ForensicPathology 2 (Student) (1)
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Legal Medicine II
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Forensic Medicine- postmortem investigation of sudden or unexpected death or trauma to the
living
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A. Cause of Death – medical diagnosis denoting disease or injury
B. Mechanism of Death – altered physiology by which disease/injury produces death (arrhythmia, exsanguination)
C. Manner of Death
1. Homicide 2. Suicide 3. Accidental 4. Natural Causes 5. Unknown
D. Time of Death
Determinations to be made
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Time of Death
Can estimate time of death from:
• body temperature (algor mortis)
estimate: [98.6 oF – rectal temp]/1.5
• insect action (forensic entomology)
• stomach contents (stage of digestion)
• last known activity (last sighting, newspaper/mail)
• normal postmortem changes
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Time of DeathEntomology
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Normal Postmortem Changes
1. Rigor mortis
2. Livor mortis
3. Desiccation
4. Putrefaction
5. Cell autolysis (also called Butyric fermentation)
6. Dry decay
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Rigor Mortis
Body warm not stiff less than 3 hours
Body warm stiff 3-8 hours
Body cool stiff 8-36 hours
Body cool not stiff more than 36 hours
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Livor Mortis
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Desiccation
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Normal Postmortem Changes
1. rigor mortis
2. livor mortis
3. desiccation
4. putrefaction (days 4-10)
5. cell autolysis (days 10-20)
6. dry decay (days 20-50)
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Trauma to the Human Body
1. Determine type of wound
2. Measure the dimensions (length, width, depth)
3. Position relative to anatomical landmarks
4. Determine initial location if wound involves cutting, slashing, etc.
5. Determine height from heel
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Types of Wounds (Trauma)
1. Lacerations
2. Incised Wound
3. Puncture
4. Abrasion
5. Contusion
6. Gunshot
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Lacerations
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Incised Wounds Slash Stab
Puncture – penetrating injury due to an object with no blade
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Abrasions
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Contusions
Color changes a bruise goes through can give rough estimate of time of injury• Dark blue/purple (1-18 hours)
• Blue/brown (~1 to 2days)
• Green (~ 2 to 3 days)
• Yellow (~3 to 7 days)
Assumes person is healthy.
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Gunshot Wounds
Things to learn:• type of firearm
• distance of gun to victim
• entrance vs exit wounds
• track of projectile
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Gunshot Wounds
Starring of a contact wound – barrel touching the skin
Stippling – powder burns on the skin when the gun is inches to a few feet from the victim
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Who Am I? (Who was I?)
Autopsy Procedures
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Autopsy
Steps Involved:1. External Examination
a. measurements - length, weight
b. inspection of external surface for injury, discoloration, “cause of death” signs
2. Opening of Trunk
a. ‘Y’ incision
b. Open rib cage
c. Condition of heart
d. Remove organs
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“Cause of Death”
Petechial hemorrhage as a result of strangulation
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“Cause of Death”
Discoloration or bruising is noted and often hints at a “cause of death” diagnosis
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Autopsy
Y incision
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Autopsy2d. Remove Organs:
• must cut ligaments holding organs in the body cavity and through the trachea and rectum
• transfer organ block to a dissecting table
• examine organs in proper order (weigh, physical exam in and out, take tissue samples, save other appropriate samples)
heart liver spleen kidneys pancreas bladder genitalia complete G.I. tract
- save postage stamp sized amount of tissue
- examine tissue under a microscope for bacteria, disease
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“Cause of Death”
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Autopsy
Steps Involved:
3. Remove brain
- cut around cranium using “Stryker saw”
- store for 2 weeks in 10% formaldehyde
4. Closing
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Acknowledgment :
Dr. Ajee Kuruvilla
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THANK YOU!