First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.
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Transcript of First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates
Clipper Ships: Boston-China TradeClipper Ships: Boston-China Trade
400 miles a day
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR
By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.
Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try
anything.anything.
They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.
1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.
1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Actually Actually invented by a invented by a
slave!slave!
Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle
OliverEvansOliverEvans
First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive
First automated First automated flour millflour mill
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,
1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,
1858
Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine
• Material advance = natural fruit Material advance = natural fruit of American republicanism & of American republicanism & proof of country’s virtue and proof of country’s virtue and promise.promise.
The “American Dream”The “American Dream”
A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.
Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860
The blue line shows, for comparison, the The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.had risen to $104.
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850
Lowell MillLowell Mill
Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New England Dominance in Textiles
New England Dominance in Textiles
Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”
Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses
What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?
Lowell Mills Time Table
Lowell Mills Time Table
Early “Union” Newslett
er
Early “Union” Newslett
er
The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland
February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl
Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in NorthNorth
Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in NorthNorth
Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820
Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820
Characteristics Characteristics of Antebellum of Antebellum
SouthSouth
Characteristics Characteristics of Antebellum of Antebellum
SouthSouth1.1.Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.2.2.Economic power shifted from Economic power shifted from
“upper South” to “lower South.”“upper South” to “lower South.”3.3.““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!”
* 1860 * 1860 5 mil. Bales yr. 5 mil. Bales yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).
4.4.Almost no industrialization.Almost no industrialization.5.5.Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.6.6.Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.
Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)
Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”
[plantation owners][plantation owners]““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”
[plantation owners][plantation owners]
The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”
[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]
6,000,0006,000,000
Black FreemenBlack FreemenBlack FreemenBlack Freemen
Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000
Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000
250,000250,000
Total US Population Total US Population 23,000,000 23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]
Southern PopulationSouthern PopulationSouthern PopulationSouthern Population
Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.
Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.
Founded 1845, South’s first attempt at industrialization: Richmond, VA
Southern AgricultureSouthern AgricultureSouthern AgricultureSouthern Agriculture
Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi
PlantationPlantation
Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi
PlantationPlantation
Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin
Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin
Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction
Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction
18201820
18601860
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”
William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842
““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”
William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842
Slaves Working in Slaves Working in Sugar-Boiling House, Sugar-Boiling House,
18231823
Slaves Working in Slaves Working in Sugar-Boiling House, Sugar-Boiling House,
18231823
Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823
Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823
Slave Auction: Charleston, Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856
Slave Auction: Charleston, Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856
Slave MasterBrands
Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave muzzle
Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet
Slave tag, SC
Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons
Slave shoes
Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)
Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)
Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)
Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of
their cabin their cabin on a on a
Southern Southern plantation.plantation.
Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of
their cabin their cabin on a on a
Southern Southern plantation.plantation.
TaraTara – Plantation Reality or – Plantation Reality or Myth?Myth?
TaraTara – Plantation Reality or – Plantation Reality or Myth?Myth?
Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?
A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation
A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation
Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)
Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)
A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeChargeA Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge
The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”
A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family
The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite
The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr.
Covington, St. Louis, $425.00
Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy
Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00
Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00
Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00
US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery
US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery
• U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * fugitive slave clause [IV.2]1793 Fugitive Slave Act.1850 stronger Fugitive Slave Act.
Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration?
Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration?
1780s: 1st antislavery society Philadelphia.
By 1804: emancipation laws in all northern states.
1807: the legal termination of transatlantic slave trade.
1820: slavery abolished Mexico. 1833: slavery abolished throughout
British Empire. 1861: the serfs of Russia were
emancipated.
Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient
in U. S. than Elsewherein U. S. than Elsewhere
Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient
in U. S. than Elsewherein U. S. than Elsewhere High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.
GOAL raise the “exit cost.”• Slave patrols.
• Southern Black Codes.
• Cut off a toe or a foot.
Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance• Refusal to work hard.
• Isolated acts of sabotage.
• Escape via the Underground Railroad.
Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads
Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages
Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages
The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.
Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout AmericasAmericasSlave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout AmericasAmericas
Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South
Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South
1822
Gabriel Prosser
1800
Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:
Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831
Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:
Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831
The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or
Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.
2. Gullah languages.
3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.
4. Importance of music [spirituals].
Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda
Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda
Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization
EAST EAST IndustrialIndustrial
SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery
WEST WEST The Nation’s The Nation’s “Breadbasket”“Breadbasket”
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
Potato Potato FamineFamine
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme
Order of the Star-
Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme
Order of the Star-
Spangled Banner”
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
ECONOMIC?ECONOMIC?
SOCIAL?SOCIAL?
POLITICAL?POLITICAL?
FUTUREPROBLEMS?FUTURE
PROBLEMS?