Fluid and Electrolytes Ana

8/6/2019 Fluid and Electrolytes Ana

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FLUID and ELECTROLYTE

BALANCE

Anatomy


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Compartments of the Body and

Distribution of Water by Weight

Plasma 5%

Interstitial 15% Intracellular 40%

TOTAL 60%

Fat, protein, carbohydrate, minerals(SOLIDS) remaining 40%


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Electrolytes

Chemicals dissolved in the body fluid

Distribution has important

consequences for the ultimate balance

of fluids

NaCl found mostly in ECF

K and phosphate main ions in ICF


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ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Electrolyte

Extracellular

meq/liter

Intracellular

meq/liter Function

Sodium 142 10

fluid balance,

osmotic

pressure

Potassium 5 100

Neuromuscularexcitability

acid-base

balance

Calcium 5 -bones, blood

clotting

Magnesium 2 123 enzymes

Total Positive ions 154 205


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Electrolyte Distribution

Electrolyte

Extracellular

meq/liter

Intracellular

meq/liter Function

Chloride 105 2

fluid balance,

osmotic

pressure

Bicarbonate 24 8 acid-base balance

Proteins 16 55 osmotic pressure

Phosphate 2 149 energy storage

Sulfate 1 - protein metabolism

Total Negative

ions154 205


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Fluid Exchange Process (Fluid

Compartments)

Movement of water and electrolytes

occurs through membranes and cell

walls

Permeability is controlled by the size of

pores in response to pressure and

hormones


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Fluid Exchange Process

(Tissues)

Blood plasma contains water, ions,

nutrient molecules (glucose, AA,

protein, lipids) and waste molecules

Transported from blood capillaries to

interstitial fluid to cell and back again

by diffusion, filtration, osmosis andactive transport


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Diffusion

Ions and molecules flow from an area

of higher concentration to area of

lower concentration


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Filtration

Pressure causes water, ions, and

molecules to move from an area of

higher pressure to an area of lower

pressure


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Active Transport Water and/or ions and molecules are carried

by a larger molecule or a vacuole on a cell

wall Requires specific enzymes and energy

Ex. Active transport is needed to get

potassium ions into the cells since diffusion

will not work as the concentration of

potassium is highest in the cells


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Osmosis Water only flows from a dilute solution

to a more concentrated solution

Water flows from a solution of lowosmotic pressure (hypotonic) to asolution of higher osmotic pressure(hypertonic)

If two solutions have identical osmoticpressures, they are isotonic


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Fluid Excess - Edema

Exchange Process Effected Clinical Condition

1. Increased blood pressure results in increased

filtration from plasma.Hypertension

2. Increased permeability of capillaries results

in too large a loss of ions and protein fromplasma.

Local inflammation caused by injury.

3. Loss of plasma protein results in lower

osmotic pressure in plasma.

Kidney disease (cirrhosis);

Malnutrition

4. Retention of salts especially total body

sodium caused by decreased excretion in

urine from low blood pressure prevents

effective filtration. Increased water is

retained to maintain osmotic pressure.

Kidney disease associated with low bloodpressure; Congestive heart failure

5. High venular pressure prevents return of

water by osmosis to plasma.Phlebitis, obesity, varicose veins

6. Blockage of lymphatic drainage Local inflammation.

Fluid and Electrolytes Ana

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