Formulas - Fenner's Complete Formulary Part 3A - B. Fenner

5/26/2018 Formulas - Fenner's Complete Formulary Part 3A - B. Fenner

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PART III.

WORKING FORMULA.In the formulae which follow we have endeavored to include allpreparations generally used or called for that can readily be preparedby druggists. We have made no distinction between officinal andunofficinal formulae, except to note the former when the original text isfollowed.

For more convenient reference and comparison we have attempted toclassify the preparations as nearly as possible under appropriate

headings. We have endeavored to make the formulae as plain, explicitand comprehensive as possible, and have avoided as much as possibleth e use of technical t erms a nd t edious processes. The formu l a re ma defrom actual work in the shop or laboratory, and are thereforeWORKING FORMULA, which cannot fail to give good results, providedth ey a re ca refully follow ed a nd good mat erial is used. In submitt ingth em to our friends, it is with th e earn est hope th a t t hey ma y cont ributesomething t o tha t st ore of know ledge which ra ises th e pha rma cist a bovethe mere tradesman, and that their use may put many a dollar in thepocket of the druggist, which otherwise would be paid as profit to

manufacturers.

ABSTRACTAABSTRACTS.

These preparations are properly extracts of vegetable drugs so dilutedwith Sugar of Milk that they represent the soluble medicinal value oftw o pa rt s of th e drug in one par t of th e abst ra ct. They w ere introducedin the 6th Revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, to supply a populardemand for "Powdered Extracts" ; but as they are only double the

strength of the drug their value for such a purpose is questionable.They have not as yet become popular, and it is doubtful if they arereta ined in a subsequent revision of the P ha rma copoeia .

The U . S. P ha rma copoeia process for a bstr a cts is in subst a nce a s follow s:

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Exhaust 200 parts of the drug, by percolating with sufficientmenstruum, reserving the first 170 parts that pass; evaporate therema ining percolat e to 30 pa rt s, a dding it to th e port ion r eserved; thenadd 50 parts Sugar of Milk; allow to evaporate slowly to dryness;pow der, an d a dd enough S uga r of Milk to ma ke 100 pa rt s.

The qua nt itive formula e for t he officina l a bstra cts a re a s follow s:

1. Abstractum Aconiti.Abstr act of Aconi te.

Aconit e (root ), 200 pa rt s.Ta rt a ric Acid, 2 pa r t s.Alcohol, S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

2. Abstractum Belladonnae.Abstr act of Bel l adonna.

B ella donna (root ), 200 pa rt s.Alcohol, S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

3. Abstractum Conii.Abstr act of Coni um .

Conium (fruit ), 200 pa rt s.

D ilut ed H ydrochloric Acid, 6 pa r t s.Alcohol, S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

4. Abstractum Digitalis.Abstr act of D igi t a l i s.

D igit a lis (lea ves), 200 pa rt s.Alcohol,S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

5. Abstractum Hyoscyami.Abstr act of H yoscyamus.

H yoscya mus (lea ves), 200 pa rt s.Alcohol,S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.



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6. Abstractum Ignatiae.Abstr act of I gnati a.

Igna t ia (seed or bea n), 200 pa rt s.

Alcohol 8, to Wa t er 1 pa rt ,S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

7. Abstractum J alapae.Abstr act of J al ap.

J a la p (root or t uber), 200 pa rt s.Alcohol, S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

8. Abstractum Nucis Vomicae.

Abstr act of Nux Vomi ca.

Nux Vomica (seed), 200 pa rt s.Alcohol 8, to Wa t er 1 pa rt ,S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

9. Abstractum Podophylli.Abstr act of Podophyl l um .

P odophyllum (root ), 200 pa rt s.

Alcohol, S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

10. Abstractum Senegae.Abstr act of Senega.

S enega (root ), 200 pa rt s.Alcohol, S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.

11. Abstractum Valerianae.Abstr act of Val er ian .

Va leria n (root ), 200 pa rt s.Alcohol, S uga r of Milk, ea ch sufficient t o ma ke 100 pa rt s.



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12. Abstracts, by Water-Bath Percolation.

I t is obvious that drugs from which abstracts are to be made may bemuch more readily and economically exhausted by water-bathpercolation than by the cold processmuch less menstruum being

required to exhaust the drug, and the result much more perfectlyrepresent ing th e a ctive medicina l agent s. The follow ing sa mple formu la ,which corresponds with the official strength, but differs in manner ofma king, will serve as a general formula for making a bstra cts by w a ter-ba th percola tion.

Abstracts of other drugs may be made in the same general manner, byusing th e menstr uum w hich is best su ited to obta in th e medicina l valueof the drug without obtaining an unnecessary quantity of worthlessextractive matter. The menstruum which is employed for making the

Fluid E xtra ct of t he drug (see Fluid E xtra cts) will genera lly be proper t ouse for ma king the abstra ct.

13. Abstract of Aconite.

Aconit e (root ), No. 60 pow der , 16 ounces.Ta rta ric Acid, 75 gra ins.Alcohol, Sugar of Milk, in fine powder,

ea ch sufficient t o ma ke, 8 ounces.

Moisten the drug with 6 ounces of Alcohol, and pack very firmly in thewater-bath percolator. Pour upon it 10 ounces of Alcohol and set in aw a rm pla ce for t hree days; t hen hea t modera tely [to a bout 60 C. (140F.)], and after one hour begin to percolate, adding Alcohol to the drug,and continuing the heat until 12 ounces have passed, which reserve.Continue t he percolat ion unt il the dru g is exhau sted (or u nt il a bout 12ounces more ha ve passed). Eva pora te this la st percolat e by distillat ionto about 3 ounces, and add to the portion previously reserved. Dissolveth e a cid in t he liquid, add 4 ounces of pow dered S uga r of Milk, a nd setaside in a moderately warm place [not over 50 C. (122 F.)], in an

evaporating dish covered with gauze. Let remain until evaporated todryness, then powder, weigh, and add enough powdered Sugar of Milkto ma ke 8 ounces.

The Alcohol remaining in the drug after percolation may be recoveredby dist illat ion.



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ACETAACETATESVINEGARS.

Acetates.Acetates are chemical or pharmaceutical products in whichacetic acid is used as a combining factor, or a solvent for medicinal

principles. The Aceta t es ma y be conveniently cla ssed a s follows:

Chemicals, in which Acetic Acid unites with Alkalies, Alkaloids, ormeta llic ba ses to form chemica l sa lts ; a s Aceta te of P ota ssium, Aceta te ofMorphine, Acet a te of Lea d, etc.

Solut ions, in which Acetic Acid is combined with some base but notsufficiently concentrated to crystallize, as solution or liquor Acetate ofAmmonium, solution Acetate of Iron; or simple solutions of Acetic saltsin w a ter or other liqu id, a s solut ion Aceta te of Morphine, etc.

Tinctures, in w hich a n Acetic solut ion is dilut ed w ith a n a lcoholic liquid,a s tinctur e Aceta te of Iron.

Vinegars, in w hich th e medicina l va lue of th e drug is obta ined by Aceticor diluted Acetic Acid as a menstruum. In this class is included theAcetic fluid extra cts, a nd t he proper a ceta or vinega rs w hich h a ve longbeen known as pharma-copoeial preparations, and which will now beconsidered.

The Vinegars which were once quite popular galenicals are now butlittle used ; they still hold their place, however, in the pharmacopoeias.In the formulae for Vinegars which follow we have found itimpracticable to exactly follow the pharmacopoeias, because of thedifference in name and acid strength of Dilute Acetic Acid directed bydifferent authorities, and some other peculiarities. We have thereforeadopted a general 10 per cent. Standard of the active ingredient, andgenerally the Diluted Acetic Acid of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia whichcont a ins 6 per cent. of rea l Acetic Acid. We ha ve also add ed a sma llpercentage of Alcohol in most of them, as is customary in Continental

Europe, because we are sat isfied that i t is an advantage to thepreparations. If fluid extracts are used instead of crude drugs thisaddition will be unnecessary.



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14. AcetumVinegar.

Vinegar was formerly officinal in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, but is nowdeleted. I t is st i l l retained in the Brit ish, German and many otherPharmacopoeias.

It should contain from 51/2 to 6 per cent. of absolute Acetic Acid. When

directed to be used, the ordinary commercial Vinegar may generally beemployed or Diluted Acetic Acid of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, whichconta ins a bout th e sam e percenta ge of Acid, ma y be used inst ead of it.

Acetification.Acetification is the process by which Saccharine orhydro-alcoholic liquids are converted into vinegar. It consists in thepartial dehydration and subsequent oxidation of the liquids by contactwith the atmosphere. Domestic vinegar-making is carried on in nearlyevery household by exposing cider, saccharine or vinous liquids to heata nd a ir . In a la rge w a y vinegar is manufa ctured by running the liquidsmany times through generators filled with beech-shavings or corn-cobs,and perforated with numerous holes to admit free circulation of air byw hich t he oxidat ion is ra pidly a ccomplished.

15. Acetum Aromaticum.Ar omati c Vi negar.

(Ada pted from the G erma n a nd Fr ench P ha rma copoeia s.)

Oil of La vender , 1 pa r t or 5 minims.Oil of P eppermint , 1 pa r t or 5 minims.Oil of Rosema ry, 1 pa r t or 5 minims.Oil of J uniper , 1 pa rt or 5 minims.Oil of C inna mon, 1 pa rt or 5 minims.Oil of Lemon, 2 pa r t s or 10 minims.Oil of C loves, 2 pa rt s or 10 minims.

Alcohol, 300 pa rt s or 31/2fl. ounces.

Diluted Acet ic Acid, 450 pa rt s or 5 fl.ounces.

Wa t er , 1,200 pa rt s or 131

/2fl.ounces.

Dissolve the oils in the Alcohol, add the Acid and Water, and, aftersta nding a few da ys, with frequent a gitat ion fi lter through pa per.

This is used as a n Aromat ic toilet prepa ra tion a nd sometimes interna lly



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a s a mild Aroma tic Acid.

Several proprieta ry a rt icles similia r t o this, a s B ully's Aromat ic Vinegar,etc., etc., ha ve a popular sa le as t oilet requisites.

16. Acetum Cantharidis.Vi negar of Cant har i des.

(ADAP TE D F ROM TH E B RI TIS H P HARMACOP OE IA, 1885.) .

Ca nt ha r ides, bruised, 1 pa r t or 455 gra ins.G la cia l Acet ic Acid, 1 fl. pa rt or 1 fl.ounce.Acet ic Acid, sufficient t o ma ke, 10 fl. pa rt s or 10 fl.ounces.

Mix 61/2fl.ounces of t he Acetic Acid w ith th e G la cia l Acet ic Acid, a nd th e

Ca nt ha rides in a str ong w ell-stopped qua rt bott le. Digest t he mixtur e ina water-bath by boiling gently for two hours, then transfer to a glasspercolator and percolate, adding enough Acetic Acid through the drugin the percolator to make 10 fl.ounces. It will be observed that this ismade with strong Acetic Acid instead of dilute as is usual with theVinegars. This is a str ong vesica nt used for blistering. It ma y be a ppliedw ith a ca mel-ha ir pencil.

17. Acetum Colchici.Vi negar of Colchi cum Seed or Tuber (Root).

Colchicum S eed or Tuber in coa rse powd er, 729 gra ins.Alcohol, 11/2fl.ounces.

Dilut ed Acet ic Acid, sufficient to ma ke 16 fl.ounces.

Mix the alcohol with three ounces of the Diluted Acetic Acid, andmacerate the powder in the mixture for 24 hours; then transfer to aglass percolat or, a nd percolat e, a dding, wh en the liquid ha s disappearedfrom t he t op, diluted Acetic Acid, a nd continu ing t he percola tion un til 16fl.ounces a re obta ined.

This prepa ra tion is officina l in several of th e Eu ropean P ha rma copoeia s.It is preferably made from the tuber (root), and is a very goodpreparation of Colchicum, but is not much used in this country. It isgiven for rh euma tism a nd gout, t he dose being from 5 to 30 minims .

18. Acetum Digitalis.Fenners Complete Formula ry - Pa rt III A - WORKING FORMU LA - P age 7

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Vi negar of D ig i t a l i s.

D igit a lis Lea ves, in coa rse pow der, 729 gra ins.Alcohol, 2 fl.ounces.D ilu ted Acet ic Acid , su fficien t t o m a ke 16 fl.ou nces .

Make in the same manner as Acetum Colchici. A heart stimulant,

diuretic and nervine. Dose 1/2t o 1 fl.dra chm, not exceeding 3 fl.dra chm s

per day. This corresponds very nearly to the formula of the GermanPharmacopoeia.

19. Acetum Lobeliae.Vi negar of L obel i a.

Lobelia H erb in coa rse pow der , 729 gra ins.Alcohol, 2 fl.ounces.D ilut ed Acet ic Acid sufficien t t o m a ke 2 fl.ou nces.

Make in the same manner as Acetum Colchici. An emetic, expectorant,antispasmodic, etc. Dose 5 to 30 minims. This corresponds with theUnited States Pharmacopoeia, 1880 formula, except in the addition ofth e alcohol.

20. Acetum Opii, U. S., 1880.Vinega r of Opium.

Opium in pow der , 729 gra ins.Nut meg in pow der, 218 gra ins.S uga r , 1458 gra ins.D ilu ted Acet ic Acid , su fficien t t o m a ke 16 fl.ou nces .

Mix the Opium and Nutmeg and macerate them with 12 fl.ounces ofDilut ed Acet ic Acid for 24 hours, t hen dr a in off the liquid, put th e drugsin a percolator and percolate with the liquid; dissolve the sugar in thepercolat e by a gita tion, an d a dd enough Diluted Acetic Acid th rough th e

percola t or to ma ke 16 fl.ounces of t he mixt ure.

The addition of 11/2 fl.ounces of Alcohol would, in our opinion, be an

advantage in this preparation. Used for the same purposes as otherprepa ra t ions of Opium. D ose 5 t o 15 minim s.



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The U . S ., 1870, Vinega r of Opium cont a ined 1200 gra ins of Opium in apint, and care must be used in dispensing not to mistake one for theother.

The following formula, which is similar to several which are officinal inE urope, is prefera ble to our ow n :

21. Acetum Opii Compositum.Ar omatic Vinegar of Opium . Br i t ish Bl ack D r op.

Opium in pow der , 729 gra ins.Nut meg in pow der, 218 gra ins.S a ffron in pow der , 73 gra ins.S uga r in pow der , 1458 fl.ounces.

Alcohol, 2 fl.ounces.D ilu ted Acet ic Acid , su fficien t t o m a ke 16 fl.ou nces .

Ma ke in t he sa me ma nner a s Acetum Opii. Dose 5 to 15 minims.

22. Acetum Sanguinariae.Vi negar of B l ood Root.

S a nguina r ia in pow der , 729 gra ins.

Alcohol, 11/2fl.ounces.

D ilu ted Acet ic Acid su fficien t t o m a ke 16 fl.ou nces .

Make in the same manner as Acetum Colchici. A stimulant to themucous membrane. Used mainly as an expectorant. Dose 10 to 30minims.

This corresponds with the 1880 United States Pharmacopoeia, except inth e addit ion of th e alcohol. It is officina l only in th e U nited S ta tes.

23. Acetum Scillae.

Vi negar of Squi l l .

S quill, in coa rse pow der , 729 gra ins.

Alcohol, 11/2fl.ounces.

D ilu ted Acet ic Acid su fficien t t o m a ke 16 fl.ou nces .



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Ma ke in th e sam e ma nner a s Acetum C olchici.

E xpectora nt a nd D iuretic. Dose 10 to 60 minims.

This corresponds with the 1880 United States Pharmacopoeia, except in

th e a ddit ion of Alcohol.

The B ritish P ha rma copoeia , 1885, formula near ly corresponds w ith th eU . S. 1870directin g I pa rt of squ ill in 8, inst ead of 1 in 10 a s a bove.

ACIDAACIDS.

A great va riety of widely different chemica l substa nces a re classed a ndincluded under the genera l na me Acids.

In a popula r sense a cids are substa nces ha ving a sour t a ste a nd capableof turning vegetable blues red; but in chemistry, acids are compoundsubstances having one common and essential property, viz. , that ofcombining with metallic bases, alkalies or alkaloids to form newcompounds w hich a re ca lled salts. As H ydrogen is a const a nt element ina ll acids it is ca lled t he Acid form er, and an acid must be considered asalt w hose meta l is hydrogen, wh ich is displaced in par t or w holly w hensalt s a re formed with other ba ses.

24. Acidum Aceticum.Aceti c Acid.

The U. S. officinal Acetic Acid contains 36 per cent. of real Acetic Acid.The new B r. P h. (1885) directs a n a cid cont a ining 33 per cent ., w hile theGerman Standard directs only 30 per cent. for a correspondingpreparation.

Glacial Acetic Acid is practically a pure or 100 per cent. acid, thereforeth e U . S. officina l Acid ma y be prepa red from it, if desired, by t a king

G la cia l Acet ic Acid, 36 pa rt s, or 41/2ounces a v.

Dist illed Wa ter, 64 pa rt s, or 8 ounces a v.

The official Acetic Acids of other pharmacopoeias may be made in thesa me mann er relat ively.

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25. Acidum Aceticum Dilutum.D il uted Acet i c Acid .

Acet ic Acid (36 per cent .), 1250 gra ins or 21/2fl.ounces.

Dist illed wa ter sufficient t o ma ke a pint .Mix.

This is the base of the U. S. official Aceta, and is about the same acidstrengt h a s good vinega r.

27. Acidum Aceticum Aromaticum.Ar omati c Aceti c Acid .

Oil of C loves, 3 fl.dra chms.Oil of La vender , 2 fl.dra chms.Oil of Lemon, 2 fl.dra chms.Oil of B erga mot , 1 fl.dra chm.Oil of Thyme, 1 fl.dra chm.Oil of Ca ssia , 20 minims.G la cia l Acet ic Acid, 1 fl.ounce.

Mix, a nd sh a ke frequent ly unt il dissolved.

This is used a s a n odora teur for smelling bott les or vinega rettes, a nd a

refreshin g scent for the sick room.

ADEPSLARD.

The name l a rd is applied commercially to the rendered fat of the hog,Sus scrofa. In pharmacy the term is intended to apply only to lardpur i f ied by w a shing w ith w a ter, melt ing a nd stra ining. The U . S.Pharmacopoeia designates this simply by the name adeps, or lard, butth e Br . P h. more properly terms it adeps praepar atu s, or prepared la rd.

Since the introduction of Petrolatum and Lanolin the use of lard as anointment base has very much decreased, and much controversy hasarisen as to which is the most valuable for this purpose. It has beenshown that, although petrolatum ointments do not become rancid, theyare not so readily absorbed as those made with lard, and that the



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reactions which are desired in some of them do not take place whenpetr olat um is substitut ed for lar d. La rd is still reta ined a s the ointm ent-base of the pha rma copoeia s, but w ill no doubt be gradu a lly replaced bysome more suita ble vehicle.

The medicinal preparations in which lard is used will be found underthe hea dings Cerat a , Unguenta , etc.

49. Adeps Praeparatus.Prepared L ar d Washed L ar d.

The usual method of washing lard is to spread it on a stone orea rthenw a re sla b, and a llow a small stream of wa ter to tr ickle over i t , a tth e same time w orking it w ell wit h a spat ula or oth er convenient mixer.After a thorough w a shing in t his wa y i t is melted an d stra ined.

We suggest the following method, which will be found more convenienta nd w ill secure bett er results:

Melt t he lard a nd pour it int o a ny convenient bott le th a t w ill hold th reetimes the qu a nt ity desired to be w a shed. Fill the bott le near ly full of hotwater, and while the mixture is cooling agitate it frequently; by thismean s t he lar d is gra nula ted or reduced to sma ll fragm ents. When cool,pour off the water and add fresh cold water to the granulated lard;agitate, pour off the water, add fresh cold water again, and so continue

until the lard is thoroughly washed, when it may be melted by water-bath and strained into earthen pots. By adding a fl .drachm of Tinctureof B enzoin t o ea ch pound of the lar d w hen melted previous t o stra iningit will keep unchanged.

P repa red lar d is used for ma king benzoina ted la rd, simple cerat e, simpleointment a nd some other cera tes a nd oint ments, th erefore it ma y be saidto be the base of the officina l ointment s a nd cera tes. It is to be regretted,however, that it is so seldom used when directed, the majority ofdruggists, either through ignorance or neglect, using unwashed lard

instea d a nd t hen w ondering w hy t heir ointment s so soon become ra ncid.Besides its use in medicinal preparations, washed lard is extensivelyemployed in Continental Europe, for absorbing the odors of flowers.Flower "pomades" are made by spreading layers of flowers on a thinstra tum of wa shed lard, a nd renew ing them a s often as the odor of theflowers is well absorbed. From 24 to 30 layers of flowers are thus used



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before th e w a shed lar d is thoroughly sat ura ted with t he perfume. Theprocess is called enfleurage, and the pomades made by the process areknown as No. 24 or No. 30 pomadesthe numbers indicating thenumber of t imes fresh flow ers ha ve been supplied t o the la rd du ring t heprocess.

50. Adeps Benzoinatus.Benzoi nat ed L ar d Benzoi nat ed Oi ntment .

B enzoin, in coa rse pow der, 2 pa r t s or 140 gra ins.P repa red La rd, 100 pa rt s or 1 pound.

Melt the lard by heat not exceeding 140 F., add the benzoin andma cerat e w ith frequent st irring for tw o hours, th en stra in to remove th eparticles of benzoin. This will keep unchanged for any length of time,

and is therefore mainly used as an ointment base, and for generalpha rm a ceut ica l purposes wh en la rd is desired. The odorous ba lsa m ofth e benzoin is dissolved by t he lard, a nd a cts a s a preservat ive.

The 1870 U. S. P. directed tincture of benzoin to be used instead of thepowder, but it has been found objectionable because of the irritationw hich is produced wh en the la rd t hus prepared is a pplied.

ALBUMEN.

The most common and familiar form of Albumen is the white of egg(Al bumen Ovi), which is freshly obtained from hen's eggs, or may behad in the market dried in scales or granulated. Another variety isobtained from blood and other animal fluids, and still another is foundin t he juices a nd seeds of plan ts.

White of Egg is the only form of Albumen used in pharmacy. It is alsoconsiderably used in the arts for various purposes, as calico printing,making photographic paper, etc. In pharmaceutical preparations the

natural white of egg, which contains about 121/2per cent. of Albumen,is genera lly used, but dried-egg a lbumen is s ometimes employed.

The chemical composition of Albumen has not yet been definitelyascertained. It is the Sphynx of the chemist, and its formula is stillwritten with an interrogation point (?). It has been found, however, to



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cont a in S odium, S ulphur, Nitrogen, H ydrogen a nd (w hite of egg) a bout85 per cent . of wa ter. G erha rdt h a s given its a pproxima te formula a s

HNa C 72H 110N18S O22,H 2O.

Albumen is but lit t le used in medicina l prepa ra tions, but m ight be morefrequently employed w ith a dva nt a ge. It forms insoluble compounds w ithsa lts of mercury , lea d a nd copper, a nd some oth er poisonous subst a nces,and is therefore given in large doses in cases of poisoning by thesesubstances. It forms insoluble compounds with tannin and othervegetable astringents, and may be employed with advantage todetannate preparations which it is desirable to combine with iron, etc. ,as Elixir of Calisaya, etc. It is a valuable nutritive, and is givencombined with iron, soda and glycerin in the form of a syrup. (SeeSy rup Albumina te of Iron.) It s propert y of coa gulat ing by hea t ma kes ituseful for clarifying liquids, syrups, etc. It is used externally in sometoilet preparations and liniments, and in many forms combined withw ines, etc., as a nut ritive drink for inva lids.

The combinations of Albumen with medicines are frequently callednitrogenizedmedicines or proteincompounds.

Albumenoids are substances resembling Albumen in their generalcha ra cter a nd composition. F ib r i n is the chief constituent of musculartissue and is found in solution in the blood. Casein is a constituent of

milk, and Legumin (called vegetable Casein) of leguminous seeds,beans,peas , almonds, etc.

Albuminates are chemical compounds, either soluble or insoluble, ofAlbumen w ith oth er substa nces. The compounds a nd mixt ures genera llyused w ill be found under t he headings G lycerites, Syrups, S olutions, etc.

ALCOHOLESALCOHOLS.

64. Alcohol.

Eth yl Al coholEth yl H ydrate

C 2H 5H O.

The present U. S. P. describes Alcohol as "a liquid composed of 91 percent. by weight (94 per cent. by volume) of Ethyl Alcohol, and 9 per



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cent . by w eight (6 per cent. by volume) of w a ter, s p. gr. 0.820 a t 15.6 C.(60 F1.)" It boils a t 78 C. (172.4 F.).

The comm ercia l Alcohol (188 proof), w hich is fu rn ished by t he dist illersin t his count ry, corresponds very closely w ith th is description.

The U. S . P . designat es it simply by the na me "ALCOH OL," w hile the B r.P . terms it ALCOH OL ETHYLIC U MEt hyl ic Al cohol, which seems themore proper n a me, a s it dist inguish es it from oth er Alcohols. Alcohol ischemica lly Hydra te of Et hyl.

It is composed of

Ca rbon, 52.67 pa rt s, by w eight .H ydrogen , 12.90 pa rt s, by w eight .

Oxygen , 34.43 pa rt s, by w eight .100.

It is obtained by distillation from fermented grain, fruit or othersubstances composed largely of starch or sugar. In this country Alcoholis principally made from common whisky, by redistillation. When grainis used for making Alcohol or spirits a portion of it is malted for thepurpose of developing t he diastase. The coar sely-ground u nma lted gra inis then scalded to soften the starchy matter, the malt is added, whichconverts the starch, first , into dextrin, and then into saccharine matter.

It is then cooled, yeast is added, and the vinous fermentation begins,converting the saccharine matter into Alcohol and liberating carbonicacid gas. When fermentation has proceeded long enough the mash isput into stills, and the Alcohol in a weak form (whisky) is obtained. It isth en redist illed t o obta in t he Alcohol of commerce.

When Alcohol is ma de from fruit or sa ccha rine ma tt er th e process beginsw ith th e vinous fermenta tion. Alcohol is t he spirit or " spirits" present inwines, beer, cider and all still malt and distilled liquors; its varyingproport ion determin es the st rength of th e liqu ors.

Absolute Alcohol is Alcohol containing not more than one or two percent. of water. It is made from ordinary Alcohol by agitating withcarbonate of potassium and fused chloride of calcium, or with slackedlime (w hich absorbs the wa ter) a nd redistilling. It s sp. gr. is 0.794 to0.800. It is sometimes called Att w ood's P a tent Alcohol.



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Stronger Alcohol.This was directed in the U. S., 1870,P ha rma copoeia , but w a s not reta ined in th e la ter revision. I ts sp. gr . wa s0.817, a nd it w a s st ronger t ha n t he commercial Alcohol, so it w a s veryproperly deleted.

Rectified SpiritSpir i t us Recti f i catusB r. P .Alcohol, w ith sixteenper cent. of water, obtained by the distillation of fermented saccharinefluids."

This is th e Alcohol chiefly dir ected to be used in th e prepar a tions of t heBr. P. It corresponds very nearly with the 1870 U. S. official Alcohol its sp. gr. is 0.838, while the sp. gr. of the 1870 U. S. Alcohol was 0.835a nd cont a ined 15 per cent. of w a ter.

To convert the U. S. 1880 or commercial Alcohol into rectified spirit ofth e B rit ish st a nda rd, a dd I fluidounce of w a ter t o 16 fl.ounces of Alcohol.This should be observed wh en w orking formula e of th e Br . P .

The abbreviation S. V. R., Spir i tu s Vi ni Rect i f icatus, so frequent ly metwith in English formulas, refers to rectified spirit , which was formerlycalled Rectified S pirit of Wine.

Spiritus Weingi st, P. G.The Alcohol of the G erma n P ha rm a copoeiacontains 85.6 to 87.2 per cent. of absolute Alcohol and has sp. gr. 0.830

to 0.834. It is, th erefore, a tr ifle str onger t ha n r ectified spirit.

Cologne Spirit.In this country this is deodorized Alcohol, of thesa me proof a s officia l Alcohol. In Fr a nce, Cologne spirit is dist illed fromgra pes, a nd is of about t he sa me proof a s Alcohol. When t his is desired itis usua lly ca lled Fr ench Cologne spirit. The high du ty prevents it s use toa ny extent in th is count ry.

Pure Spirit is a commercial name for deodorized spirit of about 100proof, w hich corresponds very nea rly w ith diluted Alcohol. It is simila r t o

but only about half the alcoholic strength of Cologne spirit , and islargely used by rectifiers of liquors and manufacturers of wines formixing. It is a lso ca lled neutr a l sp i r i t.

Spirit of Wine is a commercial name for Alcohol, although it properlyapplies to the French Cologne spirit. It is frequently called for in old



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recipes, a nd Alcohol sh ould be dispensed.

High Wine is a name used by distillers for low-proof Alcohol. Whencalled for, ordina ry Alcohol ma y be used.

Proof of Alcohol.In this country liquors which contain one half, or50 per cent., by mea sur e of a bsolut e Alcohol a re called P ROOF, or 100 .If th ey cont a in more th a n t ha t t hey a re ca lled a bove or over proof, an d,if less, below proof, the proof being shown by adding to or subtractingfrom 100; thus, whisky, gin, rum and brandy are generally proof, or100. If five over proof, they would be called five above or over proof, or105, and, if ten less than proof, ten below proof, or 90. CommercialAlcohol is 188 , or 88 over pr oof, or 94 per cent . (t he percent a ge ofAlcohol by mea sur e alw a ys being one ha lf th e proof degrees).

65. Alcohol Dilutum.Di l uted Al cohol, U . S., Spir i t us Tenu ior or Pr oof Spir i t Br . Spir i t usDi l utu s, P. G.

The present U. S. P. directs diluted Alcohol to be made by mixing equalw eight of officia l Alcohol an d w a ter. I t is described a s " a liquid composedof 45.5 per cent. by weight (53 per cent. by volume) of Ethyl Alcohol,and 54.5 per cent. by weight (47 per cent. by volume) of water. Sp. gr.0.928, at 15.6 C. (60 F.)." It is ma de a s follow s:

DILUTED ALCOHOL, U. S. 1880.

B Y WEIG HT. B Y ME ASU RE .Alcohol, sp. gr . .820, 50 pa rt s or 16 ozs. a v., 17 fl.ozs.Dist illed Wa ter, 50 pa rt s or 16 ozs. a v., 14 fl.ozs.

Mix. Sp. gr. 0.928, percentage of Ethyl Alcohol, by weight 45.5, byvolume 53.

The 1870 U . S. dilu ted Alcohol w a s ma de a s follows:

DILUTED ALCOHOL, U. S. 1870.

Alcohol, sp. gr . 0.835, (equa l pa rt s) a pint .D ist illed Wa ter, (by mea sure) a pint .

Mix. Sp. gr. 0.941, percentage of Ethyl Alcohol, by weight 39.3, byFenners Complete Formula ry - Pa rt I IIA - WORKING FORMU LA - P age 17



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volum e 46.6.

It w ill be observed tha t t he present U . S. dilut ed Alcohol is considera blystronger than the 1870. While it is desirable to have a preparation ofsufficient alcoholic strength for the purpose, yet the 1880 diluted

Alcohol seems unn ecessa rily st rong for ma king most of th e prepa ra tionsin w hich it is employed, in fa ct, a much w eaker menstruu m could be aswell used in most of them. Druggists, by the usage of a century, havema de dilut ed Alcohol, by m ixing equ a l mea sures of commercia l Alcohola nd w a ter. While th is ma y not be strictly scient ific, it is the custom th a thas prevailed, and we find now, in spite of the directions of the 1880P ha rma copoeia , tha t t he practice is still cont inued, a nd t ha t n inety-nineout of one hundred druggists now mix equal volumes of commercialAlcohol and water to make diluted Alcohol. This seems strong enoughfor all purposes for which diluted Alcohol is used, and we advise its

adoption in all the formulas in this work in which diluted Alcohol isdirected, except w hen specia lly ma rked U . S . 1880, or U . S . 1870, etc.

DILUTED ALCOHOL, TO BE USED IN THESE FORMULAS.

Commercia l Alcohol, (equa l pa rt s ) a pint .Wa t er , (by mea sure) a pint ,

Mix. It conta ins a bout 43 per cent. by w eight, or 50 per cent. by volume,of commercial E t hy l Alcohol. Sp. gr . a t 72 F., 0.933.

When alcohol and water are mixed, a slight contraction of volumeoccurs w ith a rise in temperat ure. The great est cont ra ction occurs w hen52.6 volumes of alcohol are mixed with 47.4 volumes of water, it being3.4 per cent. This should be taken into account when making specifiedqua nt ities of diluted a lcohol.

Alcohol in Pharmacy.Alcohol is used in pharmacy to extract ordissolve the properties of drugs and to preserve their solution. No othersolvent of medicinal substances has been found of such universal value

and application. A large-share of the liquid preparations that are usedin pharmacy contain Alcohol and depend upon its solvent power andpreservative virtue for their value. Besides this, it is used in makingmost of the solid extra cts, a bstra cts, a lkaloids, resinoids, and ma ny othersolid preparations.



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The liquid preparations in which Alcohol is used as the solvent ofmedicinal principles, or for their preservation, may be classified asfollows:

Cord ia ls and El ix i rs, which contain aromatic substances, and mild

medicines, sw eetened a nd combined w ith sufficient Alcohol t o keep thema nd h old th eir propert ies in solution.

Essences and Fl avor i ng Extr acts, wh ich a re mostly ma de from essentia loils, or a roma tic subst a nces dissolved in Alcohol.

Flu id and L i qu id Ext racts, which contain a large quantity of medicinalva lue held in solution by Alcohol or dilut ed Alcohol.

Liquorsof a ll kinds, w hich a re ma inly Alcohol in some form , diluted a nd

flavored w ith t he substa nces peculiar to the kind.

Spi r i t s, wh ich a re solut ions of essent ia l oils, a roma tic substa nces, etc., inAlcohol, an d a mong w hich ma y be included perfum es.

Solut ions, which contain Alcohol, either as a solvent or preservative, assolut ions of gums, resins, a cids, a lka loids, et c.

Tinctures, which are mainly solutions of the medicinal principles ofdrugs in Alcohol or d ilut ed Alcohol.

To these may be added the abstracts, solid extracts, alkaloids, andmedicina l principles of drugs genera lly, wh ich a re obta ined by the a id ofAlcohol, a nd it w ill be seen t ha t in pha rma cy it is t he most importa nt ofa ny subst a nce, in fa ct, entirely indispensa ble in its pra ctice.

In Fr ench pha rma cy Alcohol is ca lled Alcool, a nd a lcoholic prepa ra tionsare classified according to the manner of preparing them and thesubsta nces used in t hem.

Alcoolats or Alcoholates are medicated distilled spirits, made bymacerating aromatic and other substances with Alcohol, and distilling.We have no official preparations that correspond with them. They willbe noticed under the headings DISTILLATES, ESSENCES, SPIRITS,TINC TU RE S, E TC.



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Alcoolateures.These are tinctures prepared by macerating freshplants (roots, barks, seeds, leaves, flowers, etc.) in Alcohol. Theycorrespond very nearly to what are known in this country as greenplant fluid extracts. They are made by macerating equal parts byw eight of the fresh subst a nce, properly cut , bruised or divided, in ninety

per cent. Alcohol, for ten days, then pouring off the liquid, pressing thedrugs, and filtering the extract thus obtained. As our green plant fluidextr a cts a re so similar , these prepara tions w ill not be furt her noticed.

Alcools.These are simple solutions of medicinal substances inAlcohol. Among them are the mixtures of acids, ammonia, etc., withAlcohol and the solutions of alkaloids and their salts, phosphorus,carbonate of potassium, soap, etc., which are not properly classifiedunder the head of "Tinctures Alcoholiques." We have included theseunder the general heading "Tinctures." Besides the above-mentioned

prepar a tions cont a ining Alcohol, a re th ose w hich a re cla ssified th e sa mea s in our own w orks, w hich w ill be noticed under t heir proper h eadings,as Elixirs, Essences, Extracts, Spirits, Tinctures, etc.

ALKALOIDES ALKALOIDS.

The name Alkaloids is given to a class of organic bases which (likealkalies) combine with acids to form salts. The Alkaloids and their saltsrepresent the active medicinal properties of most vegetable drugs and

form a very important class of chemicals. The manufacture of Alkaloidsand their salts is chiefly carried on by manufacturing chemists, and ala rge am ount of ca pita l is thu s employed.

Alkaloids ma y be classed a s na tur a l an d a rt ificial. The na tur a l Alkaloidsare obtained from organic substances (animal or vegetable) in whichthey exist combined with other substances, and the artificial areproduced by the skill of the chemist. The natural Alkaloids all containnitrogen, with hydrogen as a base, and are probably derivatives of theammonia type (NH 3). Carbon is present in all, and oxygen in most of

them. Alkaloids which contain the four elements C, H, N, O, are calledAMIDES. They are generally non-volatile crystallizable solids,representing the active principles of vegetable and animal substancesfrom which they are obtained. Alkaloids which contain only the threeelements C, H, N, are called AMINES. They are generally volatileliquids, a rt ificially ma de by substitut ing hydroca rbon ra dica ls wh olly or



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par tly for the hydrogen of th e typica l am monia ba se.

Considerable confusion formerly existed because of the lack ofuniformity of the termination of the names of Alkaloids some endingwi th i a and some with i ne, as morphia, quinine, etc. , but in the late

revisions of the American and British Pharmacopoeias the terminalletters of the names of the Alkaloids are uniformly i ne. It should,th erefore, be remembered th a t in older w orks of pha rma cy t he na mes ofAlkaloids tha t terminat ed in i aw ould now be w rit ten i ne.

As Alkaloids are, so to speak, the concentrated principles of thesubstances from which they are derived they are very powerful,compared with the crude substances, the dose of many of them beingvery minute. Their salts, being more soluble, are mainly used inmedicine. S evera l Alka loids va ryin g in composition a nd cha ra cteristics

are sometimes obtained from one plant, but in the main they are truerepresent a tives of the drug in properties an d a ctions.

Alkaloids a re genera lly insoluble or but spar ingly soluble in w a ter, butare readily dissolved in alcohol, chloroform, and the liquidhydrocarbons. They form salts with acids, generally soluble in water.From a queous solutions of th ese sa lts t he Alkaloids a re precipita ted byalkalies, because of the stronger attraction of their acids for the alkalitha n t he alkaloidal base.

The Alkaloids a re ma inly used in pha rma cy a s ba ses for preparing t heirsa lts, a nd a re but lit t le employed in medicine, their soluble sa lts beingused inst ead . It is th erefore unn ecessa ry t o give explicit formu la e for a llof them, but only such as are more frequently employed and generalprocesses wh ich ma y a pply to the rema inder.

The following general directions for preparing Alkaloids from crudedrugs are therefore given, but it may be stated that they can only beconsidered general directions, and that some special treatment,requiring experience and chemical knowledge is necessary to

successfully obtain and separate the Alkaloids of most substances. Theyare, therefore, generally supplied by competent manufacturingchemists.

70. General Directions for Preparing Alkaloids.



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I. FOR ALKALOIDS SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE IN WATER, OR WHICH EXIST INTHE PLANTS, ETC., IN THE FORM OF ACIDS, OR SOLUBLE SALTS OFALKALOIDS.

Macerate the drug, in coarse powder, twenty-four hours, in watersufficient to cover it , then pack it moderately in the water-bathpercolator, adding water freely, and heat to boiling; then begin topercolat e, a dding w a ter th rough the percolat or, a nd cont inuing the heatand percolation until the drug is exhausted; strain the percolate whilehot and slowly add to the liquid water of ammonia or liquor of potassaas long as it continues to precipitate, allow to settle, pour off the liquid,pour the precipitate upon a filter, wash with a lit t le water, press,dissolve in very dilut e acetic or hy drochloric a cid, precipita te a ga in w ithammonia or potassa, pour off, drain, and repeat the operation as many

times as may be necessary to purify the Alkaloids. The product is theAlkaloids of th e drug, w hich a re part ially soluble in w a ter. If n ecessary ,th ey must be separ a ted by va rious mea ns, recryst a llized and dried. Theliquors w hich a re poured off cont a in a sma ll percenta ge of th e Alka loids,which may be recovered by evaporating them and treating in the samema nner a s directed.

II . FOR ALKALOIDS INSOLUBLE IN WATER.

Macerate the drug, in moderately fine powder, for twenty-four hours,with sufficient alcohol to cover it , pack firmly in the water-bathpercolator, pour alcohol upon it, heat moderately for an hour and beginto percolate, adding alcohol to the drug and continuing the heat andpercolation until its strength is exhausted; distil off most of the alcoholand to the residue add sufficient very dilute acetic or muriatic acid todissolve the Alkaloids that are in the soft extract; this is besta ccomplished by w a shing it w ith several portions of the dilute a cid; filterthe acid solution and add to it sufficient water of ammonia or liquorpota ssa to precipita te th e Alkaloids, wa sh t he precipita te on a filter w ithwater, and redissolve and reprecipitate if necessary. The product is theAlkaloids soluble in alcohol that were contained in the drug, and they

must be separa ted if necessa ry.

Many other processes are employed for obtaining Alkaloids, as boilingthe drug with dilute acid, precipitating with an alkali, etc. , but theforegoing are sufficient to show the general methods. It may beexplained in regard to the foregoing processes that the heat employed



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serves to dissolve th e alka loids, the sa me as th e acids which a re used inother processes, and the subsequent treatment is less troublesome; forexample: Strychnine dissolves in 12 parts of boiling or no parts of coldalcohol; quinine in 2 parts boiling or 6 parts of cold alcohol; caffeine in10 parts of boiling or 75 parts of cold water; therefore, when drugs are

percolated with a boiling or heated menstruum, their alkaloids are asreadily dissolved as when acids are used, and their subsequentsepara tion is much more simple.

The following are the more important Alkaloids which have beensufficiently investigated to receive reliable recognition and formulas.Ma ny others, of course, exist , for it m a y be a ssumed th a t every genus ofplants has its characteristic basic principle or principles which may beisolated, but only the more important ones have thus far receivedattention.

Important Alkaloids and their Salts.

Of the Alkaloids known and named by chemists, but few are used inmedicine, and most of them are unimportant except as chemicalproducts and curiosities. Of the small number which are used inmedicine but few a re employed a s Alkaloids, but ma inly a s sa lts formedby th e union of these orga nic ba ses wit h a cids.

The Alkaloids are generally used for making the oleates, because they

w ill combine wit h oleic acid, w hile their sa lts w ill not. S ome of th em a rea lso employed in delica te prepa ra tions, wh ere th e acids wit h w hich t heya re combined as sa lts w ould be ina dmissible.

The following important Alkaloids and their salts are those which arefrequent ly used in medicine:

76. Beberina.

Beber i ne (Beber i aBibi r i a.) C 36H 42N2O6

This Alkaloid is obtained from nectandra or bebeeru bark, in which itexists combined with nectandrine (C 40H 46N2O8) and other Alkaloids. It

is identical with bux ine, from box, and pelosine or cissampeline, frompareira.



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The Alka loid is not used in m edicine but it s sulpha t e is officia l in th e B r.P., and the Alkaloid may be prepared from it if desired by decomposingits solution in hot water with water of ammonia, and washing anddrying t he precipita te. From the simila rity of na mes ca re must be ta kennot to dispense beberine or i ts salts when berberine is ordered, and

vice versa .

77. Beberinae Sulphas, Br.

Su l phate of Beber i ne(Sul phate of Beber i a.)

The follow ing is th e formu la officia l in th e B r. P .:

B ebeeru B a rk, in coa rse pow der , 1 pound a v.

S ulphuric Acid, 1/2fl.ounce.

S la cked Lime, q . s., or 3/4ounce a v.

S olut ion of Amm onia , a sufficiency.Rect ified Spirit , 16 fl.ounces.Dilut ed S ulphuric Acid, a sufficiency.Wa t er , 154 fl.ounces.Distilled Water, a sufficiency.

Add the sulphuric acid to the water, pour upon the bebeeru barkenough of the mixture to moisten it thoroughly; let it macerate for

twenty-four hours, place it in a percolator and pass through it therema inder of th e acidulat ed wa ter; concent ra te t he a cid percolat e to 20fl.ounces, cool and add gradually the lime in the form of milk of lime,a gitat ing well , and t a king ca re tha t t he fluid st i ll reta ins a dist inct a cidreaction; let it rest for two hours, filter through calico, wash theprecipitate with a lit t le cold distilled water, and to the filtrate addsolution of am monia un til th e fluid ha s a faint a mmoniacal odor; collectthe precipitate on a cloth, wash it twice with 10 ounces of cold water,squeeze it gently w ith th e hand a nd dry i t by the heat of a w a ter-bat h;pulverize the precipitate and wash with separate portions of the spirit ,mix the washings, add 4 ounces of distilled water and distil the greaterpart of the spirit ; t o the residue a dd w ith a gita tion diluted sulphuric aciduntil the fluid has a slight acid reaction; evaporate to dryness, dissolvein distilled water, filter, evaporate to a syrupy consistence, spread onglass plat es, an d dry by a tempera tu re not exceeding 140 F. (60 C.).



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This is used as a substitu te for q uinine, or, ra th er, its a ction is simila r t oit, but it ca nn ot be considered its equ a l. The dose is from 1 to 10 gra ins.

78. Berberina.

Berber i ne (Ber ber i a.)C 20H 17NO4.

The Alka loid B erberine is found in a la rge num ber of pla nt s, but is mostabundant in hydrastis, columbo, gold-thread and several species ofbarberry. It may be obtained by several methods; but, perhaps, thesimplest a nd t he best is by boiling t he coar sely-pow dered ba rks or root s,or, preferably, percolating them in the water-bath percolator withboiling water until they are exhausted. The decoction is then to beevaporated to a soft extract and washed with successive portions ofalcohol to dissolve out the Berberine; to the alcoholic washings, mixedand filtered, a lit t le water is then to be added and the alcohol distilledoff by means of a water-bath; the remaining liquid is then condensed,allowed to cool, and crystals of Berberine will form; these may bepurified by dissolving in h ot w a ter a nd r ecryst a llizing.

Uses.The Alkaloid is but little used, but its salts are extensivelyemployed in medicine. It is a tonic to the mucous membrane, a bitterstoma chic a nd genera l alt erat ive, an d ha s propert ies simila r to quinine.The dose is from 1 t o 8 gra ins.

79. Berberinae Hydrochloras.

H ydr ochl or ate of Ber ber i ne.

This salt , which was formerly known as hydrast in, is generallyprepared from golden seal. A decoction may be made, evaporated andtreated with alcohol in the same manner as is directed for makingB erberine. A litt le w a ter, a cidulat ed wit h h ydrochloric acid, is th en to beadded to the alcoholic solution, the alcohol distilled, and the remainingliquid set aside, in which crystals of Hydrochlorate of Berberine will

form ; these are to be drained from the mother liquor, dissolved in hotw a ter a nd purified by recryst a llizat ion.

It can also be prepared from the Alkaloid berberine by dissolving it inhot w a ter, a cidulat ed with hydr ochloric a cid, allow ing to cryst a llize, a ndpurifying by recryst a llizing from hot w a ter.



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This salt gained considerable notoriety as an eclectic remedy under thename of hydrast in , and w as a f terwa rds known a s muria te of hydrast in ;but t his sa lt , w hich is of a bright yellow color, ha s been show n t o be theH ydrochlora te of B erberine, th e salts of hydra stine being w hite instead.

Uses.Its uses are similar to the Alkaloida tonic to the mucoussurfaces, etc. It is much used in atonic dyspepsia and weakness of thedigestive tr a ct. D ose, 1 to 4 gra ins.

80. Berberinae Sulphas.

Sul phat e of B er ber i ne.

This is prepared by dissolving Berberine in hot water, acidulated with

sulphuric acid, crystallizing, redissolving the crystals in hot water andrecrystallizing; or may be made directly from the barks or rootscontaining Berberine in the same manner as is directed for makingBerberine, except that water, acidulated with sulphuric acid, instead ofw a ter, mu st be ad ded to th e a lcoholic solution before distillat ion.

Uses.The uses of th is sa lt a re simila r t o the Alka loid. It is a lso used inma king elixirs, etc. The dose is from 1 to 4 gra ins.

81. Caffeina.

Caff ei ne Thei ne Guar an i ne. C8H 16O2,H 2O.

Coffee, tea, some other plants, and guarana contain an identical

Alkaloid called Caffeine. Coffee contains about 1 per cent., tea 11/2 to 4

per cent. , and guarana 4 to 5 per cent. of this Alkaloid. It is preparedfrom these substances by boiling them in water to make a strongdecoction, precipitating the decoction with acetate of lead to removeastringent and other matter, filtering, passing sulphuretted hydrogenga s th rough the filtra te to remove excess of lea d, filtering a ga in, ad dingwater of ammonia, evaporating and recrystallizing. It is seldom madeexcept by ma nufa ctur ing chemists.

Uses.Caffeine is used as a nerve stimulant in sick and nervousheadache and periodic nervous derangements. The dose is from 1 to 5grains.



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82. Caffeinae Citras, Br.

Ci tr ate of Ca ffei ne. C 8H 10N4O2,H 3C6H 5O7.

Ca ffeine, 1 ounce.Cit ric Acid, 1 ounce.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 ounces.

Dissolve the citric a cid in the wa ter a nd st ir the Ca ffeine int o th e hea tedsolution; evaporate to dryness on a water-bath, constantly stirringtowa rds t he end of the opera tion.

The properties and uses of this preparation are the same as Caffeine.The dose is from 2 to 10 grains. It may be conveniently given in theform of an elixir.

96. Hydrastina.

Hydrast ine(Hydrast ia.)C 22H 23NO6

The white Alkaloid Hydrast ine is recovered from the mother liquor leftafter the crystallization of salts of berberine, when prepared fromhydrastis.

It is obtained by diluting the mother liquor with water, evaporating thea lcohol, filtering t o remove resinous ma tt er, etc. , adding a mmonia to th efiltra t e, w hich precipita tes th e Alka loid; dissolving th e precipita te in hotalcohol; filtering again through animal charcoal to render colorless;evapora tin g the a lcoholic solution a nd cryst a llizing.

Uses.Hydrastine was formerly a waste product of the manufacture ofberberine and its salts (hydrastin), but by the advertising ofmanufacturers, and being colorless, has come to be used in solution for

injections, washes, etc. It is also given internally in doses of 1/16 to 1

grain a s a t onic a nd altera t ive.

122. Sanguinarina.



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Sangu inar ine. C19H 17NO4.

This Alkaloid ma y be ma de by exhau sting S a nguina ria w ith a lcohol, bymeans of the water-bath percolator, distilling off most of the alcohol,a dding w a ter a nd solution of soda to precipita te, wa shing th e precipita tewith hot alcohol, filtering through animal charcoal, concentrating andcrysta llizing. It is wh ite, but yields very bright red salts w ith a cids.

Nitrate of Sanguinar ine and Sulphate of Sanguinar ine have beenintr oduced by ma nufa ctur ing chemists, a nd a re quite favora bly receivedby pra ctit ioners.

Uses.Sanguinarine and its salts are used in bronchitis, pneumoniaa nd la ryngit is in doses of 1/20t o 1/10gra in .

ALOEALOES.

As found in the market Aloes consists of the inspissated juice of theleaves of severa l va rieties of Aloefound in Africa .

The U. S. P. recognizes only the variety produced from Al oe Socotr i na;the Br. P. directs both Barbadoes and Socotrine Aloes, while the G. P.na mes Ca pe Aloes, wh ich includes a va riety of different species na tive of

th e Ca pe of G ood Hope. The va rious species ar e a ll more or less used inpha rma cy, th e B a rba does an d S ocotr ine being chiefly employed for ma na nd t he Ca pe Aloes for horses an d ca tt le.

The fleshy leaves of the Aloe are cut off near their base and their juiceallowed to drain into troughs or vessels. The collected juice is thenevaporated to the consistence of an extract and run into boxes, kegs orgourds, in w hich sha pe it is brought to the ma rket.

Aloes is a well-known and much-used purgative, being familiarlyknown to the household as "Picra." It is the active ingredient in mostpatent and cathartic pills. In small doses, 1 to 2 grains, it is a tonic,stomachic, and is the chief ingredient of several "bitters" which havebeen extensively sold. The la xa tive dose is 2 to 3 gra ins, a nd t he dose a sa n a ctive purgat ive is 10 to 13 grains.

Various preparations of Aloes will be found under their properFenners Complete Formula ry - Pa rt I IIA - WORKING FORMU LA - P age 28



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hea dings, a s extr a cts, pills, pow ders, tinctures, w ines, etc.

131. Aloe Purificata, U. S.

Pu r i fi ed Al oes.

Aloes, 100 pa rt s or 10 ounces a v.Alcohol, 15 pa rt s or 2 fl.ounces.

H eat th e Aloes by wa ter-ba th unt il it is completely melted, th en a dd t healcohol and having stirred the mixture thoroughly strain it through afine sieve w hich h a s just been dipped int o boiling w a ter. E va pora te t hestrained mixture by means of a water-bath, constantly st irring until ath rea d of th e ma ss becomes britt le on cooling.

The object of purifying the Aloes is to remove foreign substances, sucha s sticks, stones, dirt , a nd other impurities wh ich, by t he ca relessness inma king it , ha ve been int roduced. It s properties a nd uses a re the sa me a sAloes. It is only officia l in t he U . S.

132. Aloin, Br.

C 16H 18O7

"A crystalline substance extracted from Aloes by solvents and purified

by recrysta lliza tion. As obta ined from th e different va rieties of Aloes, theproducts differ slightly, but th eir medicina l propert ies a re simila r." B r.

Aloin appears to be the active or cathartic principle of Aloes. It isobtained by treating Aloes with acidulated boiling water, whichdissolves the Aloin and resinous matter. After standing for some hoursto cool the liquid is poured off from the resin and evaporated to theconsistence of syrup. When cool, crystals of Aloin form, which may bepurified by repeat ed recryst a lliza tion from hot a lcohol.

The laxative dose is from 1/20 t o 1/4 grain; the cathartic dose 1/2 to 2gra ins. It is considerably used, in combina tion w ith oth er medicines, in" litt le liver pills."

AQU WATERS.Fenners Complete Formula ry - Pa rt I IIA - WORKING FORMU LA - P age 29



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As applied to pharmacy in this country and Great Britain the termAquae or Waters includes only aqueous solutions of aromatic or volatilesubsta nces, eith er w ith or w ithout t he a id of some insoluble medium byw hich t heir solution m a y be facilita ted.

These waters are more commonly called "medicated waters," but withone or t w o exceptions th ey a re ha rdly ent itled to tha t a ppellat ion. Theya re used in phar ma cy for ma king a few medicinal prepa ra t ions, an d inmedicine a re prescribed a s vehicles or a roma tic dilute'nt s for more activeremedies.

The United States Pharmacopoeia includes in the waters, aquaammoniae and aqua chlori , which are solutions of gas in water; theB ritish P ha rma copoeia includes t hese a mong the solutions, wh ich is, no

doubt, the more proper classification. In German pharmacy severalpreparations are classed among the waters that more properly belongwith the solutions; and in French Pharmacy, a large number ofpreparations are included in the "Eaux" which should be in entirelydifferent departments. Under this heading, therefore, only thosesolutions of volatile substances which are naturally classed with thewaters as understood in this country and Great Britain will bementioned.

The processes by w hich th ey a re ma de ar e as follows :

208. By Solution.

a. Of those ma de with cold wa ter, th e solutions of ga seous a mmonia a ndchlorine; of chloroform, carbolic acid and creasote; of bitter almond oil,and tar may be mentioned. With the exception of the gaseous solutions,w hich require special a ppa ra tus, th e rema ining w a ters a re ma de simplyby agitating the substances occasionally for several days with coldwater .

b. Hot w a ter dissolves th e volat ile oils much more readily th a n cold, an dvery good waters may be made by thoroughly agitating the volatile oildirected in hot w a ter, a llow ing to sta nd for several hours, a nd filtering.Nearly a ll the wa ters in w hich volat ile oils a re used ca n be sat isfactorilyma de in t his manner.



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209. By Distillation.

a. From fresh or dried aromatic fruit , flowers, leaves, bark, or otherparts of plants. The substance is introduced with water into a still , andone half or less of the water (which is charged with the volatile

constituents of the substances) is distilled over. Or steam is passedthrough the substances contained in a still , the vapor condensed, andth e liquid sepa ra ted from oily pa rt icles byfiltera tion. Most of the w a tersof the B rit ish P ha rma copoeia a re made in this ma nner.

b. From essentia l oils of plan ts, by mixing th em with a qua nt ity of sa ndor some oth er substa nce to sepa ra te t he oily part icles, then a dding w a terand distilling over about half the quantity used. The proportion isgenera lly one fl.dra chm of essent ia l oil, 4 ounces of san d, a nd one ga llonof water. Distill 4 to 6 pints. This isa very good way to make Distilled

Waters. They generally keep better than when made from the fruit ,flow ers, leaves, etc.

Distillation, whenever it is admissible, is to be recommended above allother processes for the preparation of Waters. The process anda ppara tus a re furth er described on page 26. When ma de by distilla tion,the distilled waters while still warm should be put in small bottles,sealed, a nd put in a cool place. They w ill then keep for y ear s.

210. By Filtration or Percolation.

a. The process formerly official for making most of the Waters of theU nited St a tes P ha rma copoeia , wa s to rub 30 minims of the essentia l oilwith 60 grains of carbonate of magnesium, then with 2 pints of water,and filter. This was generally a very satisfactory process, but it wasthought desirable to change the process in the 1880 revision bysubstitu ting cott on a s a mean s of mecha nica lly dividing the oil to a id inits solution. The former process is, however, very generally used inpreference to the latter. Other substances besides carbonate ofmagnesium, as phosphate of calcium, powdered pumice-stone, kaolin,

precipitated chalk, etc., are sometimes used, but they have noa dvant a ges over i t .

b. The 1880 Un ited St a tes P ha rma copoeia directs m a ny of the Wa ters t obe made by adding the essential oil gradually to cotton, picking itth oroughly to pieces t o dist ribut e the oil evenly, th en pa cking t he cot ton



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in a conical funnel, and percolating with water until the desiredqu a nt ity is obta ined. The cott on (w hich is prefera bly a bsorbent cotton) isbest impregnated with the essential oil by the use of cards such as areemployed for carding wool. Thirty minims of the oil with 60 grains ofcott on is the proper qu a ntit y to ma ke tw o pints of wa ter.

The following are the Waters generally used and prescribed in thiscountry.

211. Aqua Amygdalae Amarae.

Bi t ter Almond Water .

Oil of B it ter Almonds, 15 minims.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Dissolve the oil in the water by agitation (208 a), and filter through aw ell-w ett ed filter.

This is a n a greeably fla vored vehicle.

The German Pharmacopoeia directs this water to be made from Bitter Almonds 12parts by first bruising and pressing out as much as possible of the fixed oil, thenpow dering and mixing w ith 80 part s of wa ter, an d 1 pa rt of alcohol, an d a llow ing tostand 12 hours. Eleven parts are then to be carefully distilled off into a well cooledreceiver, containing one part of alcohol. This is then to be assayed to determine the

a mount of hydrocya nic acid, an d t he distillate so diluted w ith a mixture of 1 pa rt ofa lcohol mixed wit h 5 part s of wa ter, tha t 1 part of hydrocya nic acid w ill be conta inedin 1,000 par ts of th e finished liquid .

212. Aqua Anethi, Br.

Di l l Water .

Dill Fruit , bruised, 1 pound a v.Wa t er , 20 pounds a v.

D ist ill 10 poun ds, (209 a.)

This very much resembles Anise Water. It is seldom used in thiscount ry, but is much prescribed in G reat B rita in.



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213. Aqua Anisi, U. S.

An i se Water .

Oil of Anise, 30 minims.

C a rbona t e of Ma g nes ium or C ot t on , 60 g ra ins.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Ma ke by rubbing th e oil with th e ma gnesium or picking wit h t he cott on,a dding t he w a ter a nd filtering or percolat ing a s directed (210 aor b.) Itmay also be made by mixing 1 fl.drachm of oil with 4 ounces of sanda nd 8 pint s of w a ter, a nd dist illing 4 pint s (209 b.)

The B ritish P ha rma copoeia directs :

Anise Fruit , bruised, 1 pound a v.Wa t er , 20 pounds a v.

D ist ill 10 pounds, a s dir ect ed (209 a.)

Anise Wa ter is used a s a vehicle for medicines, especia lly for children.

214. Aqua Aurantii Florum.

Or ange Fl ower Water .

The United States Pharmacopoeia directs 40 parts of recent OrangeFlowers and 200 parts of water to be mixed, and 100 parts to bedistilled.

Orange Flower Water is seldom, if ever, made in this country. Asimport ed, it is know n a s Triple Oran ge Flow er Wa ter. B y diluting w ithtw o part s of distilled w a ter, ordina ry Ora nge Flow er Wa ter is ma de.

An inferior Orange Flower Water may be made by rubbing 20 minims

of Oil of Orange Flowers (Oil of Neroli) with 60 grains carbonate ofma gnesium, a dding 2 pint s of wa ter, a nd filtering.

A better preparation may be made by mixing 30 minims of Oil ofOra nge Flow ers (Neroli) w ith 4 ounces of san d a nd 6 pints of wa ter, a nddistilling 3 pint s.



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Neither of these, however, represent the true flavor of the waterdistilled from t he flow ers.

Orange Flower Water is used in a few medicinal preparations and

elixirs, but chiefly in toilet preparations, etc.

215. Aqua Camphorae.

Camphor Water (U . S., 1880).

Ca mphor, 120 gra ins.

Alcohol, 1/2fl.oun ce.

Cot t on, 1/2ounce.

Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Dissolve the Camphor in the alcohol; moisten the cotton with thesolution; allow the alcohol to evaporate; pack in a percolator, and addw a ter until 2 pints ha ve passed.

The 1870 United States Pharmacopoeia directed 120 grains of Camphorto be rubbed with 40 minims of alcohol, then with 240 grains ofcarbonate of magnesium, and then percolated with water until 2 pintsw ere obta ined.

The British Pharmacopoeia directs 1/2 ounce av. of Camphor to be

crushed a nd enclosed in a muslin ba g a nd kept a t t he bott om of a bottlecontaining 10 pounds of distilled water (by means of a glass rod) for atleast two days before using, and then pour off the solution as requiredfor use.

Camphor Water is used as a mild antispasmodic, in doses of 1/2 to 1

fl.ounce, a nd a s a n a ddition t o man y medicines.

217. Aqua Carvi, Br.

Caraway Water .



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Ca ra w a y Fruit , bruised, 1 pound a v.Wa t er , 20 pounds a v.

D ist ill 10 pounds a s dir ect ed, (209 a.)

It may also be made by mixing 1 fl.drachm of Oil of Caraway Seed with4 ounces of sand a nd 8 pints of wa ter, a nd dist illing 4 pints.

This is official only in the British Pharmacopoeia. It is a pleasantlyfla vored wa ter like Anise or D ill.

219. Aqua Cinnamomi.

Ci nn amon Water (U . S., 1880).

Oil of C inna mon, 30 minims.Cot t on, 60 gra ins.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Add the oil to the cotton; pick, pack, and percolate with the water, (210b.)

The 1870 United States Pharmacopoeia directed 30 minims ofCinnamon Oil to be rubbed with 60 grains carbonate of magnesium,and then with 2 pints of distilled water, and filtered. The 1880

prepa ra tion is t o be preferred.

The British Pharmacopoeia directs 20 ounces av. of Cinnamon Bark,bruised, to be mixed with 20 pounds of water, and 1 gallon to bedistilled, (209 a.) It may also be made by mixing 1 fl.drachm ofCinna mon Oil with 4 ounces of san d a nd 8 pints of w a ter, a nd distilling4 pints. This ma kes a superior C inna mon Wa ter.

Cinnamon Water is used in making several preparations and is muchprescribed as an adjuvant or dilutent for other medicines. It may be

given a s a mild stimu la nt in doses of 1 fl.ounce.

222. Aqua Foeniculi.

Fenn el Wa ter .



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Oil of Fennel, 15 minims.C a rbona t e of Ma g nes ium or C ot t on , 60 g ra ins.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Rub the oil w ith t he magn esium, or pick with th e cott on; add w a ter, an d

filter or percola te a s d irected, (210 aor b.)

The British and German Pharmacopoeias direct this to be made bydistilla tion, a s follow s:

Fennel Fruit , bruised, 1 pound a v.Wa t er , 20 pounds a v.

Dist ill 10 pound s.

It may also be made by mixing 1 fl.drachm of Oil of Fennel with 4ounces of sa nd a nd 8 pint s of w a ter, a nd distilling 4 pint s.

Fennel Water is used as a pleasant vehicle and dilutent, the same asAnise.

223. Aqua Gaultheriae.

Wint er green Water .

Although this water is not known to be official in any Pharmacopoeia,yet it is used and prescribed by physicians quite generally. It may bema de a s follow s:

Oil of Wint ergreen, 30 minims.P h osph at e of Lime, precipit a ted, 120 gr a in s.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Rub the oil w ith t he phospha te of lime, a dd th e w a ter a nd filter.

It ma y be made by distilla tion a s follow s :

Wint ergreen, fresh herb, 20 ounces a v.Wa t er , 2 ga llons.

Dist ill 8 pints.



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Or by mixing 1 fl.drachm Oil of Wintergreen with 4 ounces of sand and1 gallon of wa ter, a nd distilling 4 pints.

224. Aqua Lauro Cerasi, Br.

Cher r y Lau r el Water .

Fresh Lea ves of C herry La urel, 1 pound a v.

Wa t er , 31/2pint s.

Crush the leaves and macerate with water in a warm place for 24hours , th en dist ill 20 ounces.

The Cherry Laurel is seldom found in this country, and it has beendemonstrated, by the late Prof. Proctor, that the leaves of our ordinarywild cherry treated in the same way will produce an identicalpreparation. It is, therefore, advised to use them in making "CherryLa urel Wa ter" in th is count ry.

Cherry Laurel Water may also be made by adding 15 drops Oil ofCherry L a urel to 2 pints of distilled wa ter, a nd a gita ting unt il dissolved.

It is very similar t o bitter a lmond w a ter, wh ich ma y be used for it .

225. Aqua Menthae Piperitae.

Pepperm int Water .

Oil of P eppermint , 30 minims.C a rbona t e of Ma g nes ium or C ot t on , 60 g ra ins.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Rub th e oil w ith t he magn esium or pick with th e cott on; a dd w a ter, an dfilter or percola te a s d irected, (210 aor b.)

The British Pharmacopoeia directs this to be made by mixing 11/2

fl .dra chms of Oil of P eppermint w ith 15 pounds of w a ter, a nd dist illing10 pounds. The oil should be mixed with 4 ounces of sand as directed,(209 b.)



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The German Pharmacopoeia directs it to be made by mixing 1 part ofcut P eppermint (herb) w ith w a ter, a nd distilling 10 part s.

Peppermint Water is very much used and prescribed in medicine as a

vehicle for oth er medicines, especia lly in fla tu lence a nd oth er dys peptictroubles.

226. Aqua Mentha Viridis.

Spearm in t Water .

Oil of S pea rmint , 30 minims.C a rbona t e of Ma g nes ium or C ot t on , 60 g ra ins.Dist illed Wa ter, 2 pint s.

Ma ke in t he sa me ma nner a s is directed for peppermint w a ter, (225.) It suses are simila r.

228. Aqua Pimentas, Br.

Piment o Water .

P imento, bruised, 14 ounces a v.Wa t er , 20 pounds a v.

Dist ill 10 pound s.

This may also be prepared by adding 30 minims Oil of Pimento to 60grains of cotton; picking, packing and percolating with 2 pints ofdistilled w a ter.

I t is not a s good prepared w ith Ca rb. Magnesium, as t he oil has a n a cidreaction.

229. Aqua Rosae.

Rose Water .



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Recent P a le Rose (pet a ls), 2 pa rt s.Wa t er , 10 pa rt s.Dist ill by mea ns of stea m, 5 pa rt s.

The same proportions may be used, and the distillation performed by

th e ordina ry st ill.

The British Pharmacopoeia directs 10 pounds of fresh hundred-leavedrose peta ls to be mixed wit h 50 pound s of wa ter, a nd 10 pound s distilled.

The German Pharmacopoeia directs 4 drops of Oil of Rose to be shakenwith 1,000 grammes (about 2 pints) of tepid water for some time, andth en filtered.

Rose Water, to be fine, should be redistilled. It cannot be profitably

distilled in this count ry, a s our roses la ck th e fragr a nce of th e Eur opea nvarieties.

Triple Rose Water may be bought of the importing druggists, andreduced with one or two parts of distilled water. It is then much bettera nd cheaper tha n a ny of domestic production.

A fair quality of Rose Water may be made by adding 10 drops of Otto(Oil) of Rose to 30 grains of cotton, picking, packing and percolatingw ith 2 pints of hot distilled w a ter.

It may also be made by mixing 20 minims of Otto of Rose with 4 ouncesof sa nd a nd one ga llon of w a ter, a nd distilling 4 pints.

The import ed Rose Wa ter is, h owever, superior t o a ny h ome production.

Rose Water is used in several official preparations, and is muchprescribed as a solvent for various substances used as lotions, etc.; it isalso a favorite article for the toilet , either alone or mixed with othersubstances.

230. Aqua Sambuci, Br.

El der Fl ower Water .



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Fresh E lder Flow ers, 10 pounds a v.Wa t er , 50 pounds.Dist ill 10 pound s.

This is used a s a plea sa nt flavored w a ter for medicina l lotions, etc.

Other Medicinal Waters.

Besides the foregoing waters, which are mostly official in either theUnited States, Brit ish, or German Pharmacopoeias, others arefrequently required, but they are all made in the same general manneras those herein given. Of those made from fruit or seeds, angelica,coriander, juniper, parsley, etc. , may be made in the same manner asdill or fennel water; of those made from flowers or herbs, balm, borage,chamomile, hyssop, lavender, lettuce, lily, melilot, myrtle, origanum,

pea ch, pennyroyal, r osemar y, sa ge, thyme, violet, w ormw ood, etc., ma ybe made in the same manner as cherry laurel or elder flower water; ofthose made from barks, and other substances, lemon, orange, lime,sassa fras, va lerian, va nilla , a nd others, may be ma de by dist i lla t ion inthe sa me man ner as is directed for ma king cinna mon wa ter.

BALSAMA BALSAMS.

Balsams or Balms (Fr. Baumes), as they are known in pharmacy,

embrace a variety of natural and prepared substances supposed topossess healing or soothing virtues. As popularly known, they includenot only the na tura l B a lsams obta ined from ba lsam-bea ring trees, but avariety of preparations ranging in consistence from tinctures toointments, which have derived the name of "Balsam" from propertiesclaimed for them by their originators. In this article we shall includeonly t he B a lsam s proper, a nd t hose prepar ed, w hich ha ve by long usa gebecome most familiar as "Balsams," in a pharmaceutical sense. OtherB a lsam s w ill be found un der oth er headings, w here they more properlybelong, as Friar s Balsam (see Compound Tincture of Benzoin),

Turl ingtons Balsam (see Proprietary Medicines), Cough Balsam (seeSt a nda rd Remedies), etc.

In French Pharmacy a great number of preparat ions are classed withB a lsa ms w hich properly belong elsewh ere.



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True Natural Balsams.

The True Natural Balsams may be defined as oleo-resinous substances,either semi-liquid, or semi-solid, or solid, obtained from plants, andcont a ining benzoic, cinna mic, or some a na l-a gous a cids.

Only seven substances are thus classed, and some of these are notknown commercially a s B a lsa ms. They a re as follow s:

259. Balsam of Calaba Tacamahaca.This is obtained from thetrunk, branches and leaves of Calophyl lum Calaba, or Santa Mariatree. It is a liquid, at first white, but soon becomes olive-green, and issometimes called Green Balsam. A similar Balsam is obtained fromchloroxylon vert ici l latum of Peru, which is popularly called GreenBalsam(of P eru). They cont a in benzoic a cid.

260. Balsam of Peru.A liquid balsam, obtained from MyroxylonPereirae, containing cinnamic and benzoic acids, and some other alliedcompounds. A solid or semi-solid va riety is a lso import ed, but n otfrequently kept by druggists.

Uses. Balsam of Peru is used as a st imulant to the mucousmembra ne, an d in st imulat ing ointment s, etc. Also a s a preserva tive forfats .

As found in the market, it is frequently adulterated with or entirelyfabricated from other substances.

261. Balsam of Tolu. A B a lsam obta ined from M yroxylon Tol ui fer a,containing cinnamic and benzoic acids, volatile oils, called benzylbenzoate, C 7H 5(C 7H 7)O2, and benzyl cinnamate, C 9H 7(C7H 7)O2, a

terpene named Tolene, C 10H 16, and resins. It is a semi-liquid, as first

obtained from the trees, but concretes into a solid resinous mass bystanding .

Uses.It is much used in cough remedies as an agreeable aromatic,a nd in t he form of tincture a nd syr up is frequently prescribed.

262. Benzoin, or Benjamin.A solid Balsamic resin, obtained fromStyrax Benzoin, containing benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, a fragrantvola tile oil a nd resins. Va nillin is a lso found in some var ieties.



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Uses. In pha rma cy it is used as a preservat ive for fa ts a nd in ma kingseveral preparat ions, and in medicine as an aromatic st imulant andexpectora nt . The dose is 10 to 15 gra ins.

263. China Varnish Balsam.An aromatic, varnish-like exudation,obta ined from Augia Sin ensi s, cont a ining benzoic a cid a nd other simila rcompounds. It is used by the Chinese for preparing the varnish orlacquer so celebra ted in t ha t count ry.

264. Styrax or Storax.A Balsam prepared from the inner bark ofLiquidambar Orientalis, containing cinnamic and benzoic acids,Styracin, Storecin , Et hyl Cin namate, Phenyl -pr opyl Cin namate, Styrol,resins, etc.

It is a semi-liquid grayish-green Balsam, used in pharmacy in makingcompound tincture of benzoin, and as a preservative for fats, etc. Alsoused in perfum ery.

265. Liquidambar, or Sweet Gum.A balsamic exudation fromLiqu idambar Styraci f lua. The constituents and properties of thisBalsam seem to be identical with Storax, but it differs from it in being,a s found in t he ma rket, a r esinous gum instead of a liquid.

Other Natural "Balsams."

The following natural exudates are commercially known as Balsams,but pharmaceutically are classed with oleo-resins, turpentines, resins,etc., und er w hich hea dings t hey w ill be more fully noticed.

B a lsa m Copaiba, Copaiba B a lsam or Copaiba.B alsam of Fir , Ca nada B alsam or Ca nada Turpent ine.G urjun B a lsa m, or Wood Oil.Hungar ian B a lsam.J apan Varnish Ba lsam or J apan La cquer ,

B a lsam of Mecca or B a lm of G ilead.B alsam Rackasira .B alsam of Riga or Carpat hina B alsam.Turpent ine B a lsa m, Turpent ine Gu m,

Formulas - Fenner's Complete Formulary Part 3A - B. Fenner

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