(Forms of presentation of data)- Economics

Forms of presentation1.Textual or

Descriptive presentation

2.Tabular presentation3.Diagrammatic

presentation

1. Textual presentation of Data

In textual presentation, data are described within the text. When the quantity of data is not too large this

form of presentation is more suitable.Ex-US has been rejecting more Ex-US has been rejecting more than 40% of claims submitted by than 40% of claims submitted by Pakistan for services rendered in Pakistan for services rendered in Afghanistan leading to sparring Afghanistan leading to sparring b/w the two countries, the Wall b/w the two countries, the Wall Street Journal reported.Street Journal reported.

2. Tabular Presentation of Data

In a tabular presentation, data are presented in rows and columns.

The most important advantage of tabulation is that it organizes data for further stastical treatment and decision-making.

Ranking of Countries in different Sports categories

TABLE 01TABLE 01

Kinds ofKinds of Tabular Tabular Presentation Presentation

•QualitativeQualitative•QuantitativeQuantitative•TemporalTemporal•SpatialSpatial

When classification When classification is done according is done according to qualitative to qualitative characteristics characteristics like social status, like social status, nationality, etc., nationality, etc., it is called it is called qualitative qualitative classificationclassification

Ex- Literacy rate in Ex- Literacy rate in Bihar by sex and Bihar by sex and location(%)location(%)

Sex Rural

Urban

Total

Male 57.70 80.80 60.32

Female

30.03 63.30 33.57

Total 44.42 63.30 33.57

TABLE 02TABLE 02

In quantitative classification, the data are classified on the basis of characteristics which are quantitative in nature means

which can be measured in quantitatively. Classes are formed by assigning limits called class limits for the values of the characteristics under consideration.

Ex-

MarksMarks No. of studentsNo. of students0-100-10 44

10-2010-20 88

20-3020-30 1515

30-4030-40 2020

40-5040-50 1313

TotalTotal 6060

Distribution of students responded by their marks

TABLE 03TABLE 03

In this classification time becomes the In this classification time becomes the classifying variable and data are classifying variable and data are categorized according to time. Time may categorized according to time. Time may be in hours, days, weeks, months, years, be in hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc. Ex-etc. Ex-

Year Production (in units)

1980 5801990 6822000 9782010 1215

TABLE 04TABLE 04

Production of India in different YearsProduction of India in different Years

In Spatial classification the data are classified with reference to geographical locations such as countries, states, cities, districts, etc.

Ex-table 5 showing Yield of wheat for different countries

CountrCountryy

Yield of Yield of wheatwheat

(kg/acre)(kg/acre)AmericAmeric

aa19251925

BrazilBrazil 127127ChinaChina 893893DenmaDenma

rkrk225225

IndiaIndia 862862FranceFrance 439439

TABLE 05TABLE 05

Tabulation of Data And Parts Tabulation of Data And Parts of a tableof a table• Table NumberTable Number• TitleTitle• Captions or Column Captions or Column HeadingsHeadings• Stubs Or Row HeadingsStubs Or Row Headings• Body of the tableBody of the table• Unit of MeasurementUnit of Measurement• SourceSource• Foot NoteFoot Note

• Table Number:-Table Number:-Table no. is assigned to a table for identification purpose. It is given at the top or at the beginning of the table.

• Title:-Title:-The title of a table has to be very clear, brief and carefully worded which narrates about the contents of the table. It finds place at the head of the table.

• Captions:-Captions:-At the top of each column in a table a Column designation is given to explain figures of the column.

• Stubs:-Stubs:-Each row has to be given a heading at the top. It may also be given at the left hand top in the table.

• Body :-Body :-Body of the table contains the actual data. Location of any one data in the table is fixed and determined by the row and column.

• Unit:-Unit:-The unit of measurement of the fig. in the table should always be stated alongwith the title.

• Source:-Source:-It is brief statement indicating the source of data presented in the data. It is generally written at the bottom.

• Foot Note:-Foot Note:-Note explains the specific feature of the data content which is not self explanatory & has not been explained earlier.

No. ofstudents

Arts Commerce

Science Total

Boys 25 15 30 70

Girls 05 35 10 50

Total 30 50 40 120

Students of class 11th belongs to different streams

TABLETABLE 0606

Source: School Record

Table NO.Title

Captions

Stubs

Source

Body

Diagrammatic Presentation of Data

Diagrammatic Presentation of data Diagrammatic Presentation of data translates quite effectively the highly translates quite effectively the highly abstract ideas contained in numbers into abstract ideas contained in numbers into more concrete and easily more concrete and easily comprehensible form. Diagrams may be comprehensible form. Diagrams may be less accurate but are much more effective less accurate but are much more effective than tables in presenting the data.than tables in presenting the data.

Diagrammatic Presentation

Geometric Diagram

FrequencyDiagram

Arithmetic LineGraph

Bar Diagram Pie Diagram Histogram FrequencyPolygon

FrequencyCurve OgiveSimple DiagramMultiple Bar

Diagram

Component BarDiagram

Bar DiagramBar DiagramBar diagram comprises Bar diagram comprises

a group of a group of equispaced & equispaced & equiwidth equiwidth rectangular bars for rectangular bars for each class or each class or category of data. Bar category of data. Bar diagrams are more diagrams are more convenient for non-convenient for non-frequency data such frequency data such as income-as income-expenditure profile, expenditure profile, export/import etc.export/import etc.

Year

Production (in units)

1980

580

1990

682

2000

978

2010

1215

Ex- Table 04Ex- Table 04

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1980 1990 2000 2010

Production

It is also an example of Simple bar diagram.

•Multiple Bar DiagramMultiple Bar DiagramMultiple Bar diagram Multiple Bar diagram

are used for are used for comparing two or comparing two or more sets of data, more sets of data, for example income for example income and expenditure or and expenditure or export and export export and export for different years, for different years, marks obtained in marks obtained in different subjects in different subjects in different classes.different classes.


No. No. ofofstustudendentsts

ArArtsts

ComCommercmerc

ee

ScieSciencence

TotTotalal

BoyBoyss

2525 1515 3030 7070

GirlGirlss

0505 3535 1010 5050

TotTotalal

3030 5050 4040 120120

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Boys Girls

ArtsCommerceScience

Multiple Bar Diagram

•Component Bar Component Bar DiagramDiagram

Component Bar Component Bar diagram or charts diagram or charts also called sub-also called sub-diagrams, are very diagrams, are very useful in useful in comparing the comparing the sizes of different sizes of different components parts components parts and also throwing and also throwing light on the light on the relationship among relationship among these integral these integral partsparts

YeaYearsrs

ImpImportsorts

ExpoExportsrts

TotTotalal

19819844

29529555

25225233

54754788

19819855

45145199

33233299

78478488

19819866

52652655

40440499

93193144

19819877

52652655

51451433

1031030808

TotTotalal

1801800404

1501504444

3293294848


Impor/Export of total production

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

1984

1985

1986

1987

Year

s

Import/export

ImportExport

Pie DiagramA pie diagram is also A pie diagram is also

a component a component diagram, but unlike diagram, but unlike component bar component bar diagram, adiagram, a

circle whose area is circle whose area is proportionally proportionally divided among the divided among the

components components represents.represents.

Ex- Table 08Ex- Table 08Items ofItems ofExpenditExpendit

ureure

%age%age

FoodFood 6060ClothingClothing 1515HousingHousing 1010

FuelFuel 1212OthersOthers 0303TotalTotal 100100

Food60%Clothing

15%

Housing10%

Fuel12%

Others3%

Items Of Expenditure

Frequency Frequency DiagramDiagram

Data in the form of grouped frequency Data in the form of grouped frequency distributions are generally distributions are generally

represented by frequency diagram.represented by frequency diagram.

•Histogram:-Histogram:-It is a two It is a two dimensional diagram. It is a dimensional diagram. It is a set of rectangles with bases set of rectangles with bases as the intervals between as the intervals between class boundaries and with class boundaries and with areas proportional to the areas proportional to the class frequency. A class frequency. A histogram is never drawn histogram is never drawn for a discrete variable/data. for a discrete variable/data. Histogram also gives value Histogram also gives value of of ModeMode of the frequency of the frequency distribution. distribution.

MarksMarks No. of No. of studentsstudents

0-200-20 050520-4020-40 101040-6040-60 070760-8060-80 040480-10080-100 0909TotalTotal 3535

Ex- Table Ex- Table 0909Marks obtained by 35 Marks obtained by 35

studentsstudents

Marks Obtained by 35 students

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

Marks

No.

of s

tude

nts

No. of students

•Frequency Frequency PolygonPolygon

A frequency polygon is a plane A frequency polygon is a plane bounded by straight lines, usually bounded by straight lines, usually four or more lines. Frequency polygon four or more lines. Frequency polygon is an alternative to histogram and is is an alternative to histogram and is also derived from histogram itself. also derived from histogram itself. The simplest method of drawing a The simplest method of drawing a frequency polygon is to join the frequency polygon is to join the midpoints of the topside of the midpoints of the topside of the consecutive rectangles of the consecutive rectangles of the histogram. Frequency polygon is the histogram. Frequency polygon is the most common method of presenting most common method of presenting grouped frequency distribution.grouped frequency distribution.

MarksMarks FrequencyFrequency0-100-10 11

10-2010-20 4420-3020-30 5530-4030-40 6640-5040-50 7750-6050-60 6660-7060-70 3370-8070-80 22TotalTotal 3434


Marks obtained by 34 Marks obtained by 34 studentsstudents

Marks obtained by 34 students

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0-10 10_20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

Marks

No.

of s

tude

nts

FrequencyPolygon

•Frequency Frequency CurveCurve

The frequency Curve is The frequency Curve is obtained by drawing a obtained by drawing a smooth freehand smooth freehand curve passing through curve passing through the points of the the points of the frequency polygon as frequency polygon as closely as possible. It closely as possible. It may necessarily pass may necessarily pass through all the points through all the points but it passes through but it passes through them as closely as them as closely as possible.possible.

XX FF2.52.5 887.57.5 2020

12.512.5 363617.517.5 151522.522.5 44


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5

2.57.512.517.522.5

•OgiveOgiveOgive is also called Ogive is also called

cumulative frequency cumulative frequency curve. As there are 2 curve. As there are 2 types of cumulative types of cumulative frequencies, for frequencies, for example less than example less than type and more than type and more than type, accordingly type, accordingly there are two for any there are two for any grouped frequency grouped frequency distribution data. The distribution data. The intersection point of intersection point of the two ogives gives the two ogives gives us the median of the us the median of the data.data.

Class-Class-IntervalInterval

FrequenFrequencycy

10-2010-20 151520-3020-30 17.517.530-4030-40 17.517.540-5040-50 16.2516.2550-6050-60 16.2516.2560-7060-70 16.2516.2570-8070-80 16.2516.2580-9080-90 2.52.590-10090-100 2.52.5TotalTotal 120120

Class IntervalClass Interval FrequencyFrequencyLess than or equal to20Less than or equal to20 1515Less than or equal to30Less than or equal to30 32.532.5Less than or equal to40Less than or equal to40 5050Less than or equal to50Less than or equal to50 66.2566.25Less than or equal to60Less than or equal to60 82.582.5Less than or equal to 70Less than or equal to 70 98.7598.75Less than or equal to 80Less than or equal to 80 115115Less than or equal to 90Less than or equal to 90 117.5117.5Less than or equal to Less than or equal to 100100

120120

Table (Less Table (Less than)than)

0102030405060708090

100110120130

class interval

Freq

uenc

yFrequency

Class IntervalClass Interval FrequeFrequencyncy

More than or More than or equal to 10equal to 10

120120


105105


87.587.5


7070


53.7553.75


37.537.5


21.2521.25


55


2.52.5

Table (More than)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Frequency

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

More thanLess thanMedian(46)

Arithmetic Line GraphA Arithmetic line A Arithmetic line

graph is also called graph is also called time series graph time series graph and is a method of and is a method of diagrammatic diagrammatic presentation of presentation of data. It helps in data. It helps in understanding the understanding the trend, periodicity, trend, periodicity, etc. in a long term etc. in a long term time series data.time series data.

YeaYearsrs

ImpImportsorts

ExpExportsorts

TotTotalal

19819844

29529555

25225233

54754788

19819855

45145199

33233299

78478488

19819866

52652655

40440499

93193144

19819877

52652655

51451433

1031030808

TotTotalal

1801800404

1501504444

3293294848

Arithmetic Line Graph

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1984 1985 1986 1987

Years

Impo

rt/E

xpor

t

ImportExport

Made by:- Monika Makhija

(Forms of presentation of data)- Economics

Economy & Finance

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