SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Forensic Toxicology

CHE 113 SUPA Chem

Revenson

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

MathAlgebra

GraphingMeasurements

RatiosWord Problems

StatisticsTrigonometry

Language ArtsBiographies

Communication – oral, writingFiction and nonfiction

Research skillsTechnical reading skills

SUPAForensics

Life ScienceAnatomy – fingerprints,

hairs, bones, blood, teeth, saliva, semen

Botany - plant IDEntomology - insects

Serology - blood, DNAZoology - animal hair and blood

TechnologyChromatography

ComputersElectrophoresis

MicroscopyPhotographySpectroscopy

Earth SciencesCasts and molds

Soil Studies

PhysicsBallistics

Blood spatter and patternsFracture patterns – bones and

glassLight

Refractive indexSound – voice patterns

Trajectories

Process SkillsComparative analysis

Critical thinkingDeductive reasoning

InterviewingObservation skills

Organizational skillsProblem solvingIntuitive hunch

Social StudiesSocial StudiesCareers

Constitutional rightsCriminal justice

Forensics historyLaw

Psychology – Criminal mind

Current events

ChemistryChemistryDensity

Fiber analysisFire and explosivesInorganic analysisOrganic analysis

Mixtures and separations

PaintsToxicology - drugs

MiscellaneousCosmetics Toolmarks Forgery

Typewriting HandwritingPaper and ink analysis

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Toxicology

• Students usually have a pretty good handle on this and can sometimes teach you a thing or two.

• Just before prom time is when I try to get this one going.

• Example – Methamphetamine to follow…But first -

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

What does someone under the influence look like?

• A news reporter getting a bit too close to the story he’s covering. 2

• Canadian Wildlife service in Ottawa. Spiders on drugs 2

• Even the cops can get in trouble

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Types of Abused Drugs• NarcoticsNarcotics - relief from pain and bring sleep. (now

generally means a socially unacceptable drug).– Narcotics are analgesic - relieve pain by depressing

nervous system (opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, opiates - oxycontin, methadone).

– Cocaine (stimulant), Marijuana (hallucinogen), etc are Not classified

as narcotics even though they are frequently called that.

– Most narcotics are opium derived.– Opium from Poppy plants (sap is 4

- 21% opium).

Opium PoppyOpium Poppy

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Hallucinogens• HallucinogensHallucinogens - alter normal thoughts,

perceptions and moods (PCP, LSD, mescaline, MDMA, ecstasy).

• Marijuana most common (derived from Cannabis or “hemp” plant). (THC content)– Derive resin from plant secretions that is extracted

with organic solvents.– In use for 1000’s of years.– Brought to the US ca. 1920.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Types of Abused Drugs

• DepressantsDepressants - depress functions of central nervous system, cause calm and bring about sleep (alcohol, barbituates). Tranquilizers are depressants.

• StimulantsStimulants - increase alertness and activity (cocaine, amphetamines).

• SteroidsSteroids - promote muscle growth (androgen, testosterone, anabolic steroids).

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Stimulants and Depressants

1. Caffeine

2. Amphetamine

3. Cocaine

1. Labrium2. Valium (mother’s little helper)

3. Methaqualone4. Ethyl Alcohol

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Types of Abused Drugs

• Opium and PoppiesOpium and Poppies

Opium PoppyOpium Poppy

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Opium FamilyCodeine, morphine, heroin, etc all present in opium, BUT morphine is by far the most abundant.

Most Heroin, Codeine made synthetically from Morphine.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

• Water Soluble - easy IV use.

• Rapid onset but short term (2-3 hrs) effects.

• Field test uses reagent called marquis; purple color indicative of positive test

• Most common diluent (diluting agent) is quinine

• Chemical derivative of morphine

• Usually street drug 20-30% pure (w/ starch, quinine, novocain, lactose, etc..)

Heroin

N

OHO OH

CH3Morphine

N

OO O

CH3

O

H3C

O

CH3

Heroin

Acetic anhydride

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Heroin FormsBlack Tar Heroin

Heroin Packages

Heroin Powder

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Heroin Paraphenalia

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Hallucinogens

• HallucinogensHallucinogens - alter normal thoughts, perceptions and moods (PCP, LSD, mescaline, MDMA, ecstasy).

• Marijuana most common (derived from Cannabis or “hemp” plant).– Derive resin from plant secretions that is

extracted with organic solvents.– In use for 1000’s of years.– Brought to the US ca. 1920.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

• Hallucinogen• Continued use results in low degree of

psychological dependence• Prior to 1970, it was classified as a narcotic

drug• Hashish is a concentrated preparation • Active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol• Can tentatively be identified by the

Duquenois-Levine color test• Is NOT synthesized from Canniabis sativa

Marijuana

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Marijuana

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

lysergic acid diethylamide

QuickTime™ and aAnimation decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

LSD•Derived from Ergot Fungus (on grasses/grains)•First described in 1943 after “accidental” lab ingestion (potent - 25g for long lsating effects!)

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

LSD

Street Form

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Other Hallucinogens

• Phencyclidine (PCP)- (phencyclidine)Street Names: Angel Dust, Crystal, Hog, Supergrass, Killer Joints, Ozone, Wack, Embalming Fluid, and Rocket Fuel. Easily Synthesized.

• Mescaline• Psilocybin- Street Name:

Shrooms, Mushies, and Mexican Magic Mushrooms

• STP• LSD- Street Names: Acid,

Boomers, Yellow Sunshines, Cid, Doses, and Trips

• Ecstacy

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Drug Labs

• Often Inexperienced Chemists!

Don’t try this at home!

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Steroids

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Rock Cocaine

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Crack Cocaine

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Cocaine Paraphenalia

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Club Drugs/Date Rape Drugs

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

What we consider in forensics

• How can we test the drug itself?

• How can we test for the drug in a body?– Immunoassays– GCMS

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape Drugs

Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)

GHB

Ketamine MDMA (Ecstacy)

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape Drugs• Rohypnot, Ketamine, GHB, Ecstacy.• GHB (depressant) effects can be felt within 15 minutes after

ingestion. Mixed with alcohol GHB can cause the central nervous system to shut down, lead to loss of consciousness, and possibly result in a coma or death.

• Rohypnol (depressant) effects begin within 30 minutes, peak within 2 hours, and may persist for up to 8 hours or more, depending upon the dosage.

• Ketamine (hallucinogen) causes the person to feel as if their mind is “separated” from the body. The drug causes a combination of amnesia and hallucinations. Also, it stops the feeling of pain and lowers the heart rate leading to oxygen starvation to the brain and muscles. Vet Medicnine.

• Ecstatsy (hallucinogen)causes psychological difficulties, including confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety, and paranoia-during and sometimes weeks after taking Ecstatsy.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape Drugs

• Ketamine

Ketamine Powder

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)• Street Names: Roofies, Rophies, Roche, Forget-

me Pill, Circles, Mexican Valium, Rib, Roach-2, Roopies, Rope, Ropies, Ruffies, and Roaches

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)• The "date rape" drug is the common name for Rohypnol, generically called flunitrazepam. • Rohypnol is manufactured by Hoffman-La Roche and prescribed as a sleeping pill in countries outside of the US. • It is used as a short-term treatment for insomnia, as a sedative hypnotic and a pre-anesthetic. • It has physiological effects similar to Valium (diazepam), but is approximately ten times more potent.• Rohypnol is a low-cost drug, less than $5.00 per tablet.• Misconceptions may explain the drug's popularity :

– many erroneously believe that the drug is unadulterated because it comes in pre-sealed bubble packs -- and therefore tamper-proof and safe

– many mistakenly think its use cannot be detected by urinalysis testing. – Rohypnol IS addictive (true)

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)• Rohypnol (a benzodiazepine), a very potent tranquilizer similar in nature to valium (diazepam), but many times stronger.• The drug produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and a slowing of psychomotor responses. • Sedation occurs 20-30 minutes after administration and lasts for hours.• The drug is not commonly used by physicians in the US.• The drug has been added to drinks at parties, where it is reportedly given to female party participants in hopes of lowered

inhibitions. Police report that after ingestion of "Roofies" that women have reported waking up in frat houses with no clothes on.• Rohypnol, particularly when mixed with alcohol or other drugs may lead to respiratory depression, aspiration, and even death.

An amnesia producing effect of "Roofies" prevents users from remembering how or why they took the drug or even that they were given it by others. This makes investigation of sexually related or other offenses very difficult and may account for repeated reports of "date rapes" involving the use of the drug.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)– Rohypnol manufacturer recently reformulated the drug to make it more

detectable. • When put in a light-colored drink, new Rohypnol will now turn the beverage bright

blue. • Consumers of darker-colored beverages should be tipped off by a cloudy

appearance.• Proponents claim risks associated with Ecstasy can be minimized by drinking lots

of water.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Ecstacy

• Also known as MDMA and is called “Adam,” “XTC,” “Bean,” “E,” “M,” and “Roll” on the street

• Ecstasy comes in a tablet that is often branded, just a few are shown below:

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape Drugs

• Instant Testing Market

Date Rape Coaster

DrinkSafe Date Rape Test Pack

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape Drugs• What You Can Do to Protect Yourself?• Don't accept drinks that you did not open yourself.

• Don't exchange or share drinks with anyone.• Don't drink anything out of a punch bowl. • Monitor the behavior of friends who seem more

intoxicated than the amount of alcohol would warrant.

• Never consume a drink that you have not mixed yourself, or have not watched someone else prepare.

• Never accept a drink from someone you don't know and trust.

• At parties or clubs with friends never leave your drink unattended.• Be aware of your surroundings - Listen for the street names of the

drugs - Trust you instincts

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape DrugsSpring Breakers Beware!– The heaviest concentrations of GHB have been found

in California, Texas, Georgia, and Florida.– Rohypnol has been encountered by U.S. law

enforcement agencies in Southern States from California to Florida.

– In the United States, Rohypnol is used widely in Texas.

– Roypnol is reported to be readily available in the Miami area, and epidemiologists from that area have stated that it is South Florida’s fastest growing drug problem.

– Two thirds of patients for GHB ingestion are aged 18-25 years · Ecstasy abuse as increased 500 percent over a five-year period.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape Drugs

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Date Rape DrugsPHYSICAL SYMPTOMS •Acting intoxicated.•Bloodshot or red eyes, droopy eyelids.•Imprecise eye movement.•Wearing sunglasses at inappropriate times.•Abnormally pale complexion.•Change in speech patterns and vocabulary patterns.•Repressed physical development.•Sudden appetite, especially for sweets.•Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite.•Neglect of personal appearance, grooming.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

• Chromatography- used for separating and tentative identification

• Spectrometry- IR, MS, NMR, etc…

Drug Identification

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Forensic Analysis - GC

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Methamphetamine

Meth mouth - Rots your teeth and gums

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Faces of meth – over time

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

10 years of meth use

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

• Have the students take an on-line meth quiz

http://teens.drugabuse.gov/sarasquest/meth1.asp

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Hieronymus Bosch 1450-1516

an eccentric Dutch an eccentric Dutch painter of religious painter of religious visions who dealt in visions who dealt in particular with the particular with the torments of hell. torments of hell.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

St. John on

Patmos, approx.

1485

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Hieronymus Bosch 1450-1516

an eccentric Dutch an eccentric Dutch painter of religious painter of religious visions who dealt in visions who dealt in particular with the particular with the torments of hell. torments of hell.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

St. Christopher Carrying the Christ Child through a Sinful World,

Bosch, c1520

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Temptation of

St Anthony

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Temptation of

St Anthony(Detail)

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Historians Know:

What can be going on at that time? • St. Anthony's Fire was rampant.

• fiery pain, hallucinations, disorientation, muscle cramps, convulsions, miscarriages, *gangrene

• Today we know that St. Anthony's Fire was caused by a form of Rye/grain fungus called ergot.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

St. Anthony’s Fire: Ergot

*Ergot of rye is produced by a lower fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that grows parasitically on rye, other grains and wild grasses.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Structural Analysis

ergotamine Lysergic Acid

O OH

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Serotonin Blocker?

Serotonin (on the left) and Lysergic Acid ( on the right)

*Serotonin is known to control mood, emotion, sleep and appetite

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Structural Analysis

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

O OH

Lysergic Acid (LSD)

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide(LSD)

• LSD is one of the most powerful hallucinogenic drugs known.

• It was invented in 1938, derived from mushrooms

• SO WHO CARES?

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Hieronymus Bosch Madman or Medical Analyst

• Bosch's Paintings actually documented beliefs and medical procedures used to assist with St. Anthony’s Fire.

• Amputation is a gangrenous prevention• odd vegetable creatures= mandrake root• The distillery used to reduce medicinal herbs.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Ergot in history

• Furthermore, since ergot baked in bread dough forms LSD, the disease also led to terrifying hallucinations

• Indeed there is the belief that the Salem witch-hangings that went on in Salem, Massachusetts (1692) occurred during an outbreak of rye ergot.

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Salem Witch trials (June -September of 1692)

• 19 men and women were convicted of witchcraft and hung

• 100s of others faced accusations of witchcraft.• Dozens languished in jails.  • 1 man was pressed to death under heavy stones

SUPA Forensics - CHE 113 - Revenson

Salem witch trials (1692)According to historian Mary Matossian in her book

Poisons of the Past, she noted symptoms of the people to be sensations of:– Prickling or ants crawling on the skin– Distortions of the face– Paralysis– Hallucinations– Convulsive violent seizures– Dementia

• All these symptoms were consistent with those suffering from ergotism.