up Sea level roseSea level rose Flowering plants evolvedFlowering plants evolved

Page 20: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

One day, 65 million years One day, 65 million years agoago

A huge meteorite (10 A huge meteorite (10 km) hit the Earthkm) hit the Earth

180 km diameter crater 180 km diameter crater on Yucatan Peninsula on Yucatan Peninsula (Chicxulub, Mexico)(Chicxulub, Mexico)

Page 21: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

One day, 65 million years One day, 65 million years agoago Dust thrown up into Dust thrown up into

atmosphere blocked atmosphere blocked sunlightsunlight

Firestorms ragedFirestorms raged

Page 22: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Cretaceous Mass ExtinctionCretaceous Mass Extinction DinosaursDinosaurs AmmonoidsAmmonoids Mosasaurs and other marine reptilesMosasaurs and other marine reptiles Reductions in gymnosperms and angiospermsReductions in gymnosperms and angiosperms 90% calcareous nannoplanton and foraminifera 90% calcareous nannoplanton and foraminifera

went extinctwent extinct Meteor impactMeteor impact

Iridium anomalyIridium anomaly Extinction patternsExtinction patterns

Page 23: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

The ImpactThe Impact Chicxulub CraterChicxulub Crater

Gravity anomaliesGravity anomalies

Page 24: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

TertiaryTertiary Rise of the MammalsRise of the Mammals Evolution of humansEvolution of humans

Page 25: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Paleogene LifePaleogene Life

Recovery from Recovery from Cretaceous Cretaceous extinctionsextinctions Modern life formsModern life forms New animalsNew animals

WhalesWhales SharksSharks

Page 26: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Paleogene Paleogene LifeLife

Sandy coasts offer Sandy coasts offer new nichesnew niches Sand dollars evolved Sand dollars evolved

from sea biscuitsfrom sea biscuits Flowering plants Flowering plants

expandedexpanded Grasses originatedGrasses originated

Page 27: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Paleogene LifePaleogene Life Mammals diversifiedMammals diversified

Most modern orders present by Early EoceneMost modern orders present by Early Eocene

Page 28: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Paleogene LifePaleogene Life

Primates modernized Primates modernized in Oligocenein Oligocene MonkeysMonkeys Apelike primatesApelike primates

AegyptopithecusAegyptopithecus

Page 29: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Neogene LifeNeogene Life

Marine lifeMarine life Miocene ancestral Miocene ancestral

whaleswhales Sperm whaleSperm whale Baleen whalesBaleen whales DolphinDolphin

Page 30: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Neogene LifeNeogene Life Terrestrial LifeTerrestrial Life

Grasses Grasses Herbs and weedsHerbs and weeds Requires arid climateRequires arid climate

Cooler climate linked to Antarctic glaciationCooler climate linked to Antarctic glaciation

Page 31: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Neogene LifeNeogene Life

MammalsMammals Groups of large Groups of large

mammalsmammals Many adapted to open Many adapted to open

terrainterrain Even-toed ungulatesEven-toed ungulates

BovidaeBovidae ElephantsElephants Carnivorous mammalsCarnivorous mammals

New world primatesNew world primates

Page 32: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Human EvolutionHuman Evolution

Miocene apes Miocene apes radiated in Africa and radiated in Africa and EurasiaEurasia Most were arborealMost were arboreal

Earliest apesEarliest apes 6-7 M year old fossil 6-7 M year old fossil

skullskull SahelanthropusSahelanthropus Resembles both apes Resembles both apes

and humansand humans

Page 33: Fossils Fossils provide biased view of biota Fossils provide biased view of biota Not all organisms are preserved Not all organisms are preserved Rare.

Human EvolutionHuman Evolution

AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines Intermediate between Intermediate between

humans and apeshumans and apes Only slightly larger Only slightly larger

brain than chimpbrain than chimp Broad pelvisBroad pelvis


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