FORAGE PASTURE Production Management -...

FORAGE – PASTURE Production Management

5/1/2012 1 Ifar, S; Fapet UB, ITPT Eng S1

Forage. A terminology referring to edible parts of plants can be eaten by livestock through grazing or zero grazing. The plants’ seeds are excluded.

Pasture : a well defined unit of farm land (in terms of ownership and borders) covered by vegetation (grass/legumes or both) to be harvest by livestock


PRODUCTION OF Forage and Pasture What are the production of this land?

Edible materials of grass

MEAT AND OFFSPRINGS


EDIBLE PLANT MATERIALS EWES AND KIDS …………….. MEAT


EDIBLE PLANT MATERIALS COWS …………….. MILK


SUNLIGHT SOIL NURIENTS SOIL PHYSICS SOIL WATER PLANTS’ GENETIC PLANTS’ GROWTH AND REGROWTH BEHAVIOUR PLANTS’ AGE

AMOUNT OF EDIBLE MATERIALS PRODUCED AMOUNT OF EDIBLE MATERIALS CONSUMED AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT AND ENERGY CONSUMED ANIMALS’ GENETIC ANIMALS’ HEALTH STATUS ANIMALS’ AGE

Factors of Forage and Pasture Production PLANT ANIMAL

PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT


(http://www.tropicalforages.info

http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/gbase/default.htm

IMPORTANT WEBSITES


http://www.tropicalforages.info/

5/1/2012 Ifar, S; Fapet UB, ITPT Eng S1 8

SUNLIGHT SOIL NURIENTS SOIL PHYSICS SOIL WATER PLANTS’ GENETIC PLANTS’ GROWTH AND REGROWTH BEHAVIOUR PLANTS’ AGE

FORAGE PRODUCTION Expressed by

weight per unit of area and time e.g. t/ha/y Resulted from a

number of harvets

(Prod/area X number of harvest) + (Prod/area X number of harvets)

Dry season Wet season

What the weaknes of this approach?


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 10 20 30 40 60 70 80

Age (days)

Pro

du

ctio

n (

t)

Dependent on : Species Nutrient supply – competition between vegetation Water supply – competition between vegetation Sunlight interception – competition beteen vegetation


Fertilization

Adding nutrient into the soil to meet the plants’ nutrient requirements Esential nutrients : Macro : N,P, K (often deficient on tropical soil), Ca,

Mg, S Micro : Co, Cu, Mo, Zn, B, Mn, Fe, Cl Deficiency due to : erosion, washed away, continuos

cropping

Fertilization factors : Type of fertilizer, Dosage, Timing, Methode


Type of fertilizers

1.Organic (supllying mixture of nutrients, organic matters

necessary for the improvement of soil physics and biology)

a. Manure

b. Compost

c. Green

2. Anorganic

a. N

b. P

c. K

d. Compound


Type of

animal

Solid : water Water

(%)

Nutrient

N P K

Kg/t

Sapi perah

Sapi potong

Unggas

Babi

Domba

Kuda

80:20

80:20

95:5

60:40

67:33

80:20

85

85

62

85

66

66

22.0 2,6 13,7

26,2 4,5 13,0

65,8 13,7 12,8

28,4 6,8 19,9

50,6 6,7 39,7

32,8 4,3 24,2

1. ORGANIC FERTILIZER Average composition of manure as fertilizer


2. An-organic fertilizers

a. Nitrogen : Urea (42-45% N), ZA (21% N), Amonia cair (82% N), Amonium nitrat (33% N)

Stimulate vegetatif growth

Easy to disolve and evaporate

b. Phospor : superfosfat (15-50% P2O5), TSP (40-47%P2O5)

Stimulate reproductive growth

Easily bound by the soild

c. Pothasium :KCl (48-60% K2O5), ZK/K2SO4(48-50% K2O5)

Stimulate root growth


d. Compound :

More than one nutrient

NPK (15-15-15)

Acid reaction need liming


Dosage of fertiliser:

Depend on species, harvesting method (grazing or cut and carry, existing soil nutrients’ status

Timing

1.Base Fertilization : to stimulate early growth of plant (compound or organic)

2.Maintenance fertilization: to maintain plant productivity

N : every 1/2/3 of harvest P and K : every year

to maintain grass legume pasture 100 kg Superfosfat/ha


Method of fertilization :

a.Broadcast

b.Band placement

c. Top dressed or side dressed

d.Into the soil


LAND PREPARATION and PLANTING

AIM of LAND PREPARATION

• To ensure plants’ growth and development of roots

• To ensure good aeration

• To ensure nutrient absorption

• To reduce weeds

• To reduce erotion of soil

STAGES OF LAND PREPARATION

• Harowing

• Equipments: hoe, harow, disc

• Aim :

FIRST

To cut and turn soil

Destroy plants’ residues and eradication of weeds

BAJAK

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Second

• Racking

• Rotary

• Aim :

Breaking soil lumps

Cleaning

Flattend land

GARU / ROTARY

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Things to consider in land preparation

• Location and terain : climate, water availability, slope

• Resources : mechanics or manual

• Objectives : for intensive or extensive purposes according to plant types (trees or grasses)

Planting materials

• Seeds : generative/reproductive

• Non seed : using vegetative materials such as stolon, stek, rhizomes, pols

GERMINASI (PERKECAMBAHAN)

• Imbibisi

• Pembesaran sel

• Percernaan cadangan makanan

• Transport metabolit

• Sintesis dan pembelahan sel

• Pembesaran, differensiasi, pembentukan organ

Dormancy

• Seeds are dormant even they are on ideal media to grow (enaough moisture, air and light)

• Reason : hard seeds

Scarification

• Ripening, to ripe the embryo on low temperature, good aeration and high moisture environment

• Scarification, making the seed more permiable to water and air

Scarification • Mechanic, using scarification paper

• Chemical, Sufic acid solution and water washed

• Biological, using bacteria or enzymes

• Physic, disolve on hot water 70-80oC for 10 minutes

Germination test

• To avoid planting failures

• To estimate amount of seeds required

Germination rate =

Number of normal germinated seeds

Number of seeds (origin) X 100%

FORAGE PASTURE Production Management -...

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