Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training

Unit 2.3Health Effects

Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Key Terms

Toxicity Ability of a substance to cause injury

Poison Material that causes harm at low doses

Toxin Product of a living organism

Toxicant Man-made

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Types of Poisons

• Hemotoxins • Necrotics• Neurotoxins • Asphyxiants

– Simple displacement– Pathological

• Irritants

•CNS

•Pulmonary

•Cardio-Vascular

•Liver (hepatic)

•Kidney (renal)

•Blood & bone marrow

•GI tract

•Reproductive

•DNA & the protein synthesis process

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Types of Poisons

Nephrotoxins Hepatotoxins Mutagens Tetratogens Carcinogens

•CNS

•Pulmonary

•Cardio-Vascular

•Liver (hepatic)

•Kidney (renal)

•GI tract

•Reproductive

•DNA & the protein synthesis process

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Influences of Toxicity

Physical StateSolid Liquid Gas

Route of Exposure Inhalation

Size of materialSolubilityFast absorption

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Influences on Toxicity

Routes of Exposure Skin and EyeAbsorption

Solubility of materialTime of contactSlow route/good barrier

IngestionShould not be a problemSystemicDirect damage to GI tract

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Influences on Toxicity

Routes of Exposure Injection

Enter through cuts or puncturesHigh pressure

Duration of exposure Dose of exposure

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Exposure Limits

TWAAverage of exposure for 8 hr day

PEL OSHAREL NIOSHTLV ACGIH

STEL 15 minCeiling

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Exposure Limits

LD (low)

LC (low)

LD 50

LC 50

IDLH Applies to inhalation

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

IDLH

Imediately Dangerous to Life and HealthApplies to inhalationOther IDLH

Flammable atmospheresOxygen deficient environmentsStructural collapse hazardsActive shooter situationsTerrorist and secondary devices

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Influences on Toxicity

Individual sensitivities Environmental factors Chemical properties Interspecies variation (e.g., health and

age factors)

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Influences on Toxicity

Chemical combinationsSynergism 1 + 1 = 3Potentiation 1 + 0 = 2Antagonism 1 + 1 = 0

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Florida Operations Level Hazardous Materials Training

Toxic Syndromes(Toxidromes)

Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Radiological Toxidrome

Alpha effects (α) Beta effects (β) Gamma effects (γ) Neutron effects 100 REM — Mild blood effects 200 – 400 REM — GI tract effects 600 – 800 REM — CNS effects

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Irritant Toxidrome

Irritants/choking agentsCause irritation to skin, eyes, lungsWater soluble vs. non water solubleNon-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Corrosive Toxidrome

Destroy tissue, eyes, skin, lungs Water reactive Acid

Coagulum necrosis Alkali

Liquefaction necrosis Management — Decon, BLS, irrigate eyes

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Asphyxiant Toxidrome

AsphyxiantsAffect whole body

Simple — Displace oxygenChemical (pathological) — Interferes with the

body’s ability to use oxygen

Vesicants/blister agentsCause tissue destruction/blisters

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Cholinesterase Toxidrome

Organophosphates, carbamates and nerve agentsPrimarily nervous system effectsHighly toxicSLUDGEM

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Biological Toxidrome

Toxins Bacteria Virus

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Care

Management — Recognition, decon, BLS, ALS support Antidotal therapy (FL protocols) Definitive treatment occurs in a medical

facility

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Sources of Information

Centers for Disease Control Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease

Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profiles Chemknowlege® Wireless information

W.I.S.E.R. Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders

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Florida Operations LevelHazardous Materials Training Program

Summary

Poisons and terminology Factors influencing toxicity Exposure limits Toxidromes

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