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Focus on Pharmacology Essentials for Health Professionals
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Transcript of Focus on Pharmacology Essentials for Health Professionals
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Focus on PharmacologyEssentials for Health
Professionals
Chapter 23Effects of Drugs on the Reproductive System
Jahangir Moini, MD, MPH
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Androgens: Uses• Main indication in men is to supplement low
levels of testosterone to correct hypogonadism or cryptorchidism(absence of one or both testes from the
scrotum) ; other uses in men are for increasing sperm production
• Used in women to treat postpartum breast engorgement, endometriosis (the lining of the uterus (endometrium) appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity,
most commonly on the ovaries), and fibrocystic breast disorders
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Androgens: Adverse Effects
• Common: insomnia, excitation, skin flushing, anorexia, diarrhea, jaundice, hypercalcemia, hypercholesterolemia, sodium retention, edema
• May cause renal calculi, bladder irritability, and increased libido
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Androgens: Contraindications
• Contraindicated in patients with serious cardiac, liver, or kidney disease; prostate or breast cancer; pregnancy and lactation
• Testosterone alters glucose tolerance tests and may increase creatinine and creatinine secretion
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Androgens: Patient Information
• Advise patients to take oral androgens with meals to reduce gastric upset.
• Instruct male patients to report priapism and decreased flow of urine.
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Female Sex Hormones
• Anterior pituitary releases hormones FSH and LH
• Ovaries, adrenal cortex, and placenta (during pregnancy) release estrogens and progesterones
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Estrogens: Uses
• Used as hormone replacement therapy in women who have had ovaries removed or are postmenopausal; for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in older women; as palliative therapy for breast and prostate carcinoma in men; and to treat abnormal bleeding
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Estrogens: Adverse Effects
• Common: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramping, flatulence, headaches, changes in libido, edema, breast discomfort or enlargement
• In men, cause feminization, atrophy of sex organs, loss of facial or body hair
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Estrogens: Contraindications
• Contraindicated in breast cancer, pregnancy, and lactation
• Use caution in patients with liver disease, gallbladder disease, endometriosis, pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and kidney dysfunction
• Interactions may cause toxic levels of cyclosporine
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Synthetic Estrogens: Patient Information
• Advise patients to take drug as directed, not skipping or increasing or decreasing dose.
• Advise women not to breast feed.
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Testosterone Use During Pregnancy
Use of testosterone during pregnancy can cause masculinization of the fetus, particularly if taken during first trimester.
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Estrogens During Pregnancy
• Use of estrogens during the first trimester of pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal malformations
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Estrogen and Menopause
• Postmenopausal women who are taking estrogens should also take progestin to prevent:– Endometrial hyperplasia – Endometrial carcinoma
• Progestin is not necessary in women who have had a hysterectomy
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Progestins: Uses
• Block follicular maturation and ovulation
• Used to treat amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and premenstrual syndrome
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Progestins: Adverse Effects
• Common: vaginal candidiasis, breakthrough bleeding, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, breast tenderness, edema, acne, pruritus, mental depression
• Serious: thromboembolic disorder, pulmonary embolism
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Progestins: Contraindications
• Contraindicated with breast or genital cancer; in patients with impaired liver function, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, miscarriage, thrombophlebitis, and thromboembolic disorders
• Use cautiously in anemia, diabetes, or abnormal Pap smear
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Progestins: Patient Information
• Advise patients to avoid exposure to prolonged UV light.
• Tell patients to immediately report sudden severe headache or vomiting, dizziness or fainting, numbness in an extremity, acute chest pain, sudden vision loss.
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
• The use of such combination drugs in postmenopausal women is controversial. The benefits of use are protection against:– osteoporosis – colon cancer
• The risks of using such combination drugs include:– cardiovascular disease– breast cancer– thromboembolism
Estrogen–Progestin Combinations in Postmenopause
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Contraceptive Hormones: Uses
• Provide negative feedback to hypothalamus
• This inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone
• The pituitary therefore cease secretion of FSH, which would normally stimulate ovulation
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Oral Contraceptives: Adverse Effects
• Common: nausea, abdominal pain, gallbladder disease, breast tenderness or pain, weight gain, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea,
• Serious: thromboembolism, stroke, myocardial infarction
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Oral Contraceptives: Contraindications
• Pregnancy and lactation• Genital bleeding of unknown cause• Coronary artery disease• Liver dysfunction• Endometrial or breast cancer• Severe hypertension• Diabetes with vascular involvement
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Oral Contraceptives: Patient Information
• Instruct patients to follow the dosing schedule carefully and to use barrier contraception when taking antibiotics.
• Instruct patients to report calf pain or tenderness, shortness of breath, chest pain, visual disturbances, drooping eyelids, or double vision.
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Oral Contraceptives and Surgery
Oral contraceptives should be discontinued 4 weeks before surgery because of the risk of postoperative thromboembolism.
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Smoking and Oral Contraceptives
Smoking while taking oral contraceptives can cause serious adverse effects to the cardiovascular system.
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Oxytocics: Uses
• Used to initiate or improve uterine contractions during delivery (only after cervix is dilated); also used to stimulate milk letdown following delivery
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Oxytocics: Adverse Effects
• Common: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache
• Serious: maternal cardiac arrhythmias, hypertensive episodes, intracranial hemorrhage
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Oxytocics: Contraindications
• Must not be used to induce labor prior to delivery of the placenta
• Contraindicated in unfavorable fetal position or presentation, obstetric emergencies, fetal distress
• May interact with vasoconstrictor drugs to cause severe hypertension
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
• Instruct patients to report:– Cold or numb fingers or toes– Severe cramping– Chest pain– Sudden or severe headache.
Oxytocics: Patient Information
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
• Used in management of preterm labor
Uterine Relaxants: Uses
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
• Common: headache, nausea, vomiting, nervousness, restlessness, sweating, emotional upset
• Serious: Chest pain, arrhythmias, pulmonary edema
Uterine Relaxants: Adverse Effects
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
• Uterine relaxants are contraindicated in patients with:– Antepartum hemorrhage (before birth)– Eclampsia (seizures)– Uncontrolled diabetes– Bronchial asthma– Pulmonary hypertension– Cardiac disease
Uterine Relaxants: Contraindications
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Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Focus on Pharmacology, First EditionBy Jahangir Moini
Advise patients about potential adverse effects and drug interactions.
Uterine Relaxants: Patient Information