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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ser Subj Page No.

1. Introduction

2. Aim

3. Objectives

4. Methodology

PART I

5. Historical Background

PART II

6. Forts of Pakistan

PART III

7. Tourism Potentials in Pakistan

PART III

8. Recommendations

9. Conclusion

10. References

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Introduction

1. Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage and it is depicted in the

form of marvelous structure built for the defense of a state or a

country. There are many forts located all around the world that are

of historical significance. The main purpose behind the

construction of forts was to protect a country from invaders and

enemies. However, they serve another purpose also which

involves making a display of one’s architecture as depicted by its

significance in a culture.

2. Pakistan is proud to have enormous forts with beautiful

architecture and rich cultural significance. Ranikot, the largest fort

of the world is also situated in Pakistan. The reason behind the

accumulation of forts in Pakistan lies in its history. Being signatory

to several international conventions, charters, recommendations

and other documents dealing with cultural heritage, Pakistan is

also expected to follow internationally accepted principles of

conservation, restoration and maintenance of cultural properties

including moveable antiquities in the museums and in conducting

excavations and explorations at the heritage sites.

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Aim

3. To apprise about the rich history of Pakistan’s forts with a

view to suggest measures to increase its potentials for tourism.

Objectives

4. Following are the objectives.

a. To discover historical background of forts around the

world and especially Pakistan,

b. To highlight the present dilapidated state of Pakistan’s

cultural heritage viz a viz Forts of Pakistan.

Methodology

5. The following methodology was adopted to attain information

regarding self-esteem.

a. Internet search

b. Study of relevant literature

c. Personal visit of forts available in periphery of posting

place.

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PART - I

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

4. Definition of FORT

a. (Military / Fortifications) a fortified enclosure, building,

or position able to be defended against an enemy

[from Old French, from fort (adj) strong, from Latin

fortis]

b. A strong or fortified place; especially: a fortified place

occupied only by troops and surrounded with such

works as a ditch, rampart, and parapet.

c. Forts in modern usage often refer to space set aside by

governments for a permanent military facility; these

often do not have any actual fortifications, and can

have specializations (military barracks, administration,

medical facilities, or intelligence).

Ancient

5. From very early history to modern times, walls have been a

necessity for many cities. In Bulgaria Europe near the town of

Provadia a walled fortified settlement today called Solnitsata

starting from 4700 BC was home to 350 people, with two-story

houses with a diameter of about 300 feet (100 meters), encircled

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by a fortified wall. The huge walls around the settlement, which

were built very tall and with stone blocks which are 6 feet (3

meters) high and 4.5 feet (2 meters) thick, are one of the earliest

walled settlements in Europe but it is younger than the walled town

of Sesklo in Greece from 6800 BC.[4][5] Uruk in ancient Sumer

(Mesopotamia) is one of the world's oldest known walled cities.

The Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the frontiers of the

Nile Valley to protect against invaders from its neighboring

territories. Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built

with mud brick, leaving many no more than mounds of dirt for

today's archaeologists.

Medieval

6. Roman forts and hill forts were the main antecedents

of castles in Europe, which emerged in the 9th century in

the Carolingian Empire. The Early Middle Ages saw the creation of

some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely

protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination

of both walls and ditches. From the 12th century hundreds of

settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, which

very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterwards.

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7. The founding of urban centers was an important means of

territorial expansion and many cities, especially in Eastern Europe,

were founded precisely for this purpose during the period

of Eastern Colonization. These cities are easy to recognize due to

their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of

these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the

current level of military development. During the Renaissance era,

the Venetians raised great walls around cities threatened by the

Ottoman Empire. The finest examples are, among others,

in Nicosia (Cyprus) and Chania (Crete), and they still stand, to this

day.

Early Modern

8. Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by

the arrival of cannons on the 14th century battlefield. Fortifications

in the age of black evolved into much lower structures with greater

use of ditches and earth ramparts that would absorb and disperse

the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were

very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes.

This placed a heavy emphasis on the geometry of the fortification

to allow defensive cannonry interlocking fields of fire to cover all

approaches to the lower and thus more vulnerable walls.

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9. The evolution of this new style of fortification can be seen in

transitional forts such as Sarzanello in North West Italy which was

built between 1492 and 1502. Sarzanello consists of both

crenellated walls with towers typical of the medieval period but

also has a ravelin like angular gun platform screening one of the

curtain walls which is protected from flanking fire from the towers

of the main part of the fort. Another example are the fortifications

of Rhodes which were frozen at 1522 so that Rhodes is the only

European walled town that still shows the transition between the

classical medieval fortification and the modern ones.

10. Fortifications also extended in depth, with protected batteries

for defensive cannonry, to allow them to engage attacking cannon

to keep them at a distance and prevent them bearing directly on

the vulnerable walls. The result was star shaped fortifications with

tier upon tier of horne works and bastions, of which Bourtange

illustrated to the right is an excellent example. There are also

extensive fortifications from this era in the Nordic states and

in Britain, the fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed and the harbor

archipelago of Suomenlinna at Helsinki being fine examples.

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19thCentury

11. The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to yet

another stage in the evolution of fortification. Star forts did not fare

well against the effects of high explosive and the intricate

arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully

constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly

disrupted by explosive shells.

12. Worse, the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type

were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered

way at the edge of the counter scarp. The ditch was extremely

vulnerable to bombardment with explosive shells.

13. In response, military engineers evolved the polygonal style of

fortification. The ditch became deep and vertically sided, cut

directly into the native rock or soil, laid out as a series of straight

lines creating the central fortified area that gives this style of

fortification its name.

14. Wide enough to be an impassable barrier for attacking

troops, but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy

shellfire, the ditch was swept by fire from defensive blockhouses

set in the ditch as well as firing positions cut into the outer face of

the ditch itself. The profile of the fort became very low indeed,

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surrounded outside the ditch covered by caponiers by a gently

sloping open area so as to eliminate possible cover for enemy

forces, while the fort itself provided a minimal target for enemy fire.

The entry point became a sunken gatehouse in the inner face of

the ditch, reached by a curving ramp that gave access to the gate

via a rolling bridge that could be withdrawn into the gatehouse.

15. Much of the fort moved underground, with deep passages

and tunnels to connect the blockhouses and firing points in the

ditch to the fort proper, with magazines and machine rooms deep

under the surface. The guns however, were often mounted in open

emplacements and protected only by a parapet - both in order to

keep a lower profile and also because experience with guns in

closed casemates had seen them put out of action by rubble as

their own casemates were collapsed around them.

16. Gone were citadels surrounding towns: forts were to be

moved to the outside of the cities some 12 km to keep the enemy

at a distance so their artillery could not bombard the city center.

From now on a ring of forts were to be built at a spacing that would

allow them to effectively cover the intervals between them.

17. The new forts abandoned the principle of the bastion, which

had also been made obsolete by advances in arms. The outline

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was a much simplified polygon, surrounded by a ditch. These forts,

built in masonry and shaped stone, were designed to shelter their

garrison against bombardment. One organizing feature of the new

system involved the construction of two defensive curtains: an

outer line of forts, backed by an inner ring or line at critical points

of terrain or junctions (see, for example, Séré de Rivières

system in France).

20th and 21st Centuries

18. Steel-and-concrete fortifications were common during the

19th and early 20th centuries. However the advances in modern

warfare since World War I have made large-scale fortifications

obsolete in most situations. Only underground bunkers are still

able to provide some protection in modern wars. Many historical

fortifications were demolished during the modern age, but a

considerable number survive as popular tourist destinations and

prominent local landmarks today.

Counter-Insurgency

19. Just as in colonial periods, comparatively obsolete

fortifications are still used for low-intensity conflicts. Such

fortifications range in size from small patrol bases or forward

operating bases up to huge airbases such as Camp Bastion /

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Leatherneck in Afghanistan. Much like in the 18th and 19th

century, because the enemy is not a powerful military force with

the heavy weaponry required to destroy fortifications, walls

of gabion, sandbag or even simple mud can provide protection

against small arms and anti-tank weapons - although such

fortifications are still vulnerable to mortar and artillery fire.

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PART - II

FORTS OF PAKISTAN

20. Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage and it is depicted in the

form of marvelous structure built for the defense of a state or a

country. There are many forts located all around the world that are

of historical significance. The main purpose behind the

construction of forts was to protect a country from invaders and

enemies. However, they serve another purpose also which

involves making a display of one’s architecture as depicted by its

significance in a culture. Pakistan is proud to have enormous forts

with beautiful architecture and rich cultural significance. Ranikot,

the largest fort of the world is also situated in Pakistan. The reason

behind the accumulation of forts in Pakistan lies in its history. As

Pakistan initially was a part of Indo-Pak sub-continent, it had been

ruled over by various monarchs including Mughals who were fond

of art and architecture. Here are few famous forts of Pakistan with

their respective locations

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Gilgit-Baltistan

Baltit Fort

21. The rich beauty of Baltit Fort can be traced to over seven

hundred 700 years ago. Ayasho II, Tham / Mir of Hunza in the

early 15th fifteenth century married Princess Shah Khatoon (Sha

Qhatun) from Baltistan (In Moghul history Baltistan is called Tibet

Khurd mean, little Tibet), and was the first to modify the face of

Altit and, subsequently Baltit Fort. Baltistan meaning land of Balti

people had a very strong cultural and ethnical relation with the

Ladakh territory of India then. Consequently, the structure of Baltit

Fort was influenced by the Ladakhi / Tibetan architecture, with

some resemblance to the Potala palace in Lahasa

Kharphocho Fort or Skardu Fort

22. The construction of the Kharphocho Fort or the “King of Forts

“has been attributed by Hashmatullah (a historian) to Maqpoon

Bukha or more correctly Bugha, the founder of the kingdom of the

skardu (1490 - 1515 AD) and Mughal historians are of the view

that the fort was constructed by Ali Sher Khan Anchan (1560 -

1625 AD) grandson of Maqpoon Bukha, the most famous Ruler of

Baltistan. Fosco Maraini (a historian) describes the fort in these

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words “This ancient pile is perched like a veritable eyrie on rock of

tawny hue rising sheer and to immense height from the Indus. It’s

site is in effect a massive promontory of rock, 1300 feet in height,

washed by the river at its foot. It is almost an island in the midst of

the plain, and its choice as a perch for a fortress by the early

inhabitants of the valley is not very puzzling one. Even today its

battle-mented flanks touch one of the promontory’s lesser peaks

with the romance of the age of chivalry. The place enjoys the

reputation of impregnability and even in recent time, in the course

of the disorders which followed the India Pakistan partition in 1947,

the people of Skardu flocked to it for safety. Skardu is the capital

city of Baltistan the most popular destinations in Pakistan for the

local as well as foreign tourists due to variety of mountains, lakes,

forts, deserts, streams and plateaus which are extremely beautiful.

Skardu located in the 10 km wide by 40km long Valley at an

altitude of nearly 2,500 at the confluence of the Indus river, the

longest river of Pakistan It flows from Tibet northwest across the

Indian-controlled portion of Jammu and Kashmir, passing between

the western extremity of the Himalayas and the northern extremity

of the Hindu Kush mountain range; it then courses generally south

through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea, and the Shigar River, the

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town is surrounded by grey-brown colored mountains, which hide

the 8,000 metre peaks of the nearby Karakoram range

Altit Fort

23. Altit Fort is an ancient fort above Karimabad in the Hunza

valley in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It was originally home to

the hereditary rulers of the Hunza state who carried the title Mir,

although they moved to the somewhat younger Baltit fort nearby

three centuries later. Altit Fort and in particular the Shikari tower is

more than one thousand years old, which makes it the oldest

monument in the Gilgit–Baltistan. The Altit Fort was in great

disrepair, but has recently been restored by the Aga Khan Trust for

Culture Historic Cities Support Programme and the Government of

Norway. It is characterized by small rooms and low portals with

exquisite wood carvings. Japan has contributed to the renovation

of the surrounding old village. Altit Fort is a tourist site which has

been open to the public since 2007.

24. The word altit means this side down and is a Tibetan word.

The people of Altit are said to belong to the white Huns, although

not much research has gone into the matter. It is said that the

present language Bruchiski was brought here by the white Huns in

47 A.D. The first name for Altit village was Hunukushal, meaning

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the village of Huns. The Huns came from the Huang-Ho valley in

China. The name later changed to Broshal, translated as a village

of Bruchiski speakers. They were spirit worshippers as

Shamanism was in practice. In the 15th century Shia Islam was

introduced.

Shigar Fort

25. The original Shigar Fort Palace was known as Fong-Khar,

which in the local Balti language means, ‘Palace on the Rock'.

Raised on a rocky pinnacle at the foot of the Karakoram

Mountains, a part of the Himalaya, it was built in the early 17th

century by Raja Hassan Khan, the 20th ruler of the Amacha

Dynasty. Believed to have originated in the ancient town of Ganish

in Hunza, legend has it that the Amacha family arrived as refugees

in the Shigar Valley sometime in the 11th century. Persecuted in

their own lands, the Hamacha tribe survived an attempted

massacre by ensuring that a few founding members of their family

escaped to found a new dynasty elsewhere. Fleeing through the

frozen wastes of the glacial Hispar Pass, one of the highest

mountain passes in the world, the survivors arrived in Shigar. Here

they built a fort high on the forbidding cliffs of the rocky valley,

which is one of only two routes leading into frozen wastes of the

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high Karakoram Mountains. Known as Khar-E-Dong, the fort

became the palace home of the Amacha Dynasty, which ruled

their adopted home for 33 generations. In later years, Khar-E-

Dong came under attack from invading Mughal forces, which

captured and destroyed it. Re-establishing his rule, Raja Hassan

Khan realized he would have to build a new fortified palace to

replace the ruins of his old sanctuary. Choosing a site slightly

below the old fort, the Raja spared no expense in his efforts to

make the new fort both impregnable and impressive. Goldsmiths,

sculptors and wood-carvers were brought from Kashmir, a region

renowned for the delicacy and beauty of its architecture. Blending

their skills with those of the local Balti artisans, they created a

unique fusion of Kashmiri detail and stark Balti durability. The end

result, which is now acknowledged as one of the finest

architectural treasures of historic Baltistan, is a forbidding fortress,

which protects within its walls, a palace of rare traditional beauty.

High above it, the forbidding ruins of the Khar-E-Dong stand guard

over the valley as they have for centuries past.

Khaplu Fort

26. Erected in the 19th century on a flat piece of land, the Khaplu

Fort lies near an earlier mud fort constructed on a hill. The palace

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is one of the most magnificent 19th century buildings in the

Northern Areas. A rectangular Baltistan palace plan type, it is

constructed of stone masonry, reinforced with timber members and

rendered in lime plaster. Richly embellished with three storied

timber balconies, verandahs screened with intricate perforated

timber jalis (screens), carved timber posts, fascias and

fenestrations end up making a magnificent symphony of solids and

voids, shadow and light. The lintels, jambs and frames of most

doors and windows are richly embellished. Khaplu Fort is a

rectangular plan type with an inner small courtyard and a lager

garden. Its courtyard is surrounded by a series of double rows of

rooms -- enough rooms to have accommodated the Raja's and his

family's residential needs, as well as accommodating stores,

kitchens, stables etc. Both the inner and outer courtyards are

planned and embellished with Mughal garden elements including

still water pools, flowing water channels, eye-catching fountains

and spectacular baradaris. The most intriguing element of the fort

is its half-octagonal timber entrance, which transforms into a

balcony at the second floor and a guest room at the third floor."

The fort is being restored by the Historic Cities Programme.

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Azad Kashmir

Baghsar Fort

27. This ancient fort is built in samahni valley close to a place

known as Baghsar. Baghsar, means a land of water and gardens.

This beautiful place is 12 km in the east of Samahni town and a

same distance away from Jandi Chontra. It Is famous for its lake

and a huge granite built fort known as Baghsar fort. Baghsar used

to be a focal point during and after the Moghul era due to its

strategic locality and picturesque & calm atmosphere. Baghsar fort

is built at a nearby mountain.

Sharda Fort

28. Sharda Fort is situated in Sharda, a small town in Neelum

district in the Pakistani state of Azad Kashmir. It is one of the two

tehsils of Neelum district, and is reputed to be the most beautiful

spot of the Neelum valley. It is located on the banks of the Neelum

river, about 136 kilometers Northeast of Muzaffarabad. Sharda is a

scenic spot situated at an altitude of 1981m. Sharda and Nardi are

two mountain peaks overlooking Sharda in the valley. It was a

Buddhist and Hindu place of learning for centuries. The Sharada

script was developed here in the 9th century. Other historical sites

in the town include the ruins of the famous temple and Hindu

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pilgrimage site Sharada Peeth, dedicated to the goddess Sharada.

The town also has a tourist rest house and a youth hostel.

Throtchi Castle

29. Throtchi is a town in Kotli District, Azad Kashmir and is

famous for its castle built in 1460. It was here in 1947, that a

contingent of local men headed by Col. Mahmood Mangral

defeated and chased out the Dogra army. The Dogra soldier were

besieged at Throtchi Castle until they decided to make a run for

Jammu. They were chased through Changpur and Khawas

villages, and some through the Mhooli river. They were eventually

caught up at a place called Dabrian, near Joona, where a final

showdown took place. Many of the Dogra soldiers were killed in

the encounter, whilst one or two who were heavily armed managed

to retreat towards Jammu. Today, the late Col. Mahmood Khan

Mangral is regarded as a celebrated hero and Dabrian is place of

national importance. Throtchi is a very nice place. it is full of

greenery and nature.

Ramkot Fort

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30. This ancient fort situated in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan beside

the Mangla Dam. It is accessible through boat and 13 kilometers

away from Dina.and 79 km by road journey from mirpur(azad

kashmir)to Dadyal village.and the fort is away from dadyal by walk

30mins. Located on the summit of a hill, Ramkot Fort is built over

the site of an old Hindu Shiva temple. Three sides of this hill top

are surrounded by the River Jhelum. During excavations relics of

the 5th - 9th century AD have been discovered near one of the

temples. In the 16th - 17th century AD the Muslim rulers of

Kashmir in safe guarding their boundaries built numerous forts.

Ramkot, sitting atop at the confluence of the river Jhelum is one of

them. The Sikh Maharaja of Kashmir further fortified Ramkot.

Muzaffarabad Fort

31. There are two historical forts on opposite sides of the

Neelum River in Muzaffarabad.

a. Red Fort, also known as Chak Fort.

b. Black Fort

32. The construction of the Red Fort was built by the Chak rulers

of Kashmir and finally completed in 1646 by Sultan Muzaffar Khan,

the founder of Muzaffarabad city. After the Mughals took over

Kashmir, the fort lost its importance. The Mughals were more

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interested in Kabul, Bukhara, and Badakshan. During the period of

Durrani rule, however, the fort again once again assumed its

importance.

33. Maharaja Gulab Singh and Rambir Singh, the Dogra rulers,

reconstructed and extended the fort for their political and military

operations. Towards the middle of 1947, the Dogra forces left,

leaving the fort abandoned. The architecture of the fort shows that

great experts in design and structure participated in its

construction. It is surrounded on three sides by the Neelum River

formally known as the Kishenganga River. The northern part of the

fort had terraces with steps leading to the bank of the river. The

eastern side was very well protected from the hazards of flood

waters, but some parts on the north side have suffered damage.

There used to be an inn at the entrance to the fort, but only traces

of that structure remains now.

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Bala Hissar Fort

34. Bala Hissar is one of the most historic places of Peshawar.

The word Bala Hissar is from Dari Persian, meaning, “elevated or

high fort”. The name was given by the Pashtun King Timur Shah

Durrani (1773–1793), who used the fort as the winter capital of the

Afghan Durrani Empire, with the summer capital being in Kabul.

The Sikh empire who conquered Peshawar in the early 19th

century named it Samir Garh in 1834 but the name did not become

popular. The Fort has been the headquarters of the Frontier Corps

since 1949

35. Design. The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern

corner of Peshawar City. Not long ago, the fort used to be

conspicuously away from the old city of Peshawar, but now the

construction of new buildings has covered space between the old

city and the fort. However, the fort's position on a high mound

gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the

entire Peshawar valley. On a clear day, one can see the

mountains encircling Peshawar valley and beyond. The area

covered by the inner wall of the fort is about 10 acres (40,000 m2)

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and the outer wall is about 15 acres (61,000 m2). The height of the

fort is about 90 feet (27 m) above ground level.

36. History. Renowned historian Dr A.H. Dani in his book

Peshawar-Historic City of Frontier writes that when Hiuen Tsang, a

Chinese traveller, visited Peshawar in 630 AD, he spoke of a "royal

residence".He says that Chinese word "Kung Shing" used for its

significance and is explained as fortified or walled portion of the

town in which the royal palace stood. Hiuen Tsang then makes a

separate mention of the city, which was not fortified. This shows

that the royal residence formed the nucleus of a Citadel, which

must have been further protected by a moat. Dr Dani further says

that a channel of old Bara River surrounded by a high spot, which

includes the Bala Hissar and Inder Shahr. The higher area could

have been the citadel, which is the present Bala Hissar. Peshawar

has always been a strategic city and its capturing and ruling over it

was of great importance for the invaders and kings.In the 11th

century AD, the Hindu ruler, Raja Jaipal of the Hindushahi dynasty

was defeated in the vicinity of Peshawar and Mehmud Ghaznavi

garrisoned the fort with his army.

37. The British officers who visited Peshawar in the 19th century

mentioned that the fort used to be a royal residence of Afghan

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rulers, he added. The Bala Hissar has seen its construction and

destruction by conquerors, warriors, invaders and kings on several

occasions. After the overthrow of emperor Humayun by the Afghan

King Sher Shah Suri, the Afghans destroyed the fort. When

Hamyun was staying in it he decided to rebuild it before

proceeding to Kabul. He wanted to use the fort for his conquest of

India at a later stage. As his officers did not want to stay back,

Hamayun himself supervised the rebuilding of the fort, which was

soon completed. The Afghan rulers named it "Bala Hissar" a

Persian name meaning high fort while the Sikhs renamed and

rebuilt it calling their fort "Sumergarh" in 1834 but the name did not

become popular.

Chitral Fort (Noghore)

38. Near the Shahi Mosque of Chitral on the right bank of the

river, stranding the majestic Chitral fort, which has been witnessing

the ups and downs of the history for centuries. A fort with a rich

past, especially in 1895, when a coup d’etat cost the life of the

Mehtar (ruling chief) Nizam Ul Mulk, and his half-brother Amir ul

Mulk seized the Chitral fort, chronicle describes that Amir ul Mulk’s

sister was married to Umra Khan, A local Chief of Dir & Bajaur,

came across Lorai pass 3200 m, and seized the Fort.

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39. British Political Agent at Gilgit, Major George Robertson was

sent by the government to report with 400 escorts to Chitral to

report about the situationa, Umra Khan assisted Sher Afzal (so

called Mehtar of Chitral), who during his conquests after Bajaur

and Dir made an excursion to Chitral and Chitral fort was under

siege from 3 March till 19 April 1895. British Garrison at Chitral

Fort held out untill the approach of a small force under Colonel

Kelly, which caused the invaders to withdraw as a result Umra

Khan fled to Afghanistan and Sher Afzal was imprisoned. A visit to

fort may enable you to know about the chronicle of this area, the

whisper of the olden days.

Chakdara Fort

40. This is an old trading junction on the northern side of the

Malakand Pass, where Alexander the Great forded the Swat River

en route to India. Its strategic location has long been known – at

nearby Damkot Hill archaeologists have found evidence of

Gandharan Buddhist occupation as well as a Hindu Shahi fort.

Mughal emperor Akbar garrisoned Chakdara in 1587 during an

unsuccessful attempt to subdue Swat. The attempt was repeated

three centuries later by another great leader, the young Winston

Churchill. Nervous after the Chitral siege, in 1897 the British built

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the present bridge, fort and hilltop picket (named for Churchill).

The Pakistan army occupies the fort so Damkot Hill is off limits to

visitors.

Drosh Fort; Chitral

41. Drosh fort in Chitral is perched on a cliff above the chitral

river. Drosh is the most important town in lower chitral. During the

chitral siege, Drosh fort was the only fort which was captured by

Umra Khan of Jandol without a fight.

Miranshah Fort; North Waziristan

42. House of Tochi Scouts raised in June 1900 by Captain A.

Ferguson Davie at Idak, the fort became the HQs of the corps

when power was transferred here in 1904. At the time of its raising,

the militia consisted of 50 mounted infantry and 800 infantry.

Ladha Fort; South Waziristan

43. Ladha Fort is located almost half-way between Makin and

Kaniguram in the Saam region. The fort has been almost

completely destroyed in fighting between Pakistan army and the

Taleban. Till 2008, it was home to the FC.

Jamrud Fort

44. The Jamrud Fort is located at the entrance to the Khyber

Pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In 1837, the fort was

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captured from Afghan ruler Dost Mohammad Khan by the invading

Sikhs of Punjab. During the Battle of Jamrud, between Muslims

and Sikhs, Sikh Commander Hari Singh Nalwa was killed but the

fort was defended by the Sikhs.[1][2]

45. "In 1836 Dost Mohammad's forces, under the command of

his son Akbar Khan, defeated the Sikhs at Jamrud, a post fifteen

kilometers west of Peshawar. The Afghan leader did not follow up

this triumph by retaking Peshawar, however, but instead

contacted Lord Auckland, the new British governor general in

India, for help in dealing with the Sikhs. With this letter, Dost

Mohammad formally set the stage for British intervention in

Afghanistan. At the heart of the Great Game lay the willingness of

Britain and Russia to subdue, subvert, or subjugate the small

independent states that lay between them.

Malakand Fort

46. The Malakand Pass is a mountain pass in Malakand District,

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The pass road begins at Dargai.

The road across the pass is in good condition, but is always

crowded with a continuous stream of trucks. On the left, Malakand

Fort guards the road at the top of the pass. On the other side of

the pass, the road descends through the market town of Bat Khela,

30

with a Hindu Shahi fort perched above it, and continues past the

headworks of the Swat Canal to the Swat River. The

first bridge across the river is at Chakdara, which carries the road

to Lower Dir and Chitral. There was a battle at the pass during

the Chitral Expedition.

Islamabad Capital Territory

Rawat Fort

47. Rawat Fort is located in Pothohar Pakistan. The fort was built

in early 16th century by Gakhars, a tribe of the Pothohar plateau. It

is 17 km east of Rawalpindi on Grand Trunk Road. The fort was

the scene of a battle between the Gakhar chief Sultan

Sarang Khan and Sher Shah Suri in 1546 AD. The fort is almost in

square form and has two gates. It contains a mosque made up of

three big dome shaped rooms. There is also a quadrangular

building with a dome. Along the wall there are additional small

rooms. In the center of the fort there are many graves. Among

them is the tomb of Sultan Sarang Khan. His 16 sons, who died

there fighting, are also buried inside the fort. Mankiala stupa can

be seen from the roof of the mosque as it is few kilometers from

here.

31

Punjab

Attock Fort

48. Attock fort was built at Attock Khurd during the reign of Akbar

the Great from 1581 to 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja

Shamsuddin Khawafi to protect the passage of the Indus. Attock

(Attock Khurd) is a fort and small town in the Punjab Punjab, on

the left or east bank of the Indus, 942 miles from the sea, and

close below the place where it receives the water of the Kabul

River, and first becomes navigable. The name, signifying obstacle,

is supposed to have been given to it under the presumption that no

scrupulous Hindoo would proceed westward of it; but this strict

principle, like many others of similar nature, is little acted on. Some

state that the name was given by the Emperor Akbar, because he

here found much difficulty in crossing the river. The river itself is at

this place frequently by the natives called Attock.

49. On the right bank, opposite Attock, is Khyrabad—a fort built,

according to some, by the Emperor Akbar, according to others by

Nadir Shah. This locality is, in a military and commercial point of

view, of much importance, as the Indus is here crossed by the

great route which, proceeding from Khabool eastward through the

Khyber Pass into the Punjaub, forms the main line of

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communication between Afghanistan and Northern India. The river

was here repeatedly crossed by the British armies, during the late

military operations in Afghanistan; and here, according to the

general opinion, Alexander, subsequently Timur, the Tartar

conqueror, and, still later, Nadir Shah. It featured a prominent role

in Afghan-Sikh Wars during the Battle of Attock. Today it is

sandwiched between Peshawar Road on one side and the

River Indus on the other.

Rohtas Fort

50. Rohtas Fort is a historical garrison fort built by king Farid

Khan, located near the city of Jhelum in Pakistan. This fort is about

4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful

amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian

Subcontinent.

51. Sher Shah Suri named Qila Rohtas after the famous

Rohtasgarh Fort in Shahabad district near Baharkunda, Bihar

which he captured from the Raja of Rohtas Hari Krishan Rai in

1539. Rohtasgarh is situated on the upper course of the river Son,

20 37’ N and 85 33’E. It was built by Harishchandra of the Solar

dynasty and was named after his son Rohitasva after whom the

fort (Rohtasgarh) was named.

33

52. Reasons of Construction. Sher Shah constructed Qila

Rohtas to block Emperor Humayun's return to India after defeating

him in the Battle of Kanauj. This fort lies on the old GT road

between the North (Afghanistan and western Pakistan today) to

the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore.

The other reason was to suppress the local tribe of this region

Potohar called Gakhars who were allies of Humayun and refused

their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri. The Emperor instructed the

local Janjua Rajput tribe to help construct the fort to crush the

Gakhars[1] when the latter became openly defiant and persecuting

labourers who attended the construction. The Fort was built

by Todar Mal under orders of Sher Shah.

53. Location. Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately

16 km NW of Jhelum and 7 km from Dina. It was constructed on a

hillock where the tiny Kahan river meets another rainy stream

called Parnal Khas and turns east towards Tilla Jogian Range. The

fort is about 300 feet (91 m) above its surroundings. It is 2660 feet

(818 m) above sea level and covers an area of 12.63 acres

(51,100 m2).

34

54. Overview of Construction. Qila Rohtas is a garrison fort

and could hold a force of up to 30,000 men. Due to its location,

massive walls, trap gates and 3 Baolis (stepped wells) it could

withstand a major siege although it was never besieged. Most of

the fort was built with ashlar stones collected from its surrounding

villages such as Tarraki village. Some parts of the fort were built

with bricks. The fort is irregular in shape and follows the contours

of the hill it was constructed on. The fort is exactly 5.2 km in

circumference. A 533 meter long wall divides the citadel (for the

Chieftain) from other parts of the fort. The fortification has 68

bastions (towers) at irregular intervals. Out of the 3 Baolis, one of

them is in the citadel and the rest are in the other parts of the fort.

One of the Gates (Langar Khani) opens into the citadel and is a

trap gate because it is in the direct line of fire of the bastions. The

Khwas Khani gate is an example of double walling. A small

enclave on the western side is a citadel within a citadel. It is

accessible by only one gate and also had a very fine Baoli which

suggests that it was meant for the Chief and his family. In this

citadel there is a beautiful Mosque called the Shahi Mosque (Not

to be confused with the one in Lahore). There are no palaces in

the Fort except for a structure built by Raja Man Singh called the

Haveli of Man Singh. It is built on the highest point of the citadel.

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55. Cost of Construction. The work on this fort was started in

1541 with Todar Mal Khatri, the revenue minister in charge of the

project. The Gakhars whose area the fort was built on refused to

provide labour for this project. Todar Mal faced with such problems

informed Sher Shah about these difficulties who wrote in reply,” I

know you for a man of business, understanding and intelligence. I

see no work can be expected from you, because you consider

money as your friend. When I have commanded you to do a thing

you ought not to have cared for money in fixing the rate. Whatever

be the expenses, shall be borne by my government. After receiving

this reply, he fixed one red ashrafi (gold coin) for each slab on the

first day. The rate gradually decreased to one paoli (silver coin)

and then to one bahluli (copper coin).Because of the boycott the

cost of construction was huge. It would have been much lower had

it not been for the Ghakkars. The following sources all give slightly

different estimates of the cost:-

a. Waqiat-i-Jahangiri says the cost was Rs. 34, 25,000. It

refers to an engraved stone over the Shishi Gate which

reads

b. “The amount is 16, 10, 00,000 dams and something

more, which is 34, 25,000 Rupees of Hindustan,

36

120,000 Tumans of Iran or 1,21,75,000 Khanis of

Turan”.

c. According to Tarikh-i-Daudi, its cost is 80,505,002

Dams (Bahlulis).

56. Choa Sahib (Sikh Shrine outside the fort)..... The choa (the

fountain discovered by Guru Nanak) lies outside the fort. Shershah

Suri tried to cover it for the use of water by his military. He built the

wall around it to take it inside. But every time he tried to cover, the

choa miraclusly went outside the wall of the fort. He tried 7 time.

Finally he gave up.

57. Fortification Wall. The height of the outer wall varies

between 10 and 18 metres. Its thickness varies between 10 and 13

metres. The wall has 2 or 3 terraces and varies in thickness, the

maximum being 13 metres near the Mori Gate. The terraces are

linked by staircases. The topmost terrace has merlon-shaped

battlements. Muskets can be fired from these battlements. Soldiers

could also pour molten lead over the walls. The wall is built in

sandstone laid in lime mortar mixed with brick. The gates are in

grey ashlar masonry. Some portions have been built using burnt

brick.

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58. Gates. The Rohtas Fort has the following 12 gates. All of

them are built in ashlar stone.

a. Sohail Gate. This gate is the best example of masonry

in use in the time of Sher Shah. It derives its name

from a Saint names Sohail Bukhari buried in the south-

western bastion of the gate. Others say that it was

names after the Sohail Star which rises on this side of

the fort.

b. Shah Chandwali Gate.This gate links the citadel to the

main fort. It is named after a Saint Shah Chandwali

who refused to get his wages for working on this gate.

The saint died while still on work and was buried near

the gate. His shrine still stands to this day.

c. Kabuli Gate. This gate opens to the west and is

named “Kabuli” because it faces Kabul. It is a double

gate and its opening is 3.15 meters (10 ft) wide.

d. Shishi Gate. The gate derives its name from the

beautiful glazed tiles used to decorate its outer arch.

These tiles are the earliest examples of this technique

which was later refined in Lahore. These tiles are blue

38

in color. An inscription on the left side of the gate gives

the date of construction of the fort.

e. Langar Khani Gate It is a double gate 15.25 meters

(50 ft) high, 3.5 meters (11.5 ft) wide with a central

arched opening. The oouter arch has a small window

like the Sohail Gate. The outer opening leads to a

Langar Khana (Mess or Canteen).

f. Talaqi Gate. This gate is 15.25 meter high and 13.8

meter wide with two bastions on either side. This gates

name derives from “Talaq” (divorce). According to a

legend, Prince Sabir Suri entered the gate and had an

attack of fever which proved fatal. This was regarded

as a bad omen and the name became “Talaqi”.

g. Mori or Kashmiri Gate. The gate opens to the north

and faces Kashmir. This gate opens into one chamber

which opens into another.

h. Khwas Khani Gate. This gate is named after one of

Sher Shah Suri’s greatest general, Khwas Khan. This

was the original entrance to the Qila (Fort) because

outside the gate lies the old GT Road. The inner and

outer arches have sunflower motifs like the Sohail

39

Gate. The gate also has a room which has windows

opening to the inside and the outside.

i. Gatali Gate. It is a single gate 9.15 meter high and 6.1

meter deep. This gate faces to the village Gatali Ford

(ravine) which is called also Patan Gatiali or Gatiyalian,

the important point to cross the River Jhelum for the

Kashmir Vally, thus the name.

j. Tulla Mori Gate. This is an entrance rather than a

gate. It is on the eastern side of the fort. It is about 2

meters wide. There is a bastion next to this entrance.

k. Pipalwala Gate. This is a small entrance like the Tulla

Mori Gate. It is 2.13 meter wide.

l. Sar Gate. This is a small entrance. There is a bastion

next to this gate. There is a Baoli next to this gate. It is

called “Sar” because “Sar” means water.

59. Shahi Mosque. This small mosque is near the Kabuli gate. It

has a prayer chamber and a small courtyard. It is the most

decorated of the original buildings of the fort. To be ever ready in

case of attack, stairs lead directly from the courtyard of this

mosque to the top of Kabuli Gate.

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60. Rani Mahal. The Rani Mahal (Queens’s palace) is near

Haveli Man Singh. It is a one storey structure. It originally had four

rooms but only room remains standing today. The foundation of

the four rooms can still be seen today.

61. Stone Carvings. These carvings are found on the gate and

in the mosque. Most of these are engravings in Arabic and

sunflowers. One of these carvings is inside the Shahi Mosque

outside the Pesh Imam's (Prayer leaders) room. The carving is of

the word "Allah" (God) in Arabic. The same carving is also done on

merlons on top of Shahi Mosque. The sunflower motif is on each

sides of the arches of Shahi Mosque. It is also present in the guard

post in between each gate.

62. Calligraphic Inscriptions. Most of these inscriptions are on

the Shahi Mosque. On the outer wall of the mosque the “Kalima” is

written in beautiful calligraphy on both sides of each arch of the

Shahi Mosque. The Naskh script is used. There is an inscription

in Persian on the Shishi gate which gives the date of start of

construction. The same inscription is also found over the Talaqi

gate. There are other inscriptions on the Khwas Khani, Langar

Khani and Gatali gate.

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63. Architectural Style. This fort was built in the Afghan-Persian

architectural style. Afghans and Persians Kings had been coming

to the Indian subcontinent for at least five centuries before the

construction of this fort. Before the construction of this fort, the

combination of these styles had not been harmonious. Qila Rohtas

is the earliest example of the successful

64. Architectural Legacy. Rohtas Fort is an outstanding

example of early Muslim military architecture in the Indian

subcontinent which incorporates features from elsewhere in the

Islamic world. It also had a profound influence on the development

of architectural styles in the Mughal Empire (and hence on the

European colonial architecture that made abundant use of that

tradition). It is also outstanding by virtue of the refinement and high

artistic value of its decorative elements, notably its high- and low-

relief carvings, its calligraphic inscriptions in marble and

sandstone, its plaster decoration, and its glazed tiles. There are no

surviving examples of military architecture of this period on the

same scale in the sub-continent which survive to the same degree

of completeness and conservation. Fatehpur Sikri (India) which is

already on the World Heritage List represents the full Mughal

realization of a form and style that owes everything to its

42

precursor, Rohtas Fort. The recommendation by ICOMOS (the

organization that makes the World Heritage list) made the

following recommendation.

65. Present State. Most of the fort is in a very good state of

preservation. In the portions that have fallen away (Haveli Man

Singh) one can still see some part of the original construction. The

central archway of the Chandwali Gate has been rebuilt recently

so that is the only “fake” part of the fort. In early 2005, seepage,

heavy rains, and general neglect caused the left inner face of the

Talaqi Gate to collapse, and the right flank and foundation to

become detached from the original structure. The Gatali Gate

forms one of the original entrances to Rohtas. Over time, its right

bastion and supporting wall have collapsed as a result of

permeated rainwater and the erosion of its foundations.

66. World Heritage Site. Qila Rohtas was designated a World

Heritage Site in 1997.

67. Himalayan Wildlife Foundation. The Rohtas Fort

Conservation Programme was conceived by the Himalayan

Wildlife Foundation in 2000 to help protect the sixteenth-century

Rohtas Fort near Jhelum, and develop it as a heritage site

conforming to international standards of conservation and tourism.

43

It is undertaking the following projects in conjunction with the Royal

Norwegian Embassy:-

a. Complete restoration of Shah Chandwali Gate

b. Conservation of Haveli Man Singh

c. Conservation of Talaqi Gate and Gatali Gate

d. Establishment of Sher Shah Suri Museum in upper

storey of Sohail Gate

e. Improvement of quality of life in Rohtas Fort village

Giri Fort

68. The glen of Giri is located 8 km north-east of Taxila, at the

foot of Margallah. It is approached through a rough torrent bed

near two villages named Khurram Gujar and Khurram Paracha.

There are remains of two monasteries and stupas, one on the top

of the hill and other below it. The remains of Giri Fort are perched

on the hill top, with spring water falling within it. The fort was built

in 5th century by the Buddhist monks. Later, it was used by Sultan

Masud, son of Sultan Mahmud of Gazni

Fort Munro

69. Fort Munro is part of the Sulaiman Mountain range. The

range is located in central Pakistan, extending southward about

44

280 miles (450 km) from the Gumal Pass to just north of

Jacobabad, separating the North-West Frontier Province and

Punjab from Balochistan. Its heights gradually decrease toward the

south, with summits averaging 6,000–7,000 feet, the highest being

the twin peaks (30 miles from the Gumal Pass) called Takht-i

Sulaiman, or Solomon's Throne, which legend connects with King

Solomon's visit to Pakistan; the higher of the peaks, at 18,481 feet

(5,633 m), is the site of a Muslim Ziyarat (shrine) visited annually

by many pilgrims. The range's eastern face dips steeply to the

Indus River, but on the west the range declines more gradually.

Juniper and edible pines abound in the north and olives in the

centre, but vegetation is scarce in the south. The Ghat, Zao,

Chuhar Khel Dhana, and Sakhi Sarwar are the principal passes in

the north. In the south, west of Dera Ghazi Khan, lies the hill

station of Fort Munro

Fort Derawar

70. Derawar fort is one of the historical fort exist in Pakistan near

Bahawalpur. It is shaped as a large square fortress. As it covers

the large area of land so its forty bastions are visible for many

miles in the cholistan desert. The walls are measured as

circumference of 1500 meters and height is measured up till 30

45

meters long. The Fort was constructed in 1733 by Sadiq

Mohammed Khan I, the first nawab of Bahawalpur. It remains the

property of the Abbasi family, one of the wealthiest families of

Pakistan, and can only be visited with their permission.

71. Visible for many kilometers, the fort has 40 enormous

bastions, most of them intact, and it stands more than 30m high

with a circumference of 1.5km. Most of the interior is in need of

renovation and there isn’t actually that much to see.

72. The mosque outside the fort is in good repair, however.

Made of marble, it was built on the exact lines of the Moti Masjid in

the Red Fort of Delhi (India). You may also be able to get a

glimpse of the royal graveyard through a walled enclosure, which

is a five-minute walk to the east. Its tombs are adorned with

exquisite blue tiles but it’s not open to visitors unless they are

accompanied by a member of the Abbasi family. The exterior of

the fort warrants a visit in any case.

73. The first on the site was built by Rai Jajja Bhati, whose sister

got married to a famous prince of Jaisalmer named as Deoraj. It

remained in the hands of royals of Jaisalmer until captured by the

Nawabs of Bahawalpur and later on it was rebuilt by them in 1733.

In 1747, the fort slipped from the hands of the Abbasis owing to

46

Bahawal Khan’s preoccupations at the land of Shikarpur. Nawab

Mubarak Khan took the strong hold towards the fort back in 1804.

We should be proud that we live in a such country were ALLAH

ALMIGHTY has gifted us with such a beautiful places which still

exist even in this modern era of advancement and technology,

where people still love to visit such places to recall our passionate

history and enhance the patriotism in us and I would like to say

that our youth should promote tourism an visit our historical places

to learn about the background which we belong to.

Lahore Fort

74. The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila is citadel of

the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the

northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore. The trapezoidal

composition is spread over 20 hectares.

75. Origins of the fort go as far back as antiquity, however, the

existing base structure was built during the reign of Mughal

Emperor Akbar between 1556–1605 and was regularly upgraded

by subsequent Mughal, Sikh and British rulers. It has two gates

one is known as Alamgiri Gate build by Emperor Aurangzeb which

opens towards Badshahi Mosque and other older one known as

Maseeti (Punjabi language word means of Masjid) or Masjidi Gate

47

which opens towards Masti Gate Area of Walled City and was built

by Emperor Akbar. Currently Alamgiri Gate is used as the principal

entrance while Masti Gate is permanently closed .The fort

manifests the rich traditions of Mughal architecture.[1] Some of the

famous sites inside the fort include: Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri

Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. In 1981, the fort was

inscribed as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site along with

the Shalimar Gardens.

76. Origins. The origins of Lahore Fort are obscure and are

traditionally based on various myths. However, during the

excavation carried out in 1959 by the Department of Archaeology,

in front of Diwan-e-Aam, a gold coin of Mahmood of Ghazni dated

AH 416 (1025 AD) was found at a depth of 7.62 meters from the

level of the lawns. Cultural layers continued to a further depth of 5

meters, giving strong indications that people had lived here long

before the conquest of Lahore by Mahmood in 1021 AD. Further

mention of the fort is traceable to Shahab-ud-din Muhammad

Ghuri's successive invasions of Lahore from 1180 to 1186 AD. In

1758, the fort was captured by the Maratha forces under

Raghunathrao.

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77. Then the Bhangi Sikh Dynasty (1716–1810), one of the 12

Sikh Kingdoms (Misl) of Punjab ruled Lahore City from 1760s until

1799 and expanded the City of Lahore. When Ranjit Singh,

another Sikh chief from the Gujranwala area took Lahore from the

Bhangi Misl the Lahore Fort fell to Ranjit Singh and in 1801 he was

crowned as the emperor of all of the Punjab.

78. Lahore Fort and the city from (1799–1849) remained under

the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Sher-e-Panjab, and his sons,

grandsons and wives, until the fall of the last Sikh empire or the

Lahore Darbar in 1849.

Fort Abbas

79. Fort Abbas, formerly Pholra, is a town and a tehsil in

Bahawalnagar District in the Cholistan Desert of Punjab, Pakistan.

It is situated South of Haroonabad, near Faqirwali, on the border of

Pakistan and India. Fort Abbas is a historical city and has strategic

importance during the Nawab of Bahawalpur's rule. It was known

as Pholra until it was renamed in 1927 by Nawab Sir Sadiq, who

named it on his eldest son, Muhammad Abbas.

Phrasal Fort

80. Phrasal Fort is about 40km from Rawalpindi near Chirah

Village. It is a Gakhar fort built in the 15th century on the ruins of a

49

10th century fort of a Hindu ruler. It was conquered by Emperor

Babar in 1519AD, so is also known as Babar Fort. The fort was

handed back to the natives after the reconciliation of the Mughals

with Gakhar. Later, in 1825, the Sikhs expelled the Gakhars from

this fort.

81. The Hathi (elephant) Gate of the fort towards the north

eastern corner is still grand, while the Begum Gate opens towards

the south western end, though greatly damaged, it stands tall at a

sheer rock rising from the Swan River. The north western gate is

greatly damaged and a smaller gate towards the south eastern

end retains its boundary walls and is used by the inmates as the

main entrance

Pharwala Fort

82. Pharwala is a historic fort located about 40 km from

Rawalpindi in Punjab, Pakistan. It is naturally defended by one

side by a small Himalayan range and the other by the Swaan

River. It is a Gakhar fort built in the 15th century on the ruins of a

10th century Hindu Shahi Fort. The Mughal Emperor Babur

conquered the fort in 1519, however after the Mughals reconciled

with the Gakhars the fort was returned to them.[1] Later, in 1825,

Sikhs expelled Gakhars from this fort. The fort is in a bad shape,

50

being situated in the Kahuta area, is only open for Pakistani

visitors. A small community of Kiani Gakhar lives inside the fort

these days. An old and huge Banyan tree is also found inside the

fort. There is no road and electricity for the fort.

Sheikhupura Fort

83. Located some 35 kilometers north-west of Lahore, the fort

built as a hunting base camp by Mughal Emperor Jahangir has

been prone to natural calamities like the earthquakes and heavy

downpours, as well as vandalism. According to Punjab

archaeology department officials, the monument is badly in need

of swift conservation and consolidation. Otherwise, they

apprehend, the monument may succumb to multiple destructive

influences. “The Mughal and Sikh structures in the fort are in a

dilapidated condition, while the later period additions made from

time to time to the structure are going fragile and may be ruined,”

said an official.

Sialkot Fort

84. Sialkot Fort is one of the oldest forts in Pakistan. The city

of Sialkot, which is one of the oldest cities of Pakistan, has

historical significance due to the Fort. Historian Diayas Jee has

stated that Raja re-established Sialkot city around the 2nd century

51

CE. And ruled over the area between the rivers Ravi and Chenab.

Sálbán built the Sialkot Fort in two years (which, at the time, had

double walls) for the defense of the city. Raja Sálbán, supposedly,

used more than 10,000 laborers and masons for the repair and

extension of the Fort with stone slabs and rocks which were

brought to the location from Pathankot.

85. From 1179 to 1186, Shahab ud-Din Ghori ruled Lahore and

Sindh. With the help of the Raja of Jammu, he captured the Sialkot

Fort. The Sialkot Fort was given to the Janjua tribes by

Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq who accepted their suzerainty in that

region around late 14th century CE.

86. Rashid Niaz, another historian who has authored Tareekh-i-

Sialkot, has written that the second wall of the ancient Sialkot Fort

was discovered by the Sialkot Municipal Corporation in 1923 while

carrying out civil works in the city. At that time, archaeology

experts from Taxila and Delhi visited Sialkot and confirmed that the

stone wall (faseel) was 5,000 years old. Later, that wall was re-

buried.

87. At present, few ruins, including a bastion, are all that is left of

the Fort. Among the many ills plaguing it is the growing number of

52

encroachments which are a blot on its face. The offices of the

district government are located on the premises of the Fort.

53

Balochistan

Quetta Fort

88. The earliest mention of Quetta in the history is around the

11th century when it was captured by Mahmood of Ghazni on one

of his invasions of the subcontinent. In 1543 the Mughal emperor

Humayoun rested here on his retreat to Persia, leaving his one-

year - old son Akbar until he returned two years later. The Moghuls

ruled Quetta until 1556, when it was taken by the Persians, only to

be retaken by Akbar in 1595. Quetta has been under the

domination of the Khans of Kalat from 1730. In 1828 the first

westerner to visit Quetta described it as a mud-walled fort

surrounded by 300 mud houses. Although occupied briefly by the

British during the First Afghan War in 1839, it was not until 1876

that Quetta came under permanent British control and Robert

Sandeman was made political agent in Balochistan

Kalat Fort

89. It has been known in earlier times as Kalat-i-Seva (from a

legendary Hindu king) and Kalat-i Nicari which connects it with the

Brahoi tribe of Nicari , which is generally accepted as belonging to

the oldest branch of the indigenous Brahois. The town of Kalat is

54

said to have been founded by and named Qalat-e Sewa (Sewa's

Fort), after Sewa, a legendary hero of the Brahui people.

Punnu Fort

90. The ruins of Punnu Fort (also called Punnu’s Fort) are sited

about 15km from Turbat, a city in southern part of Balochistan.

According to archaeologists Punnu Fort could date back to 6000-

8000 BC.The fort looks like it would have been small and possibly

made of mud and stones. There are vantage points where one

could see quite distance across Turbats plains to the Makran

mountain ranges. The remains of Punnu Fort, surrounded by date

trees on a high ground can be a good picnic point in a nice

weather.

Mir Chakar Fort

91. Mir Chakar Fort is situated in Sibi (a city at a distance of 160

km south east of Quetta).The fort was constructed by Mir Chakar

Khan Rind in 15th century. Mir Chakar Khan Rind also known as

Meer Chakar Khan or Chakar-i-Azam was a well-known Sardar of

Baloch tribe. He is remembered as a Baloch Hero who defeated

Lashari Tribe after war which lasted thirty years. After that victory,

he went to lead a war against King Sher Shah Suri of Afghanistan.

Mir Chakar Khan was defeated in that war and had to settle in in

55

Punjab, where he died in 1565.The tomb of great Baloch Worrier

and Head of Rind Tribe is in Satghara which is a small town near

Okara. Mir Chakar Fort is now one of the famous historical tourist

destinations in Sibi. The fort has lost its dignity due to lack of

attention and proper preservation. It has been surrounded by

village; its wall has broken down. A big wooden door is still intact &

reminds us of our rich heritage. The fort needs Government

attention to salvage it from further destruction.

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Sindh

92. Sindh’s history and its past can be explored through the

magnificent forts present in Sindh. The more well-known ones are

Rani Kot fort, Kot Diji Fort, Umerkot Fort and Pakka Fort popularly

known as ‘Pakka Qila’ of Hyderabad. There are many other forts in

Sindh too which include Fort of Ghulam Shah Kalhoro, Sehwan

Sharif Fort, Dahleel Kot Fort, Kalan Kot Fort, Nind Kot Fort,

Kherien Kot Fort, Fort of Karachi, Ratto Kot Fort, Ranno Kot Fort,

Malaaki Kot Fort and others.

Kot Diji Fort

93. The Kot Diji Fort, formally known as Fort Ahmadabad,

dominates the town of Kot Diji in Khairpur District, Pakistan about

25 miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the Nara-Rajisthan

Desert. The fort was built between 1785 to 1795 by Mir Sohrab

Khan Talpur, founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh in 1783. In

addition to the fort, a 5 kilometer, 12 feet wide mud wall was built

around the city. This defensive wall had bastions throughout its

length and a huge iron gate served as the city's only entrance.

The fort was considered invincible and served as the residence of

the Emirs of Khairpur in times of peace. It is, therefore, the

ancestral home of royal house. During war time

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the zenana (female members of the royal family), would be shifted

to Shahgarh Fort, formerly within the realm but since 1843, after

the conquest of the rest of Sindh, it is in the Thar and Jaisalmer

desert, now in India. When the Zenana moved into the comfort of

palaces, it stood mainly as a decorated reminder of more violent

times. Throughout its whole history, however, Fort Kot Diji was

never attacked.

Battle Position

94. After the merger of the State with Pakistan in 1955, the fort

could have been included with the personal property of the Mir of

Khairpur (as is the case with other ex-sovereign rulers who still

possess their forts). However, Mir Ali Murad II thought it

appropriate to hand it over to the government of Pakistan,

expecting better maintenance. Since then, the fort has fallen into

serious disrepair and is presently in a derelict condition. Most of

the lime mortar plaster has fallen of the walls, leaving the bricks

exposed. During the time of Ayub Khan, 192 cannons and mortars

based at and collected in the fort were stolen or destroyed by

being thrown from the bastions; other decorative fixtures and

fittings were stolen as well. Apart from many indigenously made

cannons, the collection included those built for Nadir Shah, the

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Qajar emperors, and the Kalhora, Mughal and Safavid dynasties,

along with antique European cannons.

Pacco Qillo

95. Pacco Qillo or the strong fort is a centuries old landmark of

the present day Hyderabad city in the Sind province of Pakistan. I

had only heard of the place in history books but never saw it till

some years before when I happened to have gone to Karachi

by train. And there it was vividly visible from the train window, the

sadly dilapidated Pacco Qillo, badly encroached, and in poor state

of maintenance.

96. The fort was built by the Kalhora chief Ghulam Shah Kalhora

on one of the three hills in the present day Hyderabad in 18th

century (1766 to be precise). The fort was built on a higher ground

due to the changing course of the River Indus as the official

residence of Ghulam Shah Kalhora. The massive half-a-square

kilometer (about 36 acres) garrison was completed by 1768, which

also served as the court of Ghulam Shah Kalhora as well. The fort

braved the atrocities of time but finally succumbed to its almost

demise and present day decayed form when the Muslims

migrating from India in 1947 sought temporary refuge in inner

premises to make room for their residences. But then they made it

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their permanent abode and continue to do so till date, turning this

famous land markintoa permanent locality.

Ranikot Fort

97. Ranikot For is a historical fort in Sindh province of Pakistan.

Ranikot Fort is also known as the great wall of Sindh and It is the

world's largest fort with a circumference of approximately 26 km or

16 miles. Since 1993, it has been on the tentative list of UNESCO

World Heritage Sites.

98. Location. Ranikot Fort is situated in the Kirthar Range,

about 30 km southwest of Sann, in Jamshoro District, Sindh

Province, Pakistan. It is approximately 90 km north of Hyderabad,

in vicinity of 25.8965N, 67.9025E.

99. Dimensions. Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the

world. Ranikot Fort has an approximate diameter of 6 km. Its walls

are on the average 6 meters high and are made of gypsum and

lime cut sandstone and total circumference is about 20 km. While

originally constructed for bow and arrow warfare it was later

expanded to withstand firearms .It is reputed to be the largest

unexplored fort in the world. The purpose of its construction and

the reason for the choice of its location are still unknown. Ranikot

is the most talismanic wonder of Pakistan and Sindh Province.

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Visible from five kilometers, its massive undulating walls twist and

dip over the hills. With the circumference of about twenty

kilometers, its walls, built with dressed sandstone and reinforced

with 45 bastions along the outer wall, of which 7 are rectangular

and the remaining are round. All modified through the ages to

accommodate the use of gunpowder, this perhaps makes it the

largest fort in the world.

100. History. The original purpose and architects of Ranikot Fort

are unknown. Some archaeologists attribute it to Arabs, or possibly

built by a Persian noble under the Abbasids by Imran Bin Musa

Barmaki who was the Governor of Sindh in 836. Others have

suggested a much earlier period of construction attributing to at

times the Sassanians Persians and at times to the Greeks. Despite

the fact that a prehistoric site of Amri is nearby, there is no trace of

any old city inside the fort and the present structure has little

evidence of prehistoric origins.

101. Archaeologists point to 17th century as its time of first

construction but now Sindh archaeologists agree that some of the

present structure was reconstructed by Mir Karam Ali Khan

Talpur and his brother Mir Murad Ali in 1812 at a cost of 1.2 million

rupees (Sindh Gazetteer, 677).

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102. Fort Ranikot is located in Lakki Mountains of the Kirthar

Range to the west of the River Indus at a distance of about 30

kilometers from the present day town of Sann. A mountainous

ridge, Karo Takkar (Black Hill), running north to south, forms its

western boundary and the 'Lundi Hills' forms its eastern

boundary. Mohan Nai, a rain-stream enters the fort from its rarely

used western 'Mohan Gate', where it is guarded by a small

fortification, changes its name to 'Reni' or 'Rani Nai' or rain-stream

and gives the fort its name. Ranikot is thus the 'fort of a rain

stream' - Rani. It runs through it, tumbles in a series of turquoise

pools to irrigate fields and leaves the fort from its most used 'Sann

Gate' on the eastern side. It then travels about 33 kilometers more

to enter the Lion River - Indus.

103. Research. The size of Ranikot defies all reasons. It stands in

the middle of nowhere, defending nothing" writes Isobel Shaw. So

why was this fort built here in the desolate terrain of the Kirthar

range? Many theories have been developed to answer this

question. According to Ishtiaq Ansari, the Talpurs had sent their

families to Thar and Kachchh when Afsharids attacked Sindh

during the times of Kalhoras. However, after acquiring the rule of

Sindh, they wanted a safe and secure place where they can send

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their families during the troubled times. This might have prompted

them to rebuild this fort to their needs. Rahimdad Khan Molai

Sheedai holds view that its location in Kohistan on the western

frontiers of Sindh gave it its strategic value. Whereas Mazher

Ansari is of the opinion that, it was first constructed in the

Achaemenid Dynasty of the Persian Empire (550 - 330 BC). As

this empire stretched from Turkey in the west, where a similar wall

is constructed near the Caspian Sea called The Great Wall of

Gorgan, which is 155 km in length and to the east up to River

Indus in Sindh, where this majestic fort is located. Access to this

man-made marvel of ancient times is possible through a metaled

road, which goes up to Meeri Kot.

Qasim Fort

104. The Qasim Fort is a small fort constructed in the 18th century

by the Talpur dynasty when the port of Karachi traded with Oman

and Bahrain. The fort was stormed by the British in 1839 because

of the strategic location of Karachi. Although the fort is now buried

beneath the naval base, the lighthouse is a visible reminder of the

British presence having been built in 1889 to assist vessels

approaching Karachi harbor.

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105. History of modern day Karachi begins from this fort as.... On

February 1, 1839, a British ship, the Wellesley, anchored off the

island of Manora. By 3 February, the fort at Kolachi had

surrendered without firing a single shot and this small fishing

village crossed a turning point in its life.

Umarkot Fort

106. Umarkot is a fort located in Umerkot, sindh, also called

Amarkot. Emperor Akber was born in Umarkot Fort when his father

Humayun fled from the military defeats at the hands of Sher Shah

Suri on 15 October 1542. Amir Hussein of Umarkot, who had risen

to power with the help of the Mirza clan, had given refuge to

Mughal Emperor Humayun and it was there Hamida Bano Begum

gave birth to young Akbar. Later the Mughal Emperor Akbar

became the Shahenshah of Hind and was a popular figure with

both Hindus and Muslims. Umerkot has many sites of historical

significance such as Mughal emperor Akbar's birthplace at

Umarkot Fort.

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PART - III

TOURISM POTENTIALS IN PAKISTAN

107. Tourism in Pakistan has been stated by the Lonely Planet

magazine as being the tourism industry's "next big thing".

Pakistan with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has

attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country, almost double to that of

a decade ago. Pakistan's tourism industry was in its heyday during

the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of

foreign tourists, thanks to the Hippie trail. The main destinations of

choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar,

Karachi, Lahore, Swat and Rawalpindi.

108. The country's attraction range from the ruin of civilization

such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill

stations, which attract those interested in winter sports. Pakistan is

home to several mountain peaks over 7000 m, which attracts

adventurers and mountaineers from around the world, especially

K2. The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient

architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small pre-

Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from

Alexander the Great. The romance of the historic Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa province is timeless and legendary, Punjab province

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has the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River and the

historic city Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital, with many

examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid,

Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. Before

the Global economic crisis Pakistan received more than 500,000

tourists annually. However, this number has now come down to

near zero figures since 2008 due to instability in the country and

many countries declaring Pakistan as unsafe and dangerous to

visit.

Types of Tourism in Pakistan

109. The tourists usually travel to see different places and things

other like different climates, nature, cultures, people, customs,

arts, cuisines, languages, unique festivals, old historical buildings

and sites etc. The reason why Pakistan has a great potential in

tourism industry is that it possess every single things that could

meet the demand of visitors. Following are the types of tourism in

Pakistan:-

a. Heritage Tourism. Pakistan is a home to the most

spectacular ancient cities of the World including the

Indus and Gandhara civilization. Taxila , Moenjodaro

and Harrppa, museums, Mughal heritage and the silk

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route, Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of

Jahangir and the Lahore Fort and the great heritage of

Mughals in Punjab

b. Religious / Spiritual or Pilgrimage Tourism.

Pakistan is also famous for its shrines and temples.

Each year not only Muslims from different countries

come to visit the holy shrines but also the Hindus,

Sikhs and Buddhist visit Pakistan for pilgrimage.

c. Cultural Tourism. Besides archaeological sites and

architecture masterpieces of Mughal emperors and

British antecedents, Pakistani cuisine and festivals are

yet another interesting part of rich Pakistani culture.

The food streets in pakistan are becoming a major

source of attraction for tourists as they can enjoy the

local Pakistani food as well as the colorful streets and

people shopping in the streets at the same time.

Famous food streets in Pakistan are Food street

Gawalmandi and Aarkali in Lahore, Melody and Blue

Area food street in Islamabad, Burns Road in Karachi,

Ghantar Ghar in Peshawar.Festivals tend to provide

celebration,joy,mental and physical refreshment to not

only local people but also the tourists who come with

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the aim to explore and enjoy different cultures and

festivals. Some of the famous cultural ceremonies and

festivals of Pakistan include Lok virsa mela, Horse and

cattle shows, Basant or kite flying, Festival of lamps

Northern areas festivals including the famous (Kalash

festivals, Silk route festivals)etc.

d. Adventure or ECO Tourism. Eco or adventure

tourism is the most significant part of the tourism

industry as Pakistan is blessed with worlds most

beautiful and renowned mountains, lakes valleys,

glaciers and passes. Tourists not only enjoy the site

viewing but also perform activities like skiing, hiking,

surfing, camping and cruising. Mountaineering and

trekking are the most exciting activities that tourists

enjoy. World’s second largest mountain K2 and

Switzerland of Asia known as Swat Valley is also

located in Pakistan. Silk route is also included among

Pakistan attractions as it is an ancient route connecting

east and the west. Pakistan is also a home to 31

natural and manmade lakes and reservoirs. The

helicopter or train safari is also very famous among

tourists as they travel to see the most spectacular

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views of landscapes and mines across the country.

The helicopter safari is the latest means of travelling as

it takes you high in the sky so you can enjoy the

highest peaks in the north and deserts in the south.

e. Wild Life Tourism. There are about 14 national parks

which give a beautiful glimpse of the rich Flora and

Fauna of Pakistan. And there are 2 safari parks with

various types of animals like tigers, lions, monkeys,

elephants, giraffes, pythons, birds, deer’s etc.

f. Sports Tourism. Pakistan is popular as a tourist

sports destination. Himalayan range which is the

world’s highest mountain range in the world demands

for professional trekking along with general trekking.

Other types of sports tourism include white water

rafting, wild boar hunting in deep forests, shandur polo

games, mountain biking, golf, ice climbing, rock

climbing, snowboarding, skiing, caving and pot holding

etc. Rich people and Prince come from middle east for

deer hunting in Pakistan. All the above mentioned

factors contribute positively to Pakistan tourism

industry but along with these, there are also negative

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factors which are affecting our tourism industry and

have resulted in the loss of tourists’ arrival in Pakistan.

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110. Factors Effecting Tourism of Pakistan

a. Unfavorable Political Conditions. Pakistan has been

one of the favorite places for tourists but now the

situation has been completely changed. The reason is

its unfavorable political conditions. People think it an

unsafe place after the assassination of popular political

figures like Benazir Bhutto and Salman Taseer

(governor of major province Punjab). Moreover the

corrupt leaders don’t pay attention to this major

industry which can take its economy to the highest

peak

b. Lack of Proper Infrastructure. Infrastructure in

Pakistan is a great cause of the failure of profitable

tourism industry. There are not proper roads, railway

tracks and other transportation services. So tourists

find it difficult to visit different places in Pakistan. Poor

infrastructure is a hindrance in the way of developed

and flourished tourism industry.

c. Inability to Cope with Natural Disasters. Pakistan’s

government lacks the ability to cope with the natural

calamities. Northern areas of Pakistan have been the

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tourists’ favorite place but after earthquake of 2005,

those areas suffered incomparable loss but nothing

had been done for their re-construction and

redevelopment. Poor disaster management caused a

loss to the tourism industry.

d. Inefficiency of Airlines. Transportation sector is most

important sector of any economy and aviation industry

is major part of this sector. In Pakistan the

transportation and communication sector holds more

than 10% share in GDP (Gross Domestic Production).

The aviation industry can affect the other sector of the

economy, e.g. the International Trade, tourism and

socio-economic condition of the country. But there are

some crashes which pull down the image of Pakistan in

the eye of others and in result people found it unsafe to

visit Pakistan, which is affecting the tourism of our

country.

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PART - IV

Recommendations

111. The tourism sector has faced economic losses since 1988.

The major events such as US invasion in Afghanistan and Iraq

2003; and Mumbai terror attacks 2008, all seem to have a

combined adverse effect on the business of hoteliers and tour

operators, and inflicted huge financial losses on the economy in

Pakistan. Hence, efficient integrated approaches, which focus on

all the aspect of ecotourism, are essential to control the negative

impacts on tourism:-

a. To control the sectarian clashes and terrorism, the root

causes should be identified and treated. These issues

require urgent attention. A clear political status, political

stability, and public awareness, are basic elements for

the abolition of sectarianism.

b. The dichotomist administration and public

unawareness appear to be the major causes of the all

critical situation, the lack of intentional direction,

absence of approachable decision-making, integrated

and holistic policy for community issues resolutions,

contribute to typical pitfalls.

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c. Constrains to sustainable tourism, also include

unawareness of public and religious monopoly.

General public is unaware of religious, political and

social rights, due to which they cannot understand

causes and effects of ongoing invoked sectarianism.

The societal backwardness of the area, certainly

contributes to sectarian violence

d. Long-term plans for tourism, appear to be impossible.

The upgrading in economic status of the area, through

policy implementations and self-governance, would

certainly help to work out various economic issues.

e. Tourism education is the key tool to develop innovative

development and awareness in tourism sector. To

promote sustainable tourism, there is need for up to

dated and issue- focusing curriculum modules in

educational institutions, academic occupational and

f. Tourism management skill is another important aspect,

which should be considered to address the challenges

in tourism sector. There are a few aspects such as

management of economic, human resources,

operation, communication, problem solving capability,

75

decision making, and strategy have emerged all the

way through research on management skills

g. To accomplish the demands of eco-tourists, who at a

time require entertainment, education, comfort,

adventure and security, compel the marketers, for

better management in tourism industry, to maintain the

interest of tourists and significance of destination. This

can be achieved by innovative management skills.

h. The concept of sustainable tourism (ecotourism),

should be essentially considered for restoring tourism

sector. Lack of sustainable indicators and benchmarks,

inaccessibility due to poor infrastructural facilities, and

inadequate transportation system, are major

challenges for sustainable development as

communication, co-ordination and interaction between

stakeholders is impossible without proper

transportation system. Locally affordable and

accessible lodging for service employees and tourists.

i. For sustainable tourism, an innovative approach should

be taken by all stakeholders, under the umbrella of

integrated and comprehensive policies, strategies,

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actions and tools, which ensure community active

participation.

j. The tourism is often controlled by private and non-local

organizations, seeking temporary advantage and

conflicting with the preservation of local rights. On the

other hand, competition for revenue from tourism,

increased while maintenance and reinvestment in the

community, may be low on the priority list.

k. Worldwide attention is given to initiatives, which

combine aspects of tourism development of the

community reinvestment of income, cultural

inheritance, and conservation.

l. The sources for security of tourists, accessibility to

international market and human resources stock,

business culture, and publicity of eco-tourism potential

areas, must be explored.

m. A policy reform is needed from the national level to

local level. Policy instruction is the prime responsibility

of the Government. Considering the specific needs of

this mountainous area, it is crucial, that firm

components should be incorporated within the policy.

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Good safety measures are major elements for

sustainable tourism.

Conclusion

112. Our country has a rich and continuous history that saw some

of the oldest civilizations and many foreign invaders and rulers

who came to this region and all left their imprints in different ways.

Among the legacy of such an extensive history are the forts that

still stand, ranging from simple defensive structure to massive

complexes. The best way to honor the past is to preserve it. That

is what several important buildings and sites may speak today.The

cultural heritage that exists today in physical form and in historical

records is the common heritage of us all, giving us an awareness

of our common history and common future, as well as being an

essential part of our cultural identity. Being custodian of this

common heritage, we are responsible for its preservation and

continuation for the benefit of our present as well as future

generations. This responsibility is to be shared jointly and

scrupulously by the society so that its continuity is ensured in the

full richness of its authenticity for the times to come.

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2. The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and

modern, chronologically arranged By Peter N. Stearns,

William Leonard Langer. Compiled by William L. Langer.

Published 2001 Houghton Mifflin Books. History / General

History. ISBN 0-395-65237-5. pg 17

3. Austin Bush. "Pakistan Travel Information and Travel Guide".

Lonely Planet. Retrieved 27

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