First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities....
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Transcript of First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities....
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities. Funded by connected most major cities. Funded by
states..
STEAMBOATSSTEAMBOATS
• NEW ORLEANS BECOMES MAJOR PORTNEW ORLEANS BECOMES MAJOR PORT• MADE 2-WAY RIVER TRAFFIC PRACTICALMADE 2-WAY RIVER TRAFFIC PRACTICAL• QUICKER THAN ROADSQUICKER THAN ROADS• DISADVANTAGES: FREQUENT FIRES, DISADVANTAGES: FREQUENT FIRES,
COLLISIONS, ICE, SANDBARSCOLLISIONS, ICE, SANDBARS
CANALSCANALS
•Even more efficient than roads for moving goods – Even more efficient than roads for moving goods – lowerlower costs & less timecosts & less time•Locks regulated the water levelLocks regulated the water level•Encouraged growth of cities & townsEncouraged growth of cities & towns•State fundingState funding•DisadvantagesDisadvantages: freeze in winter, dry up in : freeze in winter, dry up in summersummer
Erie Canal – “Clinton’s Big Ditch”
From Buffalo to Albany
Begun 1817 & completed by 1825
Erie Canal – “Clinton’s Big Ditch”
From Buffalo to Albany
Begun 1817 & completed by 1825Economic effects?
RAILROADSRAILROADS
• MOST PRACTICAL MOST PRACTICAL METHOD OF METHOD OF TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION– POSSIBLE IN ALL POSSIBLE IN ALL
KINDS OF WEATHERKINDS OF WEATHER– ANY KIND OF TERRAINANY KIND OF TERRAIN– FASTESTFASTEST
• VERY VERY DANGEROUS!DANGEROUS!– HIGH SPEEDSHIGH SPEEDS– FIRES & COLLISIONSFIRES & COLLISIONS– BAD BRAKESBAD BRAKES
SLOWER TO TAKEHOLD BECAUSESTATES SPENDINGMORE $ ON ROADS & CANALS
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR
By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
Immigrant Immigrant laborlaborbuilt the built the Northern RRs.Northern RRs.
Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the built the Southern RRs. Southern RRs.
StagecoachesThe Pony Express
• Stagecoaches traveled from MO River to California– Calling “shotgun?”
• Pony Express, 1860– Carried mail 2000
miles from MO to CA– Stations 10 miles
apart– Could make it in 10
days!– Brought to an end
by?
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
From Newfoundland to Ireland
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
Population doubling every 22 years
Population doubling every 22 years
• 1840s; Largest group of immigrants1840s; Largest group of immigrants• 1845 potato famine in Ireland1845 potato famine in Ireland• Very poor; Catholic; lots of whiskeyVery poor; Catholic; lots of whiskey• Stayed in North & were in direct Stayed in North & were in direct
competition with free blacks for jobscompetition with free blacks for jobs– worked in factories (over 50% of mill worked in factories (over 50% of mill
labor force by 1860) but . . . “NINA?”labor force by 1860) but . . . “NINA?”– many go into police workmany go into police work– built canals, RRsbuilt canals, RRs
THE IRISH:
• 1850s; 2nd largest group1850s; 2nd largest group• Many come to escape political persecution Many come to escape political persecution
(failed democratic revolutions of 1848)(failed democratic revolutions of 1848)• wealthier than Irish; Catholicwealthier than Irish; Catholic• settle in Midwest -- Wisconsin, etc.settle in Midwest -- Wisconsin, etc.• form their own militia, fire companies, form their own militia, fire companies,
schools, newspapers, etc.schools, newspapers, etc.• Not as politically influential as Irish – Not as politically influential as Irish –
WHY?WHY?• Levi Strauss; Henrich SteinwayLevi Strauss; Henrich Steinway• American cultural changes from the American cultural changes from the
Germans?Germans?
GERMANS:
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme
Order of the Star-
Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme
Order of the Star-
Spangled Banner”
NATIVISM:NATIVISM:
• Prejudice against foreigners (threats to jobs)Prejudice against foreigners (threats to jobs)• 1844 rioting between Catholics & Protestants - over 100 1844 rioting between Catholics & Protestants - over 100
injuredinjured• Samuel Morse – wrote against CatholicsSamuel Morse – wrote against Catholics• Order of the Star Spangled Banner - Order of the Star Spangled Banner - Know-NothingsKnow-Nothings, form , form
in 1849in 1849– secret, anti-immigrant societysecret, anti-immigrant society– wanted to keep immigrants out of political office, restrict wanted to keep immigrants out of political office, restrict
immigration & increase naturalization period to 21 yearsimmigration & increase naturalization period to 21 years– later become a viable political partylater become a viable political party
• Note: prejudice existed even among the immigrant groups Note: prejudice existed even among the immigrant groups themselves (Irish disliked blacks for ex.)themselves (Irish disliked blacks for ex.)
WESTWARD WE GO!WESTWARD WE GO!
• Americans continually on the move West!Americans continually on the move West!• Greatest lure was the cheap, fertile land Greatest lure was the cheap, fertile land
availableavailable• Farmers from South, farmers from Northeast Farmers from South, farmers from Northeast
& immigrants from Europe all came West& immigrants from Europe all came West• Rapidly growing towns sprang up along rivers Rapidly growing towns sprang up along rivers
where cargo was transferredwhere cargo was transferred– Cincinnati (“Queen City”)Cincinnati (“Queen City”), Louisville & , Louisville &
NashvilleNashville• New farming inventions aided the move west:New farming inventions aided the move west:
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
1 man could do the work of 5 men with a sickle
New technology/cash crop farming/leads to more debt
1 man could do the work of 5 men with a sickle
New technology/cash crop farming/leads to more debt
The Factory System The Factory System • Spreads from BR to US – slowlySpreads from BR to US – slowly• Northeast – Industry is King!Northeast – Industry is King!– Bad soilBad soil– Lots of laborLots of labor– PortsPorts– Rivers for Power!Rivers for Power!
Creating a Business-Friendly Climate
Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateSupreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings:
** Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810) ** Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward (1819) (1819) ** McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1819) ** Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) ** Charles Rivers Bridge v. WarrenCharles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) (1835)
General Incorporation LawGeneral Incorporation Law - - passed by passed by many states, such as NY, by 1848 (could many states, such as NY, by 1848 (could incorporate without a state charter)incorporate without a state charter)
Laissez faireLaissez faire - - BUT, BUT, government did government did do much to assist capitalism!do much to assist capitalism!
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)
Helps break BR monopoly in
textiles
First American mill – Providence,
RI 1791
Helps break BR monopoly in
textiles
First American mill – Providence,
RI 1791Effects?
Industrial economy well-established in N
Slater’s mill & Whitney’s cotton gin
stimulate cotton economy & slave
labor system
Effects?
Industrial economy well-established in N
Slater’s mill & Whitney’s cotton gin
stimulate cotton economy & slave
labor system
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Actually Actually invented by a invented by a
slave?slave?
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Actually Actually invented by a invented by a
slave?slave?
Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle
So, how did Eli Whitney help bring on the Civil War AND help the North to win the
war?
What impact did the Embargo & Non-What impact did the Embargo & Non-Intercourse Acts and the War of 1812 have Intercourse Acts and the War of 1812 have
on the Industrial/Market Revolution?on the Industrial/Market Revolution?
• Capital ($) and labor that Capital ($) and labor that were involved in commerce were involved in commerce move into manufacturingmove into manufacturing
• Nationalism and necessity Nationalism and necessity spurred the production of spurred the production of American goodsAmerican goods
• After the War, BR dumped After the War, BR dumped cheap manufactured goods cheap manufactured goods on U.S. – this led to the use on U.S. – this led to the use of protective tariffsof protective tariffs
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
Wash., D.C. to Baltimore – 40 Wash., D.C. to Baltimore – 40 milesmiles
““What hath God wrought?”What hath God wrought?”
Telegraph brings an end to….?
Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine
Women now going to factories to sew, rather than at home.
The Lowell/Waltham SystemMass Production of Cotton Cloth
The Lowell/Waltham SystemMass Production of Cotton Cloth
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell in 1850
Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses
What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl
Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement
Workingman’s PartyWorkingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.
Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – (1842) – didn’t legalize strikes but held didn’t legalize strikes but held that labor unions were NOT that labor unions were NOT illegal conspiracies.illegal conspiracies.
• NORTHEAST Industrialmade textiles & machines for S & W
• SOUTH Cotton & Slaveryshipped to NE & BR
• WEST Breadbasket of Nationfed factory workers in NE & Europe
Regional Specialization in America by the 1850s
But….what connections?
Regional Specialization in America by the 1850s
But….what connections?
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
MARKET REVOLUTION HAS TAKEN HOLD!!MARKET REVOLUTION HAS TAKEN HOLD!!Subsistence economy of scattered farms & tiny Subsistence economy of scattered farms & tiny workshops has been transformed into a national workshops has been transformed into a national network of industry and commerce.network of industry and commerce.
Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American
Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.
v 1845 Boston - top 4% owned 1845 Boston - top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia - top 1% 1860 Philadelphia - top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS• Factory system & growth of Factory system & growth of
cities undermined family as cities undermined family as unit of economic productionunit of economic production
• Few women actually self-Few women actually self-supporting. Jobs in:supporting. Jobs in:– Nursing, domestic serviceNursing, domestic service– Teaching! Becomes Teaching! Becomes
totally feminized largely totally feminized largely due to Catherine Beecherdue to Catherine Beecher
• Home becomes place of Home becomes place of refuge rather than center of refuge rather than center of economic productioneconomic production
• ““Separate spheres” Separate spheres” becomes new doctrinebecomes new doctrine– ““Cult of domesticityCult of domesticity””
• Decline in birthrate - family Decline in birthrate - family becomes smaller & more becomes smaller & more child-centeredchild-centered
CULT OF DOMESTICITY& TRUE WOMANHOOD
• Separate spheres: men off to work to support family, woman’s place is in the home
• Popularized in newspapers, magazines, etc.
• What were the 4 parts of ideal womanhood?
• Why were women seen as physically inferior to men?
• Why were women seen as intellectually inferior to men?
• What strange myths arose as a result?
ALEXISALEXISde de
TOCQUEVILLETOCQUEVILLE
• French; came to study American prisonsFrench; came to study American prisons– Studies natives - 1831Studies natives - 1831– Belief that Europe is moving to Belief that Europe is moving to
democracydemocracy• ““Democracy in America,”Democracy in America,” 18351835
– Focuses on equality of conditions in USFocuses on equality of conditions in US– Notes whole society seems to have Notes whole society seems to have
turned into one middle classturned into one middle class