Formal Properties of Language. Grammar Morphology Syntax Semantics.
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Transcript of Formal Properties of Language. Grammar Morphology Syntax Semantics.
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Formal Properties of Language
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Grammar
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semantics
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Morphology
• Is concerned with how phonemes are combined by language into larger units
• Words: one or more morphemes
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Morphological Example
• Cow
• Cow- boy
• Affixes: bound morphemes:
• dis --- dis-like
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Syntax
• rules that determine how words should be combined to make sense to speakers of a language
• (English) word order critical for meaning (you, are, and there)
• There you are• You are there• Are you there?
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In Romance languages
• Order of words not important
• Spanish:
• Tu estabas ahi
• You were there
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Mandarin, Chinese
• Meaning primarily determined by tone:
• Ma
• High= Mother
• Rising=horse
• Falling=scolding
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Exceptions to syntax rules
Eat
Ate
eated
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Morphological Analysis
• Morphology: the analysis of the structure of words
• Morphemes=words• Cat or Cat-S
• /P/ /I/ /N/ = PIN
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Roots (stems) and Affixes
Roots: they have meaning in themselves cat,good, happy Affixes:Are attached to roots (express grammatical
meanings) un-, -s, -ing, -lyThree kinds of affixes: Prefixes: un-happy suffixes: happy-ness and infixes
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Morphological Typologies
• Classification of languages according to how they structure words out of morphemes
• Isolating languages: few morphemes, simple method: prefix and suffix (English)
• Agglutinating languages: words containing many morphemes, highly regular rules (Turkish)
• Synthetic or polysynthetic: Words containing many morphemes, very complex rules (Inuktitut)
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Qasirrsarrvigssarsingitluinarpug
“someone did not find a completely suitable resting place”
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Grammatical meanings
• Tense (time of the event’s occurrence)
• I visited the zoo
• Aspect (manner in which an events occurs)
• I am visiting the zoo
• Mode (likelihood of an event’s occurrence)
• I could visit the zoo
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Syntax
• Is an analytical tool that linguists utilize to study the structure of sentences, including construction of phrases, clauses, and the order of words
• Example
• The dog chased the cat
• The cat chased the dog
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Semantics
• The study of meaning in language, including the analysis of meanings of words and sentences
• Types of meanings produced by language: situational, social and cultural
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Language rules over regularalizations
• Past tense of regular verbs (english)by adding ed as in worked
• I gave I gived
• I took I taked
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Linguistic interference
• Idiomatic expressions
• En este momento (literal translation) at this moment (Instead of now)
• Drive down the parkway and park on the driveway.
• Chop the tree down and cut the pieces up.
• His nose is running and his feet smell.
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Grammatical meanings
Tense: I visited the zoo
aspect