FMD IN THE SUDAN

Country Report

Dr. MOHAMMED HABIELA.

Central veterinary research Laboratoires

Foot and mouth disease Unit

Sudan

Sudan

Introduction

• Sudan is the biggest country in Africa and the second largest

country in Africa in livestock population. Total livestock is

estimated as for 2007 as follows:

• Cattle: 41,138,000

• Sheep: 50,651,000

• Goats 42,938,000

• Camels: 4,238,000

• Poultry: 40,624,000

• About 80% of 30 M inhabitants wildlife of all types are

associated with animals either directly or indirectly

FMDV Unit at CVRL Sudan:

• FMD Lab at CVRL belongs to the Ministry of Science and

Technology- Sudan.

• FMD Unit had established and began its tasks (FMD Diagnosis

and research) in the early eighties, but halted in early nineties.

• Recently, the Unit has been regenerated and started working by

2006.

• The new unit is supplied with FMD diagnostic and research

capabilities.

• The Unit is small , relatively, consists of rooms for serology(

LPBE& 3ABC-E), Cell culture, and for virus isolation and

identification (Ag ELISA) beside Kitchen and offices.

• The FDM Units’ manpower ( Researchers, Technicians and

Workers)

FMD in The Sudan

• Endemic

• the first record was in 1903 (Eisa and Rweyemamu, 1977)

• Four FMD serotypes of the seven were reported in the

country: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 (Anon 1980; Abu Elzein,

1983).

• Serotype O was firstly isolated (Anon, 1938) then Serotype

SAT1 and Serotype A and lastly Serotype SAT2 (Abu Elzein,

1983).

Recent activities: Serosurveillance

Prevalence of FMDV serotypes in different animal species, Sudan-1987.

Prevalence of FMDV serotypes in different animal species, Sudan-2008.

Molecular Epidemiology:

• The First molecular study on FMD isolates from Sudan (1974-

2008) was carried out last Year, Habiela et al. (submitted):

• The study showed that serotype O was the most frequently

recovered FMDV serotype in the Sudanese samples

• Generally: Isolates of

• O: EA-3 topotype/ WA topotype

• A:G-IV genotype of the AFRICA topotype/G-VII

• SAT2:topotype XIII / topotype VII

• SAT1: No outbreaks since 1976

Reported and confirmed FMDV

events in 2008-2009

Sample ID (WRL code) Location, State SpeciesSample

typeCollection Date

Serotype (Ag-ELISA

SUD/1/2008 Gezira state Cattle EPI 4/2/08 SAT2

SUD/2/2008 Gezira state Cattle EPI 4/2/08 SAT2

SUD/3/2008 White Nile Cattle EPI 11/2/08 O

SUD/4/2008 White Nile Cattle EPI 11/2/08 O

SUD/5/2008 White Nile Cattle EPI 11/2/08 O

SUD/6/2008 White Nile Cattle EPI 11/2/08 O

SUD/8/2008 Gezira state Cattle EPI 9/5/08 O

Phylogeny of Serotype SAT2 Sudan 2008 :

Serotype O Sudan 2008 Phylogeny:

Current risk

• In Sudan, FMD outbreaks occur annually.

• All susceptible animals (livestock) in the country are in danger (

free animal movement/ No vaccination programs)

• hot spots ( most endemic regions within the country and of free

animal movement) need complete and constant attentions (

Monitoring/ Vaccination).

Challenges /constrains to control FMD in the

Sudan:

• A very big country (1,000,000 quarter mile plus 9

neighboring countries ).

• Favorable Veterinary Services (veterinarians Vs No. of

Livestock , monitoring of current /ongoing outbreaks)

• Financial support (FMD outbreaks, Researches,

Vaccination,….)

• Vaccination (costs, Local or imported?)/ Quarantine?

(Transhumance ,Conflicts / instability )

• FMD unit- CVRL (Lab?/ Diagnosis/ researches)

what type of support/action is

desired from the East African Network

in next 2 years?

• Contribution in FMD control ( regional and international, (GF-

TADs)

• Coactive efforts/ Networking ( Committee ( AU-IBAR, FAO,)

/early warning/ website/ continuous meetings ( annual/ every two

years )

• Sharing information on FMD research activities ( monthly/ yearly

report)

• conjoined researches/control programs ( vaccination, monitoring of

animal movements across the borders/ outbreaks near the borders)

• Funding (AU-IBAR, FAO, EU…)

Acknowledgement