Formations And Injection Drilling
-
Upload
tom-mckeown -
Category
Documents
-
view
1.444 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Formations And Injection Drilling
Formations and Injection Drilling
Tom McKeown
Ken Ryan
Franklin Hamilton
What is a Formation? Petroleum is found in a porous rock formation in the upper strata of the earth’s crust.
A formation consists of a certain number of rock strata that have a comparable lithology, facies or other similar properties. Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock strata they consist of and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely.
Geologic formations are typically named for the geographic area in which they were first described.
Strictly, formations cannot be defined on any other criteria except primary lithology. However, it is often useful to define Biostratigraphic units based on paleontological criteria, Chronostratigraphic units based on the age of the rocks, and Chemostratigraphic units based on geochemical criteria.
[edit] North AmericaNorth America
Site Country/State Age
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument USA: Nebraska Miocene
Aquia Formation USA: Maryland and Virginia Paleocene
Ash Hollow Formation - Ashfall Fossil Beds
USA: Nebraska Miocene - Clarendonian
Aucilla River USA: Florida Pleistocene/Holocene
Austin Chalk USA: Texas Late Cretaceous
Bainbridge Formation USA: Missouri Silurian
Bakken Formation USA/Canada: Montana, North Dakota and Saskatchewan
Upper Devonian - Lower Carboniferous (Early Mississippian)
Bighill Creek Formation Canada Upper Pleistocene
Big Sandy Formation USA: Arizona Miocene
Blanco Formation USA: Kansas, Texas Pliocene/Pleistocene
Bone Cabin Quarry USA: Wyoming Jurassic
Bone Valley Formation USA: Florida Pliocene
Bridger Formation USA: Wyoming Eocene
Brule Formation USA : South Dakota Oligocene
Burgess Shale Canada: British Columbia Cambrian: Albertan
Calvert Formation USA: Maryland Miocene
Cañón del Tule Formation Mexico Cretaceous: Maastrichtian
Cedar Mountain Formation USA: Colorado and Utah Cretaceous
Geology Rock Systems
Rock Formations
Rock Types
Rock Depth
- often distinguished system/age
Rock Age
- Often distinguishes Depth
Geology I) 3 main types of Sedimentary Rock
(Description) A) Limestone-Limestone rocks are sedimentary rocks that are made from the
mineral calcite which came from the beds of evaporated seas and lakes and from sea animal shells. This rock is used in concrete and is an excellent building stone for humid regions.
B) Sandstone-a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock
grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust
C) Shale-(also called mudstone) is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original
constituents were clay minerals or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae[1] breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane
Geology II) What is a Source Rock? - In Petroleum geology Source rock refers to rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or
are capable of being generated. They form one of the necessary elements of a working hydrocarbon system. They are organic rich sediments that may have been deposited in a variety of environments including deepwater marine, lacustrine and deltaic.
III) Main types of Formations 1) Crude Oil Reservoirs-Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a
source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil; a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in; and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs.
2) Non-Conventional Oil- reservoirs- I.E) Shales, Sands. They are typically not porous and permeable. 3) Abiogenic Orgin-Applies to Russia- base on Methane hypothesis.
What is a Basin? A collection of formations that hold oil and
gas reservoirs. Each large Oil and gas basin has a
collection sub basins, uplifts, and embankments.
Each basin is classified by mixture of: type of rocks, age of rocks.
I.E- Permian Basin
Figure 2a. Correlation chart for Ardmore Basin.
INJECTION WELLS
Injection Wells
30% of Oil reserves are extractable Fluids are “Injected” into the well to maintain
reservoir pressure. Increasing the % of extractable Oil Two Types: Gas and Water Water Injection Advantage: Waste disposal
Oil is lighter than Water which is lighter than Solid Waste
The Basic Pump Electronic Motor drives the
Gear Box that moves the lever.
The lever pushes and pulls a polishing rod up and down.
The polishing rod is attached to a sucker rod, which is attached to a pump.
This system forces the pump up and down, creating a suction that draws oil up through the well.
Steam Injection In some cases, the oil may be
too heavy to flow. A second hole is then drilled
into the reservoir and steam is injected under pressure.
The heat from the steam thins the oil in the reservoir, and the pressure helps push it up the well.
This process is called enhanced oil recovery.