Fitness and health Fitness is the ability to carryout day to day activities Health is being free...
-
Upload
marian-neal -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of Fitness and health Fitness is the ability to carryout day to day activities Health is being free...
Fitness and health
• Fitness is the ability to carryout day to day activities
• Health is being free from disease
• There are 4 main types of ‘fitness’:
– Suppleness– Stamina– Strength– Speed http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tpWna2NC_94
How can we measure fitness?
• Many methods – bleep test, sit up test, pull up test…etc.
• Medical method is to measure blood pressure
• Measures the blood flow through arteries, which carry blood at high pressure
Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure applied by the blood against artery walls. Blood pressure varies with:
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is measured as two
numbers, e.g. 120/80
heartbeat strength blood
volume fitness
health age.
The big number (‘120’) is the systolic pressure. This is the blood pressure during a heartbeat.
“Blood pressure one-twenty over eighty.”
Systolic and diastolic
The small number (‘80’) is the diastolic pressure. This is the blood pressurein-between heartbeats.
Heart disease
What is it?
What causes it?
How can we stop it?
Cholesterol
• Found in saturated animal fats (butter, red meat…)
• Sticks to the walls of the arteries
• Builds up and means blood can’t flow properly
• Means the heart doesn’t get enough blood/oxygen and can’t pump
• Causes heart attack
Smoking
• Smoking causes increased blood pressure
• This means the heart finds it harder to push the blood around the body
• Carbon monoxide in smoke also causes the amount of oxygen blood carries to reduce (get lower)
• Nicotine causes heart rate to increase and the vessels carrying the blood to get smaller
• Heart rate increases• Eventually can lead to heart attacks
The five major food groups
Carbohydrates(for energy)
Vegetables(vitamins, minerals & fibre
for healthy bodily functions)
Protein(for growth and repair)
Fats, oils & sweets(for energy)
We have to eat these foods in the right amounts to stay healthy. This is known as eating a balanced
diet.
Fibre (keeps us regular)
Food breakdown
• At every stage of the digestion process, enzymes are active
• Enzymes break large molecules into smaller ones so we can get the nutrients we need from our food
Digestion – mechanical and chemical
Starch glucose
Protein amino acids
Fatty acids glycerol and fatty acid
•All of the above is done by enzymes
•Large molecules are broken down to smaller ones
Symptoms of disease
• Normal body temperature is about 37ºC
• If we are ill or have disease, the first thing that happens is we start to get a high temperature
• This is because a pathogen is in our bodies…our body is working harder to try and stop the infection
Which cells will be sent to try and stop the pathogen from causing more damage?
Fighting infection• White blood cells make
specific antibodies for bacteria/microbes
• These antibodies surround the bacteria and ‘flag’ it up to the white blood cell
• The different type of white blood cell comes and engulfs (destroys) the bacteria
Passive and active immunity
• Vaccinations are active immunity. The body forms a response by making antibodies for the toxin which has entered the body
• Passive immunity is when antibodies are injected into a person. They body doesn’t make its own antibodies.
• Passive immunity is quicker but only lasts a short time – when would you use this type of immunity?
Sense Sense OrganWhat it senses
Sight NosePosition of fluid in semi-lunar
canals
Hearing Skin Chemicals
Taste Ear Light
Smell EyePressure,
temperature
Touch Tongue Vibrations
Balance
Binocular or Monocular?What do you notice about the eyes on these animals?
Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together.
What do you think Monocular vision is?
Eyes facing forwards
Pick of predators
Eyes facing sideways
Pick of prey
The Eye
Sclera
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
Lens
Retina
Optic Nerve
The light rays are refracted (bent) by the lens and the image is focused on the
retina.
Light rays reflected off the object enter the eye, through the pupil.
How we seeHow we see
What does each part do?Cornea
Refracts light.Iris
Coloured part made of muscle –Controls amount of light going into the eye.
Lens
Focuses light on the retina.
PupilMade bigger or smaller by the iris.
RetinaContains cells which are light sensitive
Optic nerveCarries impulses to the brain.
The Nervous System
• The nervous system consists of three parts;
Brain Peripheral Nerves
Spinal Cord
The Nervous System
• Nerves are made up of nerve cells or neurones.
• There are three types of neurones
1) Sensory neurone2) Motor neurone3) Relay neurone
Motor Neurone (nerve cell)
Dendrite
Nucleus
Nerve EndingAxon
Cell Membran
e
Cytoplasm
The job of the motor neurone is to carry nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands
Voluntary Response
• Voluntary responses are under the control of our brains
For example;
Stimulus
Effector
Motor Neuron
e
Sensory
neurone
Receptor
Spinal Cord
Reflexes
• These bypass the brain as they need to be as fast as possible
• Stimulus starts the reflex and a number of cells are stimulated
• Response is what we do as an outcome to the stimulus
Involuntary response
An example;
Stimulus
Effector
Motor Neuron
e
Sensory neurone
Receptor
Spinal Cord
Involuntary Response
An example;
Stimulus
Sensory neurone
Receptor
What are drugs?
A drug is any chemical substance that affects the central nervous system (CNS).
Drugs can be categorised as towhether they are legal or illegal
Some drugs used for pleasure are legal
Name two examples of legal drugs
ALCOHOLTOBACC
O
STIMULANTSDEPRESSANTS PAIN KILLERS
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
AspirinEcstasy
Heroin
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis - involves maintaining a constant environment in the
body
• Homeostasis makes sure our body has the correct levels of; Temperature
Carbon dioxide
OxygenWater
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/homeostasis-and-temperature-regulation-in-humans.html#lesson
What is a hormone?
• Hormones are chemical messengers used in the body by the endocrine system.
• Hormones are produced by our glands.
• Which gland produces the hormone insulin?
Pancreas
The pancreas
Insulin controls........
Glucose is a sugar needed by cells for respiration
It is important that the concentration of glucose in the blood is kept at a constant level
blood sugar levels in our
bodies
Phototropism
Positive phototropism = Growth towards light• Stem tip• To get maximum light for photosynthesis
Negative phototropism = Growth away from light• Root tip• Less chance of drying out
• Why is this beneficial to a plant?
Phototropism is a plant’s growth response to light.
Geotropism
• Plant roots exhibit positive
geotropism because they
respond by growing towards the
gravitational attraction.
• Plant stems (shoots) exhibit
negative geotropism growing
away from the gravitational
attraction.
Geotropism is a plant’s growth response to the
earth’s gravitational field.
Why might this be useful for a plant?
2
3
5
4
1
6
8
7
9
10
In order of size...
Mr Granger
m M
Mrs Granger
m WW WM
M WM MM
The Granger’s children have a one in four chance of getting m alleles from both parents and having magical ability
They also have a one in four chance of getting M alleles from both parents and being a muggle
They could also get only one m from their mother or father and still be a muggle
m M
m M
m m
M M